Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Araona

Family
Tacanan
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
aro
Location
-12.42°, -67.73°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Key, Mary Ritchie. 2007. Araona. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location bakʷeo; mawa Also bi-, bia-, bi(y)o, -toho. See 'top' 12.330. *Tacn form is *biaka-. See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment timo *Tacn form is *-mo. See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body be-bakʷa; be-sese -be is 'shoulder' 04.300. *Tacn forms are *e-bebaka; *basede. See Language page
bad mal mal quality -isi; šili; masawe See Language page
belly barriga barriga body ese; hememe-i *Tacn form is *ese. 'Abdomen/belly' is nibo. See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location tipao; tipae Also -bote; eimao. *Tacn form is *-ma-. See Language page
big grande grande quality haliǰa Also -baba, in reference to river, streams, or persons. Cf. 'grandfather 02.460. Also kʷiča-kata; -iyo; bi(y)o. *Tacn forms are *aŕi-da; *aŕi-na-. See Language page
black negro preto colour sewa *Tacn form is *sewe. See Language page
blood sangre sangue body ami *Tacn form is *ami. See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body lokʷakʷa See Language page
bone hueso osso body e-c̷oa *Tacn form is *c̷a-. See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body ac̷o See Language page
child niño, niña criança human 'bakʷa Cf. 'snake' 03.850. *Tacn form is *baka. See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment boso; mozizi-bade *Tacn form is *bo. See Language page
cold frío frio quality aboa See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality haa, hememe See Language page
day día dia time c̷eiɲe *Tacn form is *čine-. See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality azalo; boso See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality azaha; kʷibi The former is to dry Brazil nuts; to dry in the sun is wae; hala; to dry with a towel is kʷihi. See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality tobotana Also a-tobo-tobo; apiša-piša. See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment poc̷ac̷a-i To be very dusty is awoc̷a. See Language page
ear oreja orelha body e-iza-ha *Tacn form is *ića-xa. See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment mezizo *Tacn form is *meći-. See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna eha; walipa-ha The former also 'testicle' 04.490. The latter is a chicken egg. *Tacn form is *e-xa. Cf. 'seed' 08.311, 'fruit' 05.710. See Language page
eye ojo olho body e-toa *Tacn form is *-to-xa. See Language page
far lejos longe quality okʷeda; aokʷe 'Distant' is -neti. See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body e-c̷ei *Tacn form is *e-c̷e-ŕi. See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship kʷiča-po; tadi *Tacn form is *tata. See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna e-iɲa Cf. 'hair' 04.140, lit. 'covering'. See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment kʷa-ti *Tacn form is *ti-. See Language page
flower flor flor environment ec̷a *Tacn form is *šaša. See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment baepa mozizi Also boso; mozizi bade. See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora haha Also means 'seed' 08.311. *Tacn form is *xaxa. Various fruits: *Tacn forms are *akićo; *no(ʔ)i. See Language page
good bueno bom quality ahai; da; hai-ǰa See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body šoa-iɲa -šoa is 'head'; iɲa also means 'feather' 04.393; 'leaf' 08.560; or 'covering'. *Tacn forms are *-ina; *-c̷aŕo. See Language page
hand mano mão body e-me *Tacn form is *e-me. See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar da; hoda; homa; oho Also nominative wada. See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body e-šoa See 'potato' 05.700. *Tacn form is *e-iyo-xa. See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality a-bikʷe *Tacn form is *bike-. See Language page
how? como como grammar kʷipa, kʷipac̷io, hada See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar ema; yama For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
if si se grammar -haomo; -c̷omo See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location emeo; meo Also miǰoho; mehe. Inside (the house) is mena bene. *Tacn forms are *-śo; *doxo-śo. See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body c̷ama *Tacn form is *-c̷ama. See Language page
lake lago lago environment bai See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment akʷi-iɲa akʷi is 'tree'. Cf. 'hair' 04.140. *Tacn form is *e-ina. See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body zania bene *Tacn form is *ćani. See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body tiǰada; eta 'Shinbone' is tabesese; cf. 'back' 04.190. ebai refers to animals; cf. 'arm' 04.310. See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment popa See Language page
liver hígado figado body takʷa *Tacn form is *e-taka. See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality abao; aokʷe The latter refers to time and space. Also bao-da maša, 'longer'. *Tacn form is *baŕo-da, also means 'tall'. See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna iɲakʷa order Phtiraptera See Language page
