Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

bow

Semantic Field
subsistence tool
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
arco
Meaning Portuguese
arco

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla hul bow inheritance *huca Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 63 other complex Seiler & Hioki 1979:58
Cupeño kutapish bow inheritance *kuCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 278, from 'wood'? derived, other complex Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Luiseño kutapish bow, ash tree inheritance *kuCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 278, from 'wood'? derived, other complex Elliott 1999
Gabrielino pi-tro-ar, H. paytxot 'arco en general' common bow inheritance *pakoti Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 277 other complex Merriam 49:101
Serrano ă-part'k bow, gun inheritance *pakoti Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 277 other complex Merriam 48:179
Kitanemuk pačukt bow, collarbone inheritance *pakoti Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 277 other complex Anderton 1988
Tübatulabal ālitt bow, gun inheritance *aCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 275 other complex K. Hill Tb>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim ah'-le bow inheritance *aCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 275 other complex Merriam 49:187
Kawaiisu 7edy-(ci) bow, rifle inheritance *aCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 275 other complex Zigmond et al. 1990
Chemehuevi 7atsY Y is voiceless schwa bow inheritance *aCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 275 simplex Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute atcy-S bow inheritance *aCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 275 simplex Sapir
Southern Ute 7aa-cI bow inheritance *aCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 275 other complex Givon
Tümpisa Shoshone (huu)7etyn bow inheritance *aCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 275 compound Dayley 1998
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone aiti, aitikko bow and arrow, gun inheritance *aCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 275 simplex Crapo 1976
Comanche eetY bow for shooting arrows inheritance *aCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 275 simplex Robinson & Armagost 1990
Western Mono Edy bow, gun, weapon inheritance *aCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 275 simplex Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute pongosa adu bow inheritance *aCta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 275 phrase Yerington 1987
Southern Sierra Miwok jaw:e bow (for shooting) unique 7ungli- Yosemite simplex nt Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok šól:oku- bow (for shooting) unique maybe same as Mins sol:ok:u 'hazel tree, Corylus californica, is this used for bows? simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
Northern Sierra Miwok kyc:a- bow inheritance Proto-Eastern Miwok JHH simplex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok këc:a-, kyc:a- bow; counters in gambling game? inheritance Proto-Eastern Miwok JHH simplex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok kóono bow, gun inheritance *kó:no Proto-Miwok Callaghan 1970:40 simplex Callaghan 1965
Maidu pándak' bow, rifle inheritance *pandak Proto-Maiduan Shipley 1961:50; Callaghan 2001:330 says 'may be a kenning term' (from *pan 'roll string on leg" and *dak' 'stick or glue something' simplex Shipley 1963
Nisenan pandak bow inheritance *pandak Proto-Maiduan Shipley 1961:50 simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani ne:k'i to draw a bow inheritance *nek'- Proto-Nim-Yokuts simplex Golla 1964
Yokuts Yawdanchi missing missing
Yokuts Palewyami keTngal' bow unknown also in Hometwoli, Tulamni; getsñ-il, gatsiñ-il Kroeber 1907:341 simplex Gamble 1991
