Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

1sg

Semantic Field
grammar
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
yo
Meaning Portuguese
eu

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Bankalachi Toloim nŭ-ge' 223; nögi (K1907) inheritance
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ny inheritance
Cahuilla ne' inheritance S 1977
Central Sierra Miwok ka:n inheritance
Chemehuevi nyy, nyyni inheritance
Chumash Barbareno no7 (indep. pro) loan Ono 1996:21, 96
Chumash Cruzeno no7o loan JPH
Chumash Ineseno no7 loan A 7
Chumash Obispeno mitYy inheritance JPH
Chumash Ventureno no, ne7e (indep pronoun), k- loan Harrington 1974:6
Cocopa subject nya:c (and various prefixes) inheritance
Comanche ny7 inheritance
Cupeño ne' [nəɁ] inheritance
Esselen eni unknown Shaul 1995:209
Gabrielino no:- inheritance
Iipay 'Aa 'enyaach [Ɂəˈɲaˑtʃ] inheritance
Kawaiisu ny7y inheritance
Kiliwa nya7-(p) inheritance
Kitanemuk ny7 inheritance
Lake Miwok ka/nni, ka/ni inheritance
Luiseño no:7 inheritance
Maidu ni/ inheritance
Mojave 7inyech inheritance
Mutsun ka:n inheritance O77:104, 165
Nisenan ni inheritance
Northern Paiute ny inheritance Thornes?
Northern Sierra Miwok kan:i- (etc.) inheritance
Plains Miwok kan:i-, inheritance
Salinan A he:'kh (A), unknown
Salinan M kHe' unknown Mason 1918:32
Seri (Comcaac) he unknown
Serrano ny:7 inheritance
Southern Paiute ny7, ny-, =ni inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok kan:i, kan: inheritance
Southern Ute ny7 inheritance
Tübatulabal ki (it's a clitic) loan
Tümpisa Shoshone ny, nyy inheritance
Wappo 7a/h loan direction unknown
Washo Le/ unknown J87, 402, K 268
Western Mono nyy/ inheritance
Wintu ni inheritance
Yavapai ?nya/- inheritance
Yokuts Palewyami na7 (genitive is ken) inheritance Gamble 1991
Yokuts Yawdanchi naa-, -na inheritance K07, G64
Yokuts Yowlumne na: N 229 inheritance N1944:229
Yuki 7a,p (agent) inheritance S&S 1984
Arabana antha semantic shift
Bardi ngay(u) ngay(u) inheritance
Bunuba [missing] missing
Burarra [missing] missing
Dhangu ŋarra inheritance
Dhuwal ŋarra inheritance
Dhuwala ŋarra inheritance
Diyari nganhi inheritance
DiyariREU ngani inheritance
Djambarrpuyngu ŋarra
Djapu ŋarra inheritance
Djinang irr inheritance
Gajirrabeng genya inheritance
Gooniyandi nganyi
Gupapuyngu ŋarra inheritance
Gurindji ngayu inheritance
Jaru ngaju inheritance
Jawi ngi ngi inheritance
Karajarri ngaju kaniny inheritance
Kija ngayin inheritance
Malyangapa upa unique
Mangala jipangu inheritance
Miriwung ngayoo inheritance
Mithaka nganyi inheritance
Mudburra ngayi inheritance
Mudburra ngayi inheritance
Ngamini nganyi inheritance
Ngarluma ngayi inheritance
Ngumbarl ngai, ngaia ngay(a) inheritance
Nhirrpi nganyi inheritance
Nimanburru XXngl ngayu ngayu inheritance
Northern Mangarla ngayu
Northern Nyangumarta ngaju pukurl inheritance
Nyangumarta ngaju inheritance
Nyikina ngayu ngayu inheritance
Nyulnyul ngay ngay inheritance
Paakantyi ŋadu inheritance
Pirriya nganawa inheritance
Pitta-Pitta ngantya semantic shift
Rirratjingu ŋaya (I), nha:na (me) inheritance
Ritharrngu ngarra inheritance
Walmajarri ngaju inheritance
Wangkayutyuru miraratha inheritance
Warrwa ngaio ngayio inheritance
Yan-nhangu ŋarra inheritance
Yandruwandha nganyi inheritance
Yarluyandi [missing] missing
Yawarrawarrka nganji inheritance
Yawuru ngayu ngayu inheritance
Achagua nuja nuja inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Piapoco núa núa For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Yukuna nuká nuká inheritance no/nu forms cognate in Arawak; but compare quechuan nuka For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Tariana nuha nuha inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Baniwa nhóa nhóa inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Resígaro ó ó inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Kabiyari nhú, nu- nhú, nu- For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Yavitero nuya-ha nuja-ha For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Bare nuni nuni For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Wapishana ũgar-ɨ ũgar-ɨ inheritance Proto North Arawak? For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Mandawaka nújaha, nu- nú-jaha For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Wayuu ta-ya For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Yine hita; -no My' is no-; n-. *Piro-Apuriná form for 'I' is *hi/'no-ta; for 'my' is *n(V)-. See Language page
Paresi natyo natyo inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Ignaciano 'nu-ti For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Trinitario n- Assimilates to m- before /p/. Pronoun is nuti. See Language page
Baure ni-; n-ti ni-; n-ti inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Waurá na-tu na-tu inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Arutani maykate/ ma- / tsa- maykate/ ma- / tsa- For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Sape mɨ mɨ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Cha'palaa i; 'i-ya -ya is a contrast emphasis suffix. Possessive: 'my' is in; 'mine' is 'in-či. See Language page
