| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 131 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
The example given has a preposed negator. |
Allin, 1976: 302-303 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 204 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Proclitic form |
Shauer and Shauer 1978: p. 18, 36-37 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
The negation marker is a particle that appears immediately before the verb, so it would normally be the first thing in the clause. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 804 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 400 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
The negation particle kona is either clause initial, or follows first element of the sentence. |
Facundes, 2000: 531-533 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1981:1011 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:38 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:179-81 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
Based on examples |
Couto 2005:56, Souza 2008:96-9 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:338 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
Clausal negators are preposed, but show up to the left of the focus position (they are the first element), and to the right of the topic position (they are the second element). |
Michael, 2008. p. 379-380 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:51-2 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:42 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
no discussion of negation |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989:100 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:72 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 345 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 55 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:353-362 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:6 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no |
|
Stendal 1976.16 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
|
Bourland 1976:85 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:63 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
Williams 1993:90-93 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:48 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:324-6, 481-2 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:98-102 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Orr et all. 1991:25-36 |
|
In this case, it is a clitic which appears before the constituent which it negates: in the case of a clause, it appears sentence-initially. |
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1974:39-40 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:1063 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:193-6 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:22 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:75, 93 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:552-5 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Sánchez and Castro 1977:66 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p293 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 277 |
|
I answered this question and the one that follows it as yes because negation involves a both a free morpheme that comes before the verb and a suffix that attaches to it |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.72 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984:136 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p.135 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 30 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 158 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.60 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.61-62 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.125 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.145 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:151 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 151 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 313-314 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.102 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 82 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
It only occurs when the verb ends i a consonant |
Everett 2006:328-9 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
proclitic |
Cruz 2011:406 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
The negation marker is a kind of clitic whic resemples a circunfix which the /nda-/ part coming before the negated element and the /-i/ coming after the negated element. |
Ayala 1996:42-3 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
immediately precedes constituent |
Vallejos 2010:531 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
64 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
36-7, 47-8 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
n237-8 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
95-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
156-158 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
135 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
75, 77 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
141-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 56 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
39 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
381 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
228 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
205 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
78; 198 |
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
239 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
196 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
68 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
178-179 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
343 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
124 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
197 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
436 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
59 wordlist |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
98-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes? |
|
204 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
151 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
334-5 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
155 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
107 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
117-8 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
110-111 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
146 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
170 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
65 |
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
46, 54-5 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
48 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
236-41 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no? |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
maybe |
|
74, 81 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
97-98 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
78 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
90 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
cf 138:(9) |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
174-175 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
30 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
343 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
102 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
109 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
504 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
139 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
98 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
175 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
348 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 244 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
82 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
874 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
54 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
141, 144 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes? |
|
7.4 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
132 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
295 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:317 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