Washo ba7lóhat, balóhot bow, gun unknown has the /pa/ element derived BE- nmlzr Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu k'ulu:l bow, gun, rifle, pistol unknown simplex Schlichter 1981
Yuki lu7waT (Elmendorf form) bow. Gun inheritance *li7wëht Proto-North Yukian also hitmo7 S&S p. 33 derived from 'kill' Schlichter 1985:48 Schlichter 1985
Wappo lúk'a bow, gun (in Sawyer) unknown somewhat resemblant to Yuki forms, but only in CV simplex Elmendorf 1993
Mutsun lawan bow inheritance Proto-Southern Costanoan perhaps ProtoC; Soledad has tawa (Henshaw in Heizer 1955); Rumsen has lawan 'gun' simplex Okrand notes has no corresponding verb Okrand 1977
Esselen paxu-nax bow loan Salinan M Harrington copies as payunay other complex ncs -nax Shaul 1995
Salinan A xak'e/I', xak' bow unknown simplex Mason 1918
Salinan M paxuwe/ bow unknown note Esselen simplex Mason 1918
Chumash Obispeno 7aqa arco, bow inheritance *aqa Proto-Chumashan Klar 1977:65;also ič-kuyan 'bow, weapon' p. 197 simplex Harrington
Chumash Ineseno 7ax hyphen on left bow inheritance *aqa Proto-Chumashan Klar 1977:65;also ič-kuyan 'bow, weapon' p. 197 simplex Applegate 1972
Chumash Barbareno 7ax bow, gun inheritance *aqa Proto-Chumashan simplex Klar 1977
Chumash Ventureno 7ax bow inheritance *aqa Proto-Central Chumash simplex Klar 1977
Iipay 'Aa 7aatim bow inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH, looks weirdly like the UA word but that is an accident, see Kiliwa -tim simplex Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Cocopa 7i:cim(ayá:) bow (and arrow) inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH simplex 7ayá: 'willow' Crawford 1989
Mojave 7utis bow, gun unique simplex Munro et al. 1992
Yavapai tβču:ña ñ is turned ŋ arc-shaped ->bow unique hpùčñâ(:)kva p. 374, hpùtβču:ña p. 436 derived Shaterian 1983
Kiliwa h+tim rifle, bow inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH derived Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) haacni bow for arrows unknown simplex Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua ɲɨ̌p-at-tɨh ɲɨ̌p-at-tɨh unique Other complex throw.arrow-nmlz-hunt arco See Language page
Nheengatu mirapara mirapara inheritance *ɨßɨrapar Proto-Tupi-Guarani Loan TG > Yucuna wiɾaʔapaɾa arco See Language page
Waorani too piyæ̃ka-ĩ-wæ̃ unique Compound too piyæ̃ka-ĩ=arrow; a-wæ̃=tree/wood arco See Language page
Hodï lĩbẽlã ho lĩbẽlã ho bow, arrow? unique arco See Language page
Yanomami hatõ nahi, tisho hi, nahi (EM72) hatõ nahi, tiʃo hi (ceremonial) unique Alternate: tiʃo hi (ceremonial) Other complex No info arco See Language page
Yanomam šarak nafi ʃaɾak nafi inheritance Proto-Yanomamo Compound ʃaɾak, “arrow” arco See Language page
Ninam šaknahi, šakaonahi (EM72) ʃ̌aknahi, ʃakaonahi inheritance Proto-Yanomamo Simplex arco See Language page
Kotiria bʉe~dete bʉe~dete inheritance from bʉe 'shoot'? Compound arco See Language page
Cubeo tẽ́mutarabʉ tɛ̃́mutara-bɨ inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan Classifier -bɨ arco See Language page
Tukano biɨê'ka tẽhe biɨêʔka tẽhe inheritance from bui 'shoot'? Other complex biɨê'ka, unclear; tẽhe “arc-shaped” arco See Language page
Desano buiribero buiribero inheritance from bui 'shoot'? Compound buiri-bero; shoot-? arco See Language page
Maihiki toe aqu ja tõẽ aku xã inheritance aku could be loan from Spanish arco arco See Language page
Hup g'ǐg b'ah g'ǐg b'ah inheritance Proto-DYH Derived shoot.arrow= CL:split/flat.thing arco See Language page
Dâw çok cɔk inheritance; unknown Proto-DYH Yagua kãnũ; Matses kanti; Cocama kanuti Simplex arco See Language page
Sikuani bi-sabi (Rivet 1948) bisabi (Rivet 1948) inheritance North Arawak Also occurs in Cuiva; may be loan into proto-language arco See Language page
Macaguan pitsá-ne pitsá-ne inheritance Simplex arco See Language page
Guayabero fadoit, woijta; lut (R18) ɸadói-t unknown (Also: wohita) Simplex arco See Language page
Pemon rapa (A1981); uurapa (E1980); urapa (M2000) rapa (A1981); urapa (E1980); uɻa:pa' (M2000) inheritance Proto-Carib Alternate: rapa, uɻa:pa' arco See Language page
