Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes
- Category
- Morphology - General
- Notes
- Stem change, tone
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 48 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:328-57 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 270 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 196 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Tone. | Mihas 2010 | |||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 82 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.45,101 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 | ||||
| Batyala | No | 3 | 0 | |||
| Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Biri | no | 0 | ||||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:41,61-62 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Deza Galindo 1992: 98, 99 | There are two irregular verbs mentioned on pg. 99 that might be examples of stem change. | |||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.15-17 | ||||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 38 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | ex. Remote past is distingueshed from recent past by position of stress | Miller 1999, p. 70 | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | No | 1 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 69 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 246 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | Martins 2004:86-88 | ||||
| Eñepa | no info | |||||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | no | 2 | 0 | |||
| Githabul | No | 9, 21 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:99-145 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 291-295, 254 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 325 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 79 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 26, 68 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | imperative inflection involves tone change | Epps 2008 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | no | |||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:39-104 | ||||
| Ingá | no | stem change | Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b | |||
| Jaru | no | 0 | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 80 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no info | |||||
| Katthang | no | 75 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | not likely | Vallejos 2010 | |||
| Kokatha | No | 27 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.53 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 386, 407 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 45 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 31, 108 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 118-158 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 66 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:14-20 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 313 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33-35 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 102-94 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 315 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 97 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | However, there is stem change to mark transitive/intrasitive for certain verbs | Fleck:334-8 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | third person markings are irregular (reduction to account for vocalic ending) | Minor and Minor 1982. p.19 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 126 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | indicative/non-indicative mood involves voicing contrast on final consonant; number also involves suppletion | Weir 1984: 40, 42 | |||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 63 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 31 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 42 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 3 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.93-99 | no suppletive or stem-changed forms appear. | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:8-14 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no | 0 | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Zarratea 2002:86-120 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999: 105 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 156-178 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 8 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 193, 201 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p276-292 | ||||
| Páez | no | Rojas:116 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:47-57, Perroud 1973:46-62 | ||||
| Resígaro | no info | Allin, 1976 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 9 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990 | no evidence for this | |||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 | ||||
| Siona | yes | stress change, which in turn affects a stressed syllable stop | Wheeler - 1970:162; Wheeler - 1987:89-95 | |||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.21 | There are very few morphophonemic changes in the language. The person prefixes display most of these changes. | |||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald 2003: 255-256 | pg. 255-256 dicsusses verb roots and verbal derivations, no mention of replacement | |||
| Thanggati | no | 11, 42-3 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 12 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Based on examples, for instance, in page 164 demonstratives are distinguished by suprasegments | Montes 2004 | |||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | no | West and Welch 2004 | no evidence of this | |||
| Uradhi | No | 308 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:459-492 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 37 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | 0 | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | No | 11 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 17 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 18, 32 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 260-1 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 77 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: 800-801 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 45-6 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 111 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 74 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 0 | ||||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:23-124 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994 | no evidence for this anywhere in the text | |||
| Yanyuwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-69 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 54, 98-100 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 0 | ||||
| Yine | yes | vowel length | Matteson 1965 | |||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 83 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | The progressive category on nouns and reflexives on verb is manifested by changing the final vowel to /-o/, but most categories simply use suffixing. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 519 | |||
| Yulparija | No | 19 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 2 | 0 |
| Language |
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