man/male hombre homem human dea *Tacn form is *dexa. See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna e-ami *Tacn form is *e-ŕami. Cf. 'flesh' 04.130. See Language page
moon luna lua environment badi *Tacn form is *badi. See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship kʷala; wadi Also waepei; mama. *Tacn form is *e-ka-. See Language page
mouth boca boca body kʷac̷a *Tacn form is *e-kac̷a. See Language page
name nombre nome human bani See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality hakʷepati, c̷awa Also dawewe; wec̷iowe. See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body tiado See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body nala *Tacn form is *e-piti. See Language page
new nuevo novo quality šakʷa; -nana Cf. 'infant (newborn)' 02.280. *Tacn form is *e-yaka. See Language page
night noche noite time sisa *Tacn form is *sisa. See Language page
no/not no não grammar See Language page
nose nariz nariz body ewi 'Snout' is wimato. Cf. 'prow' wiso. *Tacn form is *e-wi. See Language page
old viejo velho quality esi, poisa Also -šili, derrogatory. *Tacn form is *e-si-ŕi. See Language page
one uno um number peada; peada-we *Tacn form is *pea-da. See Language page
other otro outro grammar See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body neda; mikata See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human e-kʷiča; c̷edapo *Tacn form is *e-kita. See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment nai To drizzle is kʷizozo; wala wala. See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour asele See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body me-anai bene See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture dizi *Tacn form is *edići. See Language page
root raíz raiz flora akʷi-c̷aha; c̷aha *Tacn form is *c̷axa. See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality iwi; oli; c̷oto Cf. 'nose' 04.230. *Tacn form is *iwi-. See Language page
sand arena areia environment mezizo See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality akʷeo *Tacn form is *keŕo-da, which also means 'pointed' 12.352. See Language page
short corto curto quality a-poko-poko Also a-simo-simo; ma-ailipi; mabaolipi; piša-piša; tobo-tobo. See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body bata; ebe- See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental bizo See Language page
skin piel pele body biki Also means 'fur' 06.280; 'leather' 06.290; 'bark' 08.750. *Tacn form is *e-biti. See Language page
sky cielo céu environment baepa See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality lopo Also ma-...-lipi; pelo-pelo; c̷idi. Diminutives are -limi; -lipi. See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment hodo *Tacn form is *xodo. See Language page
star estrella estrela environment See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora amaha Refers to a type of w., heart wood, which is hard. Cf. 'molartooth' 04.272. See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment mahana Also melilo, 'pebbles'. *Tacn forms are *maxana, 'pebbles'; and *tomo. See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body siča Animal with long tail is siča-ikana. See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar kana; naeda Dual form is dec̷e; wac̷e-beta-we; wac̷e-da See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality apamotihi See Language page
thin delgado fino quality lasa-lasa *Tacn form is *ošori. See Language page
this este/esta este grammar See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar mi; mi-ǰa; mi-ǰa-ha See Language page
throat garganta garganta body See Language page
three tres tres number kimiša See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment tili-tili *Tacn form is *tiri. See Language page
bite morder morder body lao; c̷oi See Language page
blow soplar soprar body wo; lepe The latter means to blow on the fire. See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body hana-miki *Tacn form is *xana-. See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body mia See Language page
climb subir subir motion tenaikana Animals climbing into the trees. See Language page
come venir vir motion pobe-a See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact hiɲa; sapa To cook without Brazil nut sauce is poloa; soi. To cook in the sun is hala. *Tacn forms are *śina-; *sapa-. See Language page
count contar contar mental topo Also means 'measure' 12.540. See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental pa *Tacn form is *pa-. See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact hikʷi; sasa; hala/laha With knife, machete, scissors, respectively. Also kʷe, cut with ax or machete. Also semihi, cut in little pieces; sepi, cut in pieces; seo, cut in half. *Tacn form is *śiki-. See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state mano *Tacn form is *mano-. See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact loe Refers to digging a well. See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental tawi-ba Lit. 'sleep-see'. 04.610. See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body izi; laka The latter also means 'swallow' 05.181. *Tacn form is *ići-. See Language page