Akawaio uuraba uraba inheritance Proto-Carib arco See Language page
Makushi uraapa (SM) uraapa (SM) inheritance Proto-Carib arco See Language page
Eñepa kaʔka kaʔka unique arco See Language page
Yukuna wira'apara wiɾaʔapaɾa loan TG *ɨβɨrapa Compare also Carib, e,g, Akawaio uuraba arco See Language page
Tariana (yawi) [tia]pu (dp91), yawithépu (aa01) (jawi) [tia]pu (dp91), jawitʰépu (aa01) inheritance *tapo Proto Arawak Derived -itʰépu "bow" noun classifier arco See Language page
Wapishana sumara sumara inheritance *sumeca Proto-Arawak cf. Tupi-Guarani sumara 'enemy'; Payne91 reconstructs Wap 'bow' Simplex arco See Language page
Baniwa dzawithíapo dzawithíapo inheritance *tapo Proto Arawak Derived dzawíta “to shoot” arco See Language page
Resígaro -jawi[thíapu] (hr01) -jawi[tʰíapu] (hɾ01) inheritance *tapo Proto Arawak Simplex arco See Language page
Achagua tʃáawidauʃi tʃáawidauʃi unique arco See Language page
Piapoco demápu demápu arco See Language page
Yavitero [ta]po; c̷a'wituľeľ̥i [ta]po; ts̷aʔwituľeľ̥i arco See Language page
Wayuu wɨr̃aiči Refers to curaré. See Language page
Yine twa (?) *Piro-Apuriná form is *ta'pwa. See Language page
Paresi ˈhito ˈhitu unknown arco See Language page
Ignaciano -'ec̷iparaku ~ ic̷iparaku arco See Language page
Trinitario šɨšlaxma Also (ha)ɨdɨš, šɨšlaxma. See Language page
Baure tipo'pok; -tipo tipo'pok; -tipo inheritance arco See Language page
Waurá ɨ̃ɨtai ɨ̃ɨtai inheritance arco See Language page
Cha'palaa 'waan-'čuwa Also 'sling' 20.230. See Language page
Bora tubóówa; tubo (bow & arrows) tɯpoo-kwa inheritance cf. Proto-Arawak *[ta]po arco See Language page
Muinane tɨɨbú-ga tɨɨbú-ga arco See Language page
Apalai taky takɨ unique arco See Language page
Wayana paila paila unknown cf. 'arrow' arco See Language page
Carijona cihamata, wakaca (SM) unique arco See Language page
Tiriyó (wï)raapa (wɨ)raapa inheritance arco See Language page
Makiritare šimāda ehɨ̄dɨ (IDS); shima:da ehu:du (KH) ʃima:da ehɨ:dɨ (IDS); ʃima:da ehu:du (KH) unique built from loan, see 'arrow' arco See Language page
Mapoyo aka'ra aka'ra arco See Language page
Wai Wai kraΦa kraΦa inheritance arco See Language page
Waimiri Atroari warypa warɨpa arco See Language page
Yabarana a'kahara arco See Language page
Yukpa bákara bákara arco See Language page
Muisca hacapa hakapa arco See Language page
Northern Emberá enẽ́ndrʉma enẽ́ndrʉma arco See Language page
Epena ema'trɨma Refers to hunting. See Language page
Cuiva biče-bi (CM72) arco See Language page
Cofán battittianccu βathithi̡ãkhɯ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS arco See Language page
Páez taty arco See Language page
Tikuna würa wɨɾa unique arco See Language page
Urarina batohwi batohwi unique arco See Language page
Andoke pã́hã́sé pã́hã́sé unique arco See Language page
Pumé tʰiba-to arco See Language page
Puinave hə́k hə́k unique arco See Language page
Máku cimwʌlo'ba arco See Language page
Warao hatabuɾu (bow and aɾɾows?) hataburu (bow and arrows?) arco See Language page
Ashuar tíshimuk, balista (Spanish loan) tiʃimuk, balista arco See Language page
Huambisa tumag tumag arco See Language page
Aguaruna numi 'apun-bau (IDS); tumág (bow used as musical instrument) numi 'apun-bau; tumág (bow used as musical instrument) unique; inheritance arco See Language page
Nukak tɨweidɨʔ unique arco See Language page
Yuhup kˀigwah arco See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect kaɾabaʔ doubtful loan Carib? e.g. Waimiri-Atroari warɨpa; cf. also TG *ɨβɨrapar arco See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect kaɾabaʔ arco See Language page
Matses canti kanti inheritance arco See Language page
Kakataibo kãti *Panoan *kan[o/a]ti. See Language page
Katukina kãti arco See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo ŋiraa; eraa Bow 'cord' is naasã. See Language page
Yaminahua tʰiba-to arco See Language page
Chácobo kanati kanati inheritance arco See Language page
Yagua kãnũ kãnũ doubtful loan Panoan *kan(u/a)ti (Shell) arco See Language page
