Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)
- Category
- Verbal Categories - Mood
- Notes
- as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 101 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:353 | ||||
| Alyawarr | yes | 54 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | yes | for 1pl only, no simple morphemic form for 3rd person | Landaburu 1979: 226 | |||
| Apurinã | yes | Exact form depends on speech register and rate of speech. | Facundes, 2000: 374 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 182 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 172 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no info | Payne 1981; Payne 1982:910 | ||||
| Añun | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 95 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | The present plural imperative construction may employ verbs of boh motion and nonmotion to express hortatory commands by the use of -to (second person imperative.) | Jones & Jones 1991, p.79-80 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | It is a preverbal particle | Danielsen 2007:291 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | yes | 6.1.2.5 | 1 | |||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:61 | ||||
| Bularnu | yes | 76 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 135 to 140 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 24 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | yes | suffix: -uzhi | ||||
| Darkinyung | no | 44 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | called exhortative | Miller 1999, p. 72 | exhortative (p); -rã 'Let's', -biri-kã-rã 'Let's not…' | ||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no info | x | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 142 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | No | 191 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 82 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 110-2 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | yes | 24 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 154 | 0 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 295 | 1 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 325 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 92 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 75-6 | 1 | |||
| Hup | yes | same as Declarative suffix | Epps 2008 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | Frank 1990:88 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1978:21 | ||||
| Jaru | yes | 79 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 177 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Landin 1980:16-17 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 80-82 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | yes | 17 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | yes | Although there is not a particular suffix indicating this, the verb is inflected for third person plural and the "subjunctive" suffix is also added | Souza 2008:129 | |||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.59 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 389 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 443 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 93 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 130 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 213 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 385 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:39-42 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Similar semantics are conveyed by using the future tense, but there is no evidence of the hortative morpheme. | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:16 | |||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.62 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | Abbott 1991: 49 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | But there is marking of imperatives for 1, 2 and 3 person (and number is not distinguished) | Zúñiga 2006, p.106-11 | |||
| Marrgany | No | 315 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 186 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 98 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:443 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 56 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | not indicated/expected | Minor and Minor 1982. | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | any person/ number can occur in imperative constructions but there is no dedicated marker. Weir 1984:120 | Weir 1984 | |||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 399-401 | ||||
| Narungga | No info | 75 | x | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 95 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 42 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | Maybe | 15 | 1 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 159 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:406-408 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | first person only | Goodwin-Gomez, p.106 | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | A declarative or a verification mood marker is used instead | Mortensen 1999:85 | Catío | ||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 175 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no info | |||||
| Paresi | no | Brandão 2010:47-8 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999: 125 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 270-271 | ||||
| Pintupi | yes | 174; 197 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 188 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 203 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | yes | "same suffix as exhortative" D Valle | Giron 2008: p395 | |||
| Páez | yes | Jung:88 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | |||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin notes that the subject of an imperative clause must be 2nd person. | Allin, 1976: 353-355 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 76 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | desiderative | Borgman 1990: 79 | |||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Further, each form can also carry differing "reasons" for the action to be done, such as moral obligation or urgency out of necessity. | Wheeler - 1987:158-159 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.137 | ||||
| Tariana | yes | Referred to as a "cohortative," this is rather rare and is only use with the first person plural. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 378 | |||
| Thanggati | yes | 50 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 41 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2004b:80-87, 101-120 | ||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | Ramirez 1997: 145, 147 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 363 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:573 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 96 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 208 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | no info | x | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006:164 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
| Warnman | no info | x | ||||
| Warrgamay | No | 53 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 34 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 281-2, 319 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 80 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | yes | Loewen 1954:65 | ||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 44 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | yes | 17 | 1 | |||
| Wirangu | No info | x | ||||
| Woiwurrung | no | 75 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | 62-3 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 44 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 66 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:113-5 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994 | no examples of this | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Imperatives in general do not make use of special morphology, so a hortative meaning is expressed using the relevant person-marking. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 168 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 86-87 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Not mentioned overtly, but the first example in the second column on page 523 of Shauer & Shauer (2000) has "exhortative morpheme." However, the example is translated with a second-person subject, and carries a second-person subject prefix, although it's | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 523 | |||
| Yulparija | Yes | 39 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 61 | 0 |
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