eat comer comer body di; didia See Language page
fall caer cair motion bisa; pai Also dahaha, fall without a reason. *Tacn form is *-xaxa. See Language page
fear miedo medo mental akeoli; aheni See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion See Language page
fly volar voar motion kʷabec̷a See Language page
grow crecer crescer state hewa; esi Refer to people. Also molo, refers to plants. *Tacn form is *baŕo-na. See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental c̷abaha See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion lobo-ti; sipa To hide in between is zobo. See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact iše; lawia Also kʷisolihi, hit with an instrument/object. See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other isea, toaba (?) See Language page
kill matar matar impact iše *Tacn form is *iye-. See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental ba; ba-mewe ba also means 'see'15.510. Also habatimewe; tehe. See Language page
laugh reír rir mental izibati See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion ha-sisa; ha-wana *Tacn form is *śa-ŕa, a position morpheme. See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body ize; neti; c̷eiɲeba neti also means 'stand' 12.150, a position morpheme. See 'day' 14.410. See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other eotata; silo Also bi-silo; ota. See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact kʷelihi See Language page
say decir dizer mental a *Tacn form is *a-. See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact See Language page
see ver ver mental ba *Tacn form is *ba-. See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact pi; pisa; hia [with arrow (?)] See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state ani To squat is satanini. *Tacn form is *ani-, a position morpheme. See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body tawi *Tacn form is *tawi-. See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body kʷedi *Tacn form is *e-kedi. See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact noi; tozo; sala See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact tedi; solo *Tacn form is *tedi-. See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact šoto See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state neti *Tacn form is *neti-, a position morpheme. See Language page
steal robar roubar other c̷ihi *Tacn form is *čiŕi-. See Language page
suck chupar chupar body bibi Means to suck sugar cane. To suckle/nurse is soso-a. See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body c̷ope; c̷opolo See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion waoti *Tacn form is *bec̷a-. Cf. 'fly' 10.370. See Language page
think pensar pensar mental nime-a Also nime-ba; bame; c̷ipo. See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact wanabotea, iša, iša-botea, ha To throw out to a specific place is hiwi; hiwiki. See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact ihi Also c̷aene, tie together for carrying; tohe, tie for cargo; zibi, tie up a canoe; c̷ikʷi, tie up a body for burial, or a waterpot for carrying. See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other balele-a Also hehaha; tokʷikʷi. To rotate is heha; tokʷikʷia. To go around is dilo. See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body bataiyo See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion ahe The walk of an alligator is c̷ec̷e. *Tacn form is *aśe-. See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other modo *Tacn form is *modo. See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body kʷac̷a-wati Lit. 'mouth' 04.240 + ? See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body e-ana *Tacn form is e-yana. See Language page
tooth diente dente body e-c̷e *Tacn form is *e-c̷e. See Language page
two dos dois number beta; beta-kata *Tacn form is *beta. See Language page
water agua agua environment e-na; eowi Respectively: river w. (also means 'liquid'); potable w. To water something is kʷiso; name; zaza. *Tacn form is *ena. See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar kʷada; kʷada-ha no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality anaha See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar ai; kʷipa See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar kʷipac̷io; kec̷io, c̷io 'How long a period of time?' is kec̷ono. See Language page
where? donde onde grammar ko, koc̷o Also hiko; kewe; kea; keipa. See Language page
white blanco branco colour amae; apaha *Tacn form is *paśa-. See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar aise; aiyaha See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship wane; mama Also boilimi. *Tacn form is *e-wane. See Language page
wind viento vento environment beni 'East wind' is na-kʷac̷a beni ('river wind'); 'north w.' is naiye beni; 'west w.' is matae beni; 'south w. (cold w.)' is mala-e beni aboa. *Tacn form is *beni. See Language page
wing ala asa body naba-i See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human pona; mama A term to indicate a woman of the opposite clan is kʷala; any woman of the opposite clan is wadi. *Tacn form is *e-pona. See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour a-hawa *Tacn form is *śawa. See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar mikana; mikana-ha Dual form is mec̷eda; mec̷eada. *Tacn form is *mi-kana. See Language page
foot pie pé body wac̷i *Tacn form is *e-wači. See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar ǰa-iša; iša Also noawe. See Language page
all todo todos other babaowe Also daokʷa; -pe. See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body tomihaha See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body nokʷizi *Tacn form is *e-nokići. See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body domi Also used for 'rust'; concept also used in Chácobo, see 04.660. 'Anus' is domi-c̷i. See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body mosozata *Tacn form is *e-ća-. See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body welolo *Tacn form is *weŕo-. See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body atai Also pololo sawa is an itchy sore. See Language page
bark corteza casca environment akʷi-biki bewe; ehi Lit. 'tree-skin' 04.120. Also ho-bewe, aromatic b.; misa, twisted b. to use as rope. See Language page
fingernail uña unha body me-tezi *Tacn form is *e-me-tići. See Language page
heart corazón coração body mosoho *Tacn form is *-nićo. See Language page
sun sol sol time zeti *Tacn form is *ićeti. See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment ewašokʷe Also ewa-tihi-tihi. Cf. 'thumb' 04.342. See Language page
green verde verde quality sawa-lili; a-sawa-lili *Tacn form is *sawa-. See Language page
hot caliente quente quality a-ašo, ašoda See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (135)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna See Language page
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. biɲa See Language page *Tacn form is *bina.
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna boni See Language page
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes popo; leo See Language page Widespread Respectively: 'lechuza cornuda'; small red owl. A white owl is zao. *Tacn form is *popo.
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica holakʷa; pawi-pawi See Language page Widespread Also c̷alia-c̷alia. *Tacn form is *xoraka.
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae wai; wodoho See Language page Also bizizi, 'cuquisa'. *Tacn forms are *-doxo; *bićići.
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae tawata [TG loan] See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae hamani; šoatai See Language page Widespread South America *Tacn form is *śamani.
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family hohe See Language page *Tacn form is *śośe.
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris nio See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna hae See Language page *Tacn form is *śa(ʔ)e.
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. pisoso See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata banakʷa See Language page Also babalakʷa-i. *Tacn forms are *banaka; *pisoso ('iguana').
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. babi See Language page *Tacn form is *ibabi.
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna ba'kʷa See Language page Cf. 'child' 02.270. *Tacn form is *baka.
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria dati See Language page Widespread Water turtle is ena-dati. *Tacn form is *dati.
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) taze See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes See Language page
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) wapehe See Language page secondary scrub vegetation *Tacn form is *wapeśe.
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens bizo See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden *Tacn form is *bićo.
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. naha See Language page Means 'banana'.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. See Language page *Tacn form is *poroto.
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) noc̷a See Language page *Tacn form is *noc̷a.
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays zia See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains *Tacn form is *ćixe.
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum See Language page *Tacn form is *omaśa.
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna akʷi See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta kʷawe-a See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. *Tacn form is *kawe.
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas halili See Language page Other varieties are lopoa halili, yellow s.p.; haona halili, purplish s.p.; halili selena, red s.p.; tala; zala, 'gualusa'. *Tacn form is *xariri.
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. hemi See Language page *Tacn form is *xemi.
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. hono See Language page secondary forest, floodplain *Tacn form is *xono.
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. ac̷a; masa-masa-iɲa See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation Respectively: 'barbasco'(root); and a leaf poison. To poison (fish) is kʷia. *Tacn form is *ac̷a.