Bora oó oó inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Muinane úú-xóʔo úú-xóʔo For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Akawaio uurö urö inheritance Pemongan For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect urɤ urɤ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Apalai ywy ɨwɨ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Wayana ïwu ɨwu inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Carijona əwɨ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Tiriyó wi[:] wi: inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Eñepa yu ju inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Makiritare ɨwɨ (IDS); üwü (KH) (also means 'me') ɨwɨ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Makushi u-rɨ u-rɨ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Mapoyo wïhï (wï') wʊhʊ (wʊ') For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Pemon yuurö (E1980); yuurö (E1980) yuurö (E1980) inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Wai Wai owɨ owɨ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Waimiri Atroari awy, aa, kara~kra awi, aː, kara~kra For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Yabarana wəre For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Yukpa abe, au a'wi For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Kalapalo uge uge inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Muisca hycha hɨʂa For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Barí nãi Colombia: nay. *Chibchan form is *'da; first person prefix is *dã-. See Language page
Northern Emberá mʉ̃ mʉ̃ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Epena mɨ; 'mɨči Respectively: unmarked; marked. 'Mine' is më're, underlying form: mɨ-'de, 'I/me-of'. See Language page
Guayabero xan inheritance Proto-Guahiban For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Macaguan kan kan inheritance Proto-Guahiban For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Sikuani xanü (2) xánɨ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Cuiva xan yo, I For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms Huber & Reed 1992:200
Playero xáni For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Cofán ña ɲa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra nova nowa unique For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Taushiro uyo, u ujo, u For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Páez andy, ũ´cue For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Tikuna chamax [5, 4] tʃamaʔ unique For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Urarina kanï kanʉ unique For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Camsa átz ats For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Andoke o'ə oʔə unique For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Waorani bo-tõ unique For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Hodï ye unique For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Pumé kɔdɛ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Tinigua hikwa For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Puinave am am unique For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Máku te:ne te:ne For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Warao ine ine For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Ashuar wi, wíka wi, wíka For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Huambisa wi wi For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Aguaruna wi wi inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Nukak wɛɛm2 inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Kakua wěm inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Hup ʔã́h ~ʔáh inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Yuhup ʔãh ~ʔah For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Dâw ãr ʔãh inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ʔɨ̃h inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect ʔɨ̃h For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Matses ë ɨ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Kakataibo ʔɨ- *Panoan *ʔɨ. See Language page
Katukina ɨa; ɨã; ɨ̃ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Pacahuara 'ɨa d'Orb ea. Arm ea, noe. See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo ɨ-a For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Yaminahua ɨ̃; ɨa Respectively: ergative (subject of transitive verb); absolutive (object of transitive verb). See Language page
Chácobo ɨ; ɨa ɨ; ɨa inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Yagua day daj unique For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua ñuca ɲuka For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Ingá nuka nuka For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua ñuca ɲuka For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano ñoqa ɲoqa For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Piaroa tjü thɨ unknown For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Sáliva jĩsi hĩsi unknown For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Bará jɨ'ɨ́ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Barasano jʉ jʉ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Cubeo yʉ jɨ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Carapana yʉ jɨ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Desano yʉhʉ jɨ ʔɨ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Kotiria yʉ'ʉ/ jʉ jʉʔʉ/ jʉ inheritance E-W Tuk For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Makuna jɨ jɨ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Yuruti jɨ́ jɨ́ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Waikhana jɨ'ʔɨ jɨ'ʔɨ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Siriano yʉʉ́ jɨɨ́ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Tanimuca dyiʔ'i ʎiʔ'i inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Tatuyo jɨɨ jɨɨ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Tukano yʉ'ʉ́ jɨ'ɨ́ inheritance E-W Tuk For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Tuyuka yɨ'ɨ jɨʔɨ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Waimaja dyɨ́ djɨ́ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Maihiki yi ji inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Koreguaje chʉ'ʉ dʒʉʔʉ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Siona yɨʔɨ jɨʔɨ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Secoya yë'ë jɨʔ'ɨ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Karitiana y, ỹn, ỹnỹ ɨ, ɨ̃n, ɨ̃nɨ̃ unknown For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Nheengatu ixé iʃé inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Kokama etse etse inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Wayampi a-; iyɛ a-; ijɛ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Aché čo inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Chiriguano če; se inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní če For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Sirionó se se inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Kamayurá ije ije inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Ocaina xo, xoun xo, xõɯ̃ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto kúe kúɛ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Minica Witoto kúe kúɛ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Murui Witoto kue, ku.e kuɛ, ku.ɛ inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Ninam kami-ye; ya, kamatša (EM72) kami-je; ja inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Yanomam kamiyə (EM72) kamije inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Yanomami ya, kamiyə (EM72) ja, kamije inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Sanumá kamitʃa kamitʃa inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Iquito qui-, cu- (before verbs beginning with /a/, quíija (stand-alone pronominal form) ki-, ku- (before verbs beginning with /a/, kíiha (stand-alone pronominal form) inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Záparo ku. ku For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Wari wataʔ wataʔ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Araona ema; yama For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Ese Ejja eya; e(y)aya inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-ya; e-ya-ya e-ya; e-ya-ya For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Tacana ema; yama Intransitive and transitive, respectively. See Language page
Cavineña i-ke; e-ra (former is absolutive form, latter is ergative form) i-ke; e-ra inheritance For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Central Aymara naya naya For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Cayuvava hi-; a-; -ri; -ro na'ičiro means 'me, mine'. See Language page
Itonama osni; osniʔka Respectively: masc.; fem. See Language page
Kwazá si si For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané yo'ẽ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Movima inɬa inɬa For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Trumai ha; hai; hai-ts ha; hai; hai-ts unique For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Kaingang inh ʔiɲ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Canela kʰam For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Suyá pá pá For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Karajá ǰiarɨ̃ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Djeoromitxi hü hø For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Chipaya werx; wexr-ki Note metathesis. Suffix -ki is a focus particle. 'My' is wext. See Language page
Mocoví ayim; yim For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Pilagá hayim For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Toba ayim For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Lengua koo For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité koo For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet koʔo For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay oɬam For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja y-em For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Maca y-akhaʔ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Nivaclé yi-'waača For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo yu; uu'yu For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Mapudungun in-če Same form in Ranquel. See Language page
Qawasqar c̷e Also means 'we' 02.940. Sk, Bo record c̷eɬ for Central QWS. SpS records c̷o for South QWS. See Language page
Selknam y-ah For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Tehuelche y- ~ i-; 'yā For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
Lokono de de 1st SG. Pet 1987:23
Kariña awu awu 1sg Courtz 2007:52