Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Alignment
- Notes
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 62 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:215 | ||||
| Alyawarr | yes | 93 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | Pronouns not case marked, the same forms used for both subjects and objects. | Facundes, 2000: 346 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 66 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 101 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | No apparent case markings on pronouns. Pronouns appear as verbal markings rather than free pronouns. | Payne 1983:1619, 2325, 9096 | |||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 78 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 | ||||
| Batyala | No | 4 | 0 | |||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007:100-1 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | yes | 57 | 1 | |||
| Bilinarra | no | 5.1.1 | 0 | |||
| Biri | yes | 14; 23-4 | 1 | |||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:65-68 | ||||
| Bularnu | yes | 50 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | yes | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 202 | Pronouns are treated the same as other nouns in the examples | |||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.143/110 | ||||
| Cupeño | yes | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | yes | 37 | 1 | |||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 30 | ||||
| Dharawal | no | 49-50 | 0 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 33 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 51 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 132-3 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | same 'afected' marker used with full NP | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | yes | Pronouns follow the same pattern as full NPs, they are not case-marked. This might well be characterized as an neutral system with any of the grammatical relations marked with case. | Thomas Payne 1989 | |||
| Gabrielino | yes | |||||
| Garrwa | yes | 2, 6 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:155-9 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | yes | 126-7 | 1 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 283 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | pronouns are the same as subj. and obj. | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | yes | 304 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 66 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 40 | 1 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:39-59 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | It is the same alignment as for full NPs | Levinson 1978:7, Levinson 1974:15-7 | |||
| Jaru | no | 64-5 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | all the pronouns remain the same | Goncalves 2011:12 | |||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 27 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 227 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | it is not stated explicitly but it seems that pronouns behaves in a similar fashion to nouns with respect to case. Further, free pronouns refer to absolutive. | Everett 2006:300, 304-5 | |||
| Katthang | yes | 64 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 7-8 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | yes | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | yes | only in the 3rd person. Different forms for the 3rd person sg if an object | Vallejos 2010:201 | |||
| Kokatha | Yes | 48 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.47 | pronouns used as direct objects must be followed by -re or -ni | |||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 217 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 397 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 72 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | yes | 87 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | 74-75 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 148 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993:91-101 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:21-37 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Escoriaza 1959:14-15 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | |||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 | ||||
| Makushi | no | The subject of transitive clauses is marked by the suffix -ya, both when it is a free form nominal or pronominal, and when it is a verbal suffix. Intransitive subject and transitive object are not marked. | Abbott 1991: 83 | |||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87 | ||||
| Marrgany | yes | 301 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 101 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | yes | 90 | 1 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:854 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | yes | 53-54 | 1 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 90 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | n/a | Only one case marker (locative), so no marking of core arguments on pronouns. Grammatical relations are marked on the verb. | Michael, 2008. p. 340 | |||
| Narungga | No | 58 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 23 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 10 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 122 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 49, 76 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | pronouns don't mark case | Cruz 2011:141 | |||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez: 48 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:42-3 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | yes | 59 | 1 | |||
| Palikur | no | Green and Green 1972:3-9 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 157 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | pronouns show a neuter alligment in which subject and object do not get case | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:130-1 | |||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 157-159 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 0 | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | Y 20 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 195 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p356 | ||||
| Páez | yes | Jung:136 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Soto 1976:61-92 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Subject pronouns can be fused with the verb, but object pronouns are not. | Allin, 1976: 176-179 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 34 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 121 | ||||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | Queixalós 2000 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Wheeler - 1987:124-136 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | When the subject and object are both pronouns (animate), the pronoun marked with -re is the object or recipient. | Strom 1992, p.114 | |||
| Tariana | yes | Pronouns with a human referent mark object case. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 204 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 22-23 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 24-5 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Montes 2005:133-141 | ||||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | yes | often marked with 'referential' suffix | Ramirez 1997: from examples (like the one on p 313) | |||
| Uradhi | Yes | 352 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:152-4, 298-354 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 39 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 150 | 0 | |||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no? | r4-6 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | Santos, 2006: 187 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | BS152 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | yes | 885 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | No | 13 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 40 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 27-29 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 157-8 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 82 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | n/a | No case marking on pronouns in subject/object position. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798, 800 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 37 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | FO 121 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 71-3 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | maybe | 70 | 1 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 44, ms1.7 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 16-17 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 75 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | subjects and objects do not get case | Duff-Tripp 1997:67 | |||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: 209-213 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no | 13 | 0 | |||
| Yavitero | no | No case marking on pronouns. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36-49 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 73-75 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 515 | 1 | |||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 79 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | n/a | No case marking on A/O. | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37 | |||
| Yulparija | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 47 | 1 |
| Language |
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