| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 101 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Allin notes that the subject of an imperative clause must be 2nd person. |
Allin, 1976: 353-355 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 270-271 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
Not mentioned overtly, but the first example in the second column on page 523 of Shauer & Shauer (2000) has "exhortative morpheme." However, the example is translated with a second-person subject, and carries a second-person subject prefix, although it's |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 523 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
Imperatives in general do not make use of special morphology, so a hortative meaning is expressed using the relevant person-marking. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006:164 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
Referred to as a "cohortative," this is rather rare and is only use with the first person plural. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 378 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
Exact form depends on speech register and rate of speech. |
Facundes, 2000: 374 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no info |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1982:910 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:39-42 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:113-5 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
Although there is not a particular suffix indicating this, the verb is inflected for third person plural and the "subjunctive" suffix is also added |
Souza 2008:129 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
It is a preverbal particle |
Danielsen 2007:291 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 399-401 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:47-8 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:61 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
Similar semantics are conveyed by using the future tense, but there is no evidence of the hortative morpheme. |
Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:16 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 49 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 125 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:88 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
suffix: -uzhi |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:353 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
A declarative or a verification mood marker is used instead |
Mortensen 1999:85 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1978:21 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:443 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
But there is marking of imperatives for 1, 2 and 3 person (and number is not distinguished) |
Zúñiga 2006, p.106-11 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:88 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:80-87, 101-120 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:573 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Loewen 1954:65 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
for 1pl only, no simple morphemic form for 3rd person |
Landaburu 1979: 226 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
"same suffix as exhortative" D Valle |
Giron 2008: p395 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 135 to 140 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
not indicated/expected |
Minor and Minor 1982. |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
same as Declarative suffix |
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
any person/ number can occur in imperative constructions but there is no dedicated marker. Weir 1984:120 |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
called exhortative |
Miller 1999, p. 72 |
|
exhortative (p); -rã 'Let's', -biri-kã-rã 'Let's not…' |
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 24 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 389 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.62 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.59 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
The present plural imperative construction may employ verbs of boh motion and nonmotion to express hortatory commands by the use of -to (second person imperative.) |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.79-80 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.137 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
Further, each form can also carry differing "reasons" for the action to be done, such as moral obligation or urgency out of necessity. |
Wheeler - 1987:158-159 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1997: 145, 147 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
no examples of this |
|
| Ninam |
yes |
first person only |
Goodwin-Gomez, p.106 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
desiderative |
Borgman 1990: 79 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Landin 1980:16-17 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:406-408 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
62-3 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
86-87 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
168 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
66 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 44 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
363 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
203 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
174; 197 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
159 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
Maybe |
|
15 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
186 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
315 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
385 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
93 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
443 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
79 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
295 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
154 |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
110-2 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
191 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
76 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
182 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
54 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
39 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
98 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
75-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
50 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
80-82 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
175 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
213 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
24 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
325 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
130 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
208 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
95 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
95 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
172 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
177 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 188 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
53 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
142 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
6.1.2.5 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
75 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
281-2, 319 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