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae bototo; loso See Language page Also tapi-tapi, 'cazadora grande'; zoi-zoi, 'cazadora pequeña'; makʷa, 'leaf-cutter'. Also bona; malo, 'tucandera'. Also masisi.
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata malo See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. makʷa See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis a-ize See Language page *Tacn form is *-iće.
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria boatiki; zomama See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae kʷiɲa-hola-hola-i; kʷiɲa-boze See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera hababa-i; hapo-i See Language page *Tacn forms are *śababa; *śapora.
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora hoto; c̷ena See Language page The former is poisonous. Also ešo; and c̷oho, fruit worm. *Tacn form is *ec̷ena.
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda bakʷa-piɲoli See Language page Cf. 'snake' 03.850.
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones ahi See Language page *Tacn form is *aśi.
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera wele-wele-i See Language page A 'tábano' is weno-weno; also danabo, a black fly; and tepesi.
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. dihi See Language page *Tacn form is *di(ʔ)i.
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita bia See Language page *Tacn form is *biŕa.
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda zemo See Language page
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae kaleši See Language page Also biwa kaleši, a black spider.
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus hike; bakʷe hike See Language page Also hike-baba 'rata terrestre'; ewaepo hike; a tree rat is bakʷehe hike. *Tacn form is *śite.
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus dokʷe-i; šaha See Language page *Tacn form is *doke-ŕi.


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material kʷaba, c̷ota, ziki Cf. 'canoe'. *Tacn form is *ćiti. See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material Small black seed, perforated is ewasohohaha; small seeds, bizikewa; red and black seed, pone-pone-haha; section of scorpion tail, used for beads, ahi tika. See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material e-hai Hammock' is šawi. See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material šawi See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material e-ani-hi Refers to a seat. See 'sit' 12.130. *Tacn form is *waŕi. See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology babatolo; bakʷetolo See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology yanakona In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material bobo-i See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology haiba-i; maša The 'cushma', man's bark-cloth garment is kʷabomala. A sling over the shoulder to carry the baby is ona. *Tacn form is *ona. See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other kʷa-ti Also means 'fire' 01.810. *Tacn form is *ka-ti. See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology baba Some names of gods are: baba-zoto; baba-wotesa; baba-bizosa; baba ewo-o; baba-c̷aha doc̷i; c̷ekʷa-esi; c̷ekʷa mala. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology moi Also babadewe; dewe. *Tacn form is *moŕi. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material [kʷišilo] From Span. 'cuchillo'. See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool baha especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool pia; piša hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool pic̷oe 'Bowstring' is pic̷o-ema. See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport walo-i *Tacn form is *e-taro-xi. See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material sepe See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool ho-towaha; towaha Also mapai. See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology zaka See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool See Language page
wax cera cera other wiɲi *Tacn form is *wini. See Language page
honey miel mel food waha *Tacn form is *waśa. See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture bado; misa The former also means 'string'. The latter is twisted bark. *Tacn form is *bado. See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology baepa See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation hilika See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology tawi-ba Lit. 'sleep-see'. 04.610. See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation walipa See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology mec̷i See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation oši Means 'white cane'; 'tacuara' is moi. *Tacn form is *šita. See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material maaposa, noka See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress wac̷i-hozoi wac̷i is 'foot'. See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation misi See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation bala; pisa-pisa See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress sobelele See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology dohoi See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool soe See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool dada See Language page
salt sal sal food -- Salt lick' is mehe. A seasoning, bano, is made from darkly roasted Brazil nuts, pounded in a trough. *Tacn form is *bano. See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology hehe Bird singing is kʷei. See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool ewai esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food kʷade, pisa, c̷a See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool mawic̷aha (?) See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool mawic̷aha (?) See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture hahotana prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food mama Manioc flour (chivé) is mama. See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool emekʷasa See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other e-tae The front of the house is e-tae kʷac̷a, lit. 'house-mouth' 04.240. *Tacn form is *e-taŕe. See Language page