Ingá árku (Sp., H&R) árku (Sp., H&R) arco See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua lapun lapun arco See Language page
Piaroa p'o'obü p'o'o'bɨ unique arco See Language page
Sáliva llipah, llupaha ʤipaʔ, ʤupaʔa unique arco See Language page
Bará te'mu-rika-beto arco See Language page
Barasano tẽbṹ-bedo tẽbṹ-bedo arco See Language page
Carapana wẽrĩcã beto, yeru beto wẽrĩkã betɔ, jɛɾu bɛtɔ arco See Language page
Makuna jatura jãi, jaturijĩ xatuɾa xãi, xatulixĩ unknown arco See Language page
Yuruti te'pútu te'pútu arco See Language page
Waikhana bɨ'e-ri thẽ bɨ'e-ri thẽ arco See Language page
Siriano sĩĩríturo sĩĩɾítuɾo arco See Language page
Tanimuca tẽbũ pã'ĩã tẽbũ pã'ĩã inheritance arco See Language page
Tatuyo tẽ́'bɨ̃́-'bé'tó tẽ́'bɨ̃́-'bé'tó arco See Language page
Tuyuka bɨ'e-ri-pĩ bɨʔe-ri-pĩ arco See Language page
Waimaja bɨɛ́řikʰábɛtʰò bɨɛ́rikʰábɛtʰò arco See Language page
Koreguaje saocucupʉ saokukupʉ inheritance arco See Language page
Siona ga'hua gaʔwa inheritance; inheritance arco See Language page
Secoya ca'hua, ca'huanoa kaʔwa, kaʔwanɔa arco See Language page
Karitiana or´ep oɾʔep unknown arco See Language page
Kokama kanuti kanuti loan Panoan arco See Language page
Wayampi wɨlapa-ma wɨlapa-ma inheritance arco See Language page
Aché rapa inheritance arco See Language page
Chiriguano (če-)wɨrapa inheritance arco See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ɨvɨrapa; ɣʷɨrapa arco See Language page
Sirionó ŋiraa; eraa (P85); pisa-c̷oe ŋiraa; eraa (P85); pisa-c̷oe inheritance arco See Language page
Kamayurá ɨwɨrapat ɨwɨrapat inheritance arco See Language page
Ocaina tsipóxatya tsipóxatʲa loan Bora arco See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto tïkúi-ña tɯkúi-ña arco See Language page
Minica Witoto θïkui-raï θɯkui-raɯ arco See Language page
Murui Witoto θïkui-ra θɯkui-ra inheritance/Witoto arco See Language page
Sanumá silaka nahi (EM72) silaka nahi (EM72) inheritance arco See Language page
Iquito rim+'+taja rimɨ'ɨtaha unknown arco See Language page
Záparo rihwana rihwana arco See Language page
Wari temem' (E&K97) tememʔ (E&K97) arco See Language page
Araona pic̷oe 'Bowstring' is pic̷o-ema. See Language page
Ese Ejja ekowixi semantic shift from 'round/curved'? arco See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-koi-xi; e-ko-wixi (Girard 1971) e-koi-xi; e-ko-wixi (Girard 1971) arco See Language page
Cavineña etonono etonono semantic shift from 'round/curved'? arco See Language page
Central Aymara arku (Spanish loan) aɾku arco See Language page
Cayuvava raupu arco See Language page
Itonama i-nalo arco See Language page
Kwazá bilo bilo arco See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané kwin'dʸeʔ arco See Language page
Movima ta-ni-lo ta-ni-lo arco See Language page
Trumai paŋe, tāhaŋa; šɨšlaxma paŋe, tāhaŋa; šɨšlaxma unique arco See Language page
Kaingang vyj wɨy arco See Language page
Canela kuuhe arco See Language page
Suyá krwá krwá arco See Language page
Djeoromitxi tewä tewǝ arco See Language page
Mocoví l-oʔʁošik arco See Language page
Pilagá piɬpaɬ [loan Mascoyan] arco See Language page
Toba aaku; ec̷pooku arco See Language page
Lengua pithpath arco See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité peɬpaaʔaɬ arco See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet ka-noti arco See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay -le-'c̷eh; -ka-lu'tek arco See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja loxsiʔ (m.) Also means 'weapon' 20.210. See Language page
Maca #NAME? arco See Language page
Nivaclé #NAME? arco See Language page
Ayoreo 'dok-oo'hi; oo'hi See 07.580. See Language page
Mapudungun čɨŋfɨl-we arco See Language page
Qawasqar ḳyeraḳʰana From Ag. Bo records kerakʰala for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kerekʰana for South QWS. See Language page
Selknam hàʔ arco See Language page
Lokono simalhabo simaɽabo bow Pet 1987:352
Kariña yrapa ɨrapa bow Yamada 2010:831