Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Washo

Family: Hokan
Region: North America
ISO 639-3: was
Location: 38.82°, -119.64°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: none

Basic Vocabulary (185)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	le\ci	unknown	K268
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	le\cici	unknown	K268
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	Le/	unknown	J87, 402, K 268
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	mi/:	unknown	J?
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	leum	unknown	K268
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	gi/.w	unknown	J443
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	Suffixed glottal stop	unknown	J ?
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	i/wi7	unknown	Jacobsen 1964
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	ya/:sa7	unknown	J?
all	todo	todos	other	mi/7le7	unknown	J503
and	y	e	grammar	ash	unknown	K 301
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	c'i/:bel mo/Lk'o	unknown	J426
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	c'imelmo	unknown	Washo Project
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	t'sa/pu(7)	unknown	J1958:200
at	en, a	em, a	location	-a, -ya	unknown	J 168
back	espalda	costas	body	a/shg	unknown	J 305
bad	mal	mal	quality	7nu/k'ubi	unknown	J 117
belly	barriga	barriga	body	dic'igu/:gush “my stomach” 233;	unknown	J233
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	i/lm	unknown	J339
big	grande	grande	quality	i/:yel	unknown	J373
bite	morder	morder	body	gi/:t'i7	unknown	J460
black	negro	preto	colour	a/yaw	unknown	J333
blood	sangre	sangue	body	a/shang	unknown	J411
blow	soplar	soprar	body	sEbE-	unknown	J267
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	pa/c'il	loan	J509
bone	hueso	osso	body	i:bi7 287;	unknown	J287
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	dishu/:	unknown	J168
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	k'e/she E- “to breathe” 263	unknown	J263
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	do/poshi	unknown	J239
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	mU i/:k'yl Vt “to chew”	unknown	J?
child	niño, niña	criança	human	nga/wngang	unknown	J?
climb	subir	subir	motion	p'a/:t'i	unknown	J510
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	dawma/hym	unknown	J111
cold	frío	frio	quality	diwy/hli	unknown	J172
come	venir	vir	motion	i/ye	unknown	J362
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	i/:bik' “to be cooked, ripe” 270;	unknown	J270
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	i/:shib	unknown	J269
count	contar	contar	mental	mushE i/7ish	unknown	J549
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	i/7ib “to cry” 268;	unknown	J268
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	-a:k'im	unknown	J1958:199
day	día	dia	time	7e/:be	unknown	J79:568
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	ju/li E- Pi	unknown	J520
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	i/deg	unknown	J379
dingo/wolf			fauna	tuli/:shi7	unknown	J87
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	yéʔc'eš	unknown	Washo Project
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	sush	unknown	K297
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	i/me7	unknown	J274
dry	seco	seco	quality	i/huk'	unknown	J288
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	ya7mo/lt'ali	unknown	J109
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	magálsaʔ	unknown	Washo Project
ear	oreja	orelha	body	p'i/sew	unknown	J326
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	ngo/wa	unknown	J239
eat	comer	comer	body	e/mlu	unknown	J263
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	zígen yá:gɨl	unknown	Washo Project
eye	ojo	olho	body	diwi/:gi	unknown	J84
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	mi/k'u	unknown	J87
fall	caer	cair	motion	dipi/ti7i	unknown	J237
far	lejos	longe	quality	t'éweʔ wagóhadi	unknown	Washo Project
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	t'i/:dym	unknown	J250
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	digo/y7	unknown	J118
fear	miedo	medo	mental	shashu	unknown	K298
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	i:sh	unknown	J1958:200
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	di/7yu	unknown	J62
fish	xx	xx	fauna	7a/t'abi7	unknown	J596
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	bEjU-Pi	unknown	J514, 519
flower	flor	flor	environment	dawp'áp'ɨl	unknown	Washo Project
fly	volar	voar	motion	yE, yu- Pi	unknown	J319
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	wámaladɨp'	unknown	Washo Project
foot	pie	pé	body	ma/yab	unknown	J373
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	demuc'úc'uʔ ʔí:bik'i	unknown	Washo Project
good	bueno	bom	quality	gish.lel	unknown	J655
grow	crecer	crescer	state	Mo/ngili	unknown	J249
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	a/jush	unknown	J286
hand	mano	mão	body	a/:du	unknown	J411
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	i/heb “head” 268;	unknown	J268
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	da/mal	unknown	J273
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	i/shysh	unknown	J295
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	a/shdym	unknown	J328
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	a/:m	unknown	J332
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	7lu a/7pa	unknown	J549
how?	como	como	grammar	hu/nga	unknown	J174
if	si	se	grammar		missing
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	-a/:sha	unknown	J329
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	g.a/ya7	unknown	J424
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body		missing
kill	matar	matar	impact	atg	unknown	J377
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	làšašé:si	unknown	Washo Project
lake	lago	lago	environment	da/7aw	unknown	J60
laugh	reír	rir	mental	a/saw	unknown	J286
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	dayáyʔ	unknown	Washo Project
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	dic'elelel	unknown	J235
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	a/hl	unknown	J355
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	kMe a/7sham	unknown	J115, 573
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	dewp'ilélek, déʔpilelek	unknown	Washo Project
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	k'e/she	unknown	J263
liver	hígado	figado	body	d-ilek	unknown	K310
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	gó:gaʔiʔ	unknown	Washo Project
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	c'i/:bel	loan direction unknown	J86
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	dap'a/:p'ysh	unknown	J84
man/male	hombre	homem	human	t'e:liwhu	unknown	J62
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	ʔá:daš	unknown	Washo Project
moon	luna	lua	environment	dí:be p'íʔiš	unknown	Washo Project
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	gitla/:7	unknown	J99
mouth	boca	boca	body	h/anga	unknown	J301
name	nombre	nome	human	di/ye “to name”	loan	J1979:567
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	i/:bu	unknown	J 411
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	-le/lew	unknown	J502
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	d-i:bu	unknown	K310
new	nuevo	novo	quality	téslut'iʔ	unknown	Washo Project
night	noche	noite	time	da-pauwit	unknown	K311
no/not	no	não	grammar	-e/:s	unknown	J?
nose	nariz	nariz	body	shu/yeb	unknown	J419
old	viejo	velho	quality	-e:Lu	unknown	J1958:202
one	uno	um	number	la/k'a7	unknown	J169
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	beyéc'ɨk sáʔa	unknown	Washo Project
other	otro	outro	grammar		missing
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	-a/ha	unknown	J1958:203
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	t'a/nu	unknown	J187
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	e/tb	unknown	J497
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	daha/7ash “rain”	unknown	J?
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	a/shung	unknown	J327
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body		missing
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	yéweš	unknown	Washo Project
root	raíz	raiz	flora	i:/dew	unknown	J1958:203,J455
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	7i/peshi	loan	J248
sand	arena	areia	environment	c'imya/nga	unknown	J87
say	decir	dizer	mental	i/d	unknown	J309
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	7EbE i/c'ush	unknown	J532
see	ver	ver	mental	Ii/:gi	unknown	J286
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	yek'i/lgi	unknown	J109
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	ba/li7	loan	J337
short	corto	curto	quality	i/shkush	loan direction unknown	J341
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	mo/ya	unknown	J291
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	k'ilšášaš	unknown	Washo Project
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	k'ulE- Pi	unknown	J289
skin	piel	pele	body	i:sh	unknown	J1958:200
sky	cielo	céu	environment	t'éweʔgiliweʔ	unknown	Washo Project
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	e/lshym	unknown	J286
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	behe\tsing	unknown	K311
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	dawya/c'im 112	unknown	J112
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	pa/lal	unknown	J457
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	dibemú:k'ida	unknown	Washo Project
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	gu/suyi	unknown	J240
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	7EbE-	unknown	J267
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	gewpu/puyi	unknown	J111
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	jali7	unknown	J177
star	estrella	estrela	environment	ma7losang	unknown	K311
steal	robar	roubar	other	deme/mshewi7	unknown	J?
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	ma7ag	unknown	J290
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	de7ek	unknown	J170
suck	chupar	chupar	body	-a/la7	unknown	J1958:204
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	7it-gum-dU-a/7ash Ma/ngal	unknown	J430
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	i/teb	unknown	J288
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	k'ujE-	unknown	J1958:204
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	a/pyl	unknown	J341
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	ha:di7 “that one” 227; 371	unknown	J227,371
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	da7lo/ngzing 108	unknown	J108
thin	delgado	fino	quality	7lu/pdebi	unknown	J174
think	pensar	pensar	mental	ha/mu	unknown	J369
this	este/esta	este	grammar	wi/:di7	unknown	J230, 371
three	tres	tres	number	he/lme7	unknown	J87
throat	garganta	garganta	body	to7o	unknown	J301
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	shu7m	unknown	J276
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	dewhi/wi	unknown	J79, 487
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	7lU-	unknown	J490
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	gitMa/:dut	unknown	J99
tooth	diente	dente	body	i/yeg	unknown	J269
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	p'íʔlugay	unknown	Washo Project
two	dos	dois	number	he/sge7	unknown	J103
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	se/sm	unknown	J314
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	i/ye	unknown	J313
water	agua	agua	environment	i/me7	unknown	J556
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	mU a/sd	unknown	J541
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	hu/nga 588	unknown
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	gute/:shngahe/:sh “when?”	unknown	J?
where?	donde	onde	grammar	kung-a	unknown	K269
white	blanco	branco	colour	da:l-po\poi	unknown	K312
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	gu/:dinga	unknown	J168
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	dimla/:ya7	unknown	J86
wind	viento	vento	environment	degi/7im	unknown	J249
wing	ala	asa	body	alng	unknown	J1958:198
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	da7mo/7mo7	unknown	J102
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	didó:daʔášaʔi	unknown	Washo Project
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body		missing
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	a/c'im	unknown	J327


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heavy
hide
hit
hold
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 185 of 185 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Dangerous
abalone			flora-fauna	Haliotis spp.	madáp		abalone shell	unique					underived		WPD	2	1		0	0	1	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	7á:ni		ant	loan	Northern Paiute				underived		Merriam 55:313; WPD	0	0		2	0	0	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna		a:ni			loan							J?
antelope			flora-fauna	Antilocapra americana	7áyɨs		antelope	unique					underived		Merriam 55:299; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
badger			flora-fauna	Taxidea taxus	hol'-lah		badger	loan	Maidu	Maidu hóhla, from Penutian “dig” verb			underived		Merriam 55:297	2	1		0	0	0	yes
bald eagle			flora-fauna	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	gă'-wet-ah-mah'-hah		bald eagle	unique					phrase	morphology unknown	Merriam 55:231	1	2		0	0	1	no
band-tail pigeon			flora-fauna	Patagioenas fasciata	7aŋahó:		Pigeon	unique					underived		WPD	0	1		0	0	0	no
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp	bá:gumt'álŋiɁ		Bat	unique					phrase	must be phrase, morphology unknown; note that t'álŋiɁ also appears in “eagle”	Merriam 55:297; Washo Project Dict. (WPD)	0	1		0	0	0	no
beaver			flora-fauna	Castor	c'imhélhel		beavers	unique					reduplicated	c'im is prefix	WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
beetle			flora-fauna	Coleoptera spp	too-pe'-pe nom-ing (small)		beetle	unique					phrase		Merriam 55:313	2	0		0	0	0	no
big round tule			flora-fauna	Schoenoplectus acutus	c'ó7ya7		big round tule	unique					underived		Merriam 55:321; WPD	2	1	base eaten raw	2	0	0	no
big skunk			flora-fauna	Mephitis mephitis	tup'íp'iwi7		big skunk	unique					derived	tu- nominalizer on ip'íp'iw plural of “fart” Jacobsen 1964:493	Merriam 55:297; WPD	2	2		0	0	0	no
big wolf (gray wolf)			flora-fauna	Canis lupus	tulí:ši7		big wolf “not here”	unique					underived	tu-is a nominalizer but Jacobsen in his discussion does not mention this word	Merriam 55:297; WPD	1	2		0	0	0	yes
bighorn sheep			flora-fauna	Ovis canadensis	7ó:gal		bighorn	unique					underived		Merriam 55:299; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		sí:su, sisú:su		bird	unique					underived		Merriam 55:309; WPD	0	0		0	0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		si/:su			unknown							J59, 290
black ant			flora-fauna	Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger	yagɨlt'áyhɨŋé7		black ant (big)	unique					phrase		Merriam 55:313; WPD	2	0		0	0	0	no
black bear			flora-fauna	Ursus americanus	mɨX:de		black bear, brown bear	unique					underived		Merriam 55:297; WPD	1	2		0	0	0	yes
black-tail Jackrabbit			flora-fauna	Lepus californicus	pélew		black-tail jack rabbit	unique					underived		Merriam 55:299; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
blackberry			flora-fauna	Rubus ursinus	shŭ-wet'-tuk'		Blackberry	unique					phrase	elements unknown	Merriam 55:317	2	1		2	0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	pú:t'e7		fly (in WPD “mosquito”, but appears in “fly swatter”)	unique					underived		Merriam 55:313; WPD	0	0		0	0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna		hy/:k'a			unknown							J166
blue grouse			flora-fauna	Dendrogapus?	c'úpum		Blue grouse, its booming sound	unique					underived		Merriam 55:303; Jacobsen 1964:87	0	1		0	0	0	no
bobcat, lynx			flora-fauna	Lynx rufus	dumšé:gɨl		bobcat	unique					phrase	elements unknown	Merriam 55:297; WPD	1	2		0	0	0	no
