| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Subject pronouns can be fused with the verb, but object pronouns are not. |
Allin, 1976: 176-179 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 157-159 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
n/a |
No case marking on A/O. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
No case marking on pronouns. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36-49 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos, 2006: 187 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
n/a |
No case marking on pronouns in subject/object position. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798, 800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
Pronouns with a human referent mark object case. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 204 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Pronouns not case marked, the same forms used for both subjects and objects. |
Facundes, 2000: 346 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
No apparent case markings on pronouns. Pronouns appear as verbal markings rather than free pronouns. |
Payne 1983:1619, 2325, 9096 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-37 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
subjects and objects do not get case |
Duff-Tripp 1997:67 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:100-1 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
n/a |
Only one case marker (locative), so no marking of core arguments on pronouns. Grammatical relations are marked on the verb. |
Michael, 2008. p. 340 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Green and Green 1972:3-9 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:65-68 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Escoriaza 1959:14-15 |
|
Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive |
|
| Makushi |
no |
The subject of transitive clauses is marked by the suffix -ya, both when it is a free form nominal or pronominal, and when it is a verbal suffix. Intransitive subject and transitive object are not marked. |
Abbott 1991: 83 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
Pronouns follow the same pattern as full NPs, they are not case-marked. This might well be characterized as an neutral system with any of the grammatical relations marked with case. |
Thomas Payne 1989 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
pronouns are the same as subj. and obj. |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:39-59 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:155-9 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:91-101 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:215 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:42-3 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
It is the same alignment as for full NPs |
Levinson 1978:7, Levinson 1974:15-7 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:854 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:136 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Soto 1976:61-92 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2005:133-141 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:152-4, 298-354 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p356 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 202 |
|
Pronouns are treated the same as other nouns in the examples |
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
all the pronouns remain the same |
Goncalves 2011:12 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
same 'afected' marker used with full NP |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 30 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.143/110 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 217 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.47 |
|
pronouns used as direct objects must be followed by -re or -ni |
|
| Barasano |
yes |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
When the subject and object are both pronouns (animate), the pronoun marked with -re is the object or recipient. |
Strom 1992, p.114 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1987:124-136 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
often marked with 'referential' suffix |
Ramirez 1997: from examples (like the one on p 313) |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 209-213 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez: 48 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 121 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
it is not stated explicitly but it seems that pronouns behaves in a similar fashion to nouns with respect to case. Further, free pronouns refer to absolutive. |
Everett 2006:300, 304-5 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
pronouns don't mark case |
Cruz 2011:141 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
pronouns show a neuter alligment in which subject and object do not get case |
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:130-1 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
only in the 3rd person. Different forms for the 3rd person sg if an object |
Vallejos 2010:201 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
44, ms1.7 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
2, 6 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
BS152 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
79 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
73-75 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
75 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
16-17 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
maybe |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
71-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 37 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
27-29 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no? |
|
r4-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
352 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
59 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
195 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
49, 76 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
122 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
90 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
53-54 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
101 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
301 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
148 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
72 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
397 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
7-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
27 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
64-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
66 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
283 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
126-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
132-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
49-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
37 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
50 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
14; 23-4 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
66 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
93 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
82 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
90 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
22-23 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
64 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
157 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
23 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
74-75 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
304 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
FO 121 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
150 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
515 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
78 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
101 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
48 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
227 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 20 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
34 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
40 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
885 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
5.1.1 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
62 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
24-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
39 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
157-8 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