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	Lepidoptera	pa7ló7lo		butterfly	unique					reduplicated		Merriam 55:313; WPD	2	0		0	0	0	no
California condor			flora-fauna	Gymnogyps californianus	missing			missing					missing			1	2		0	0	1	no
California jay			flora-fauna	Aphelocoma californica?	medukc'áyc'ay		California jay; blue jay (WPD)	loan	unknown	c'áyc'ay is the areal form for this bird; cannot be of Washo origin; note Washo doesn't have usual “woodpecker” word	WW	%chaj	phrase, reduplicated	medu?	WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
California woodpecker			flora-fauna	Melanerpes formicivorus?	dic'em		woodpecker	unique					underived		WPD	2	1		0	0	1	no
chia			flora-fauna	Salvia columbariae	missing			missing					missing			1	1		1	0	0	no
chipmunk			flora-fauna	Tamias spp.	7úc'uli7		Chipmunk (Eutamias)	unique					underived		Merriam 55:299; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
cliff swallow			flora-fauna	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	pa7dómc'iluk		cliff swallow, barn swallow	unique					phrase	meaning of elements unknown	Merriam 55:305; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
coot			flora-fauna	Fulica americana	madá:t'ak		coot, mud hen	unique					underived		Merriam 55:309; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
cottontail rabbit			flora-fauna	Sylvilagus audobonii	c'áli7		cottontail rabbit	unique					underived		Merriam 55:299; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
cottonwood			flora-fauna	Populus spp.	t'áša7		Cottonwood	unique					underived		Merriam 55:315; WPD	2	0		2	0	0	no
coyote			flora-fauna	Canis latrans	géwe		Coyote	unique					underived		Merriam 55:297; WPD	1	2		0	0	0	no
crow			flora-fauna	Corvus brachyrhynchos	7á:7a		crow	unique		areal, but in this case source is impossible to determine because sound-imitation repeatedly comes up			reduplicated		Merriam 55:303; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
datura			flora-fauna	Datura wrightii	po-yel-le?		Datura	unique					underived		Merriam 55:323	1	1		1	1	0	yes
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		memde/:wi 86;			unknown							J86
deer, mule			flora-fauna	Odocoileus hemionus	memdé:wi		mule deer	unique					underived	must be etymologically complex	Merriam 55:299; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
digger pine			flora-fauna	Pinus sabiniana	missing			missing					missing			2	1		2	0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis familiaris	súku7		dog	loan	Maidu	Note Nisenan sukku; Compare Sierra Miwokan chuku, Wintun sukku. Maidu only has recorded /sy/ “pet”, but probably has this too	WW	%suku	underived		Merriam 55:231; WPD	0	0		0	0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		su/ku7			loan direction unknown							J174
dogbane			flora-fauna	Apocynum cannabinum	e-se'-ke; it'-se-ge		Indian hemp	unique					underived		Merriam 55:321	2	1		2	0	0	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	Zenaida macrocoura	7uŋahó:		Dove	unique					underived	I think change in vowels is probably sound symbolic, not actual morphology	Merriam 55:303; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae	dílek		duck (mallard)	unique					underived		Merriam 55:307; WPD	0	1		0	0	0	no
elder			flora-fauna	Sambucus	bá:du7		elderberry	unique					underived		WPD	2	1		1	0	0	no
elk			flora-fauna	Cervas elaphus	missing			missing					missing			2	1		0	0	0	no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		7át'abi7		fish (any)	unique					underived		Merriam 55:311; WPD	0	1		0	0	0	no
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	Siphonaptera	gɨX:gɨši7		flea	loan	Northern Sierra Miwok	Mins ky:kys-y-; Pmie *ky:ky$			reduplicated		Merriam 55:313; WPD	2	0		0	0	0	no
flicker			flora-fauna	Colaptes sp.	gušú:t'i7		Flicker (matches one of CHM's words)	unique					underived		Merriam 55:303; WPD	2	1		0	0	1	no
foothills yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca whipplei	missing			missing					missing			0	1		0	0	0	no
fox			flora-fauna	Vulpes, Urocyon	wátziha	fox sp. loan	gray fox	loan	Northern Sierra Miwok	Mins wac:ih:a- is in turn a loan from Numic ; S557a NUA *wanci7a “fox”.			underived		Merriam 55:297	2	2		0	0	0	no
frog (generic)			flora-fauna		gó:t'a7		frog	unique					underived		Merriam 55:311; WPD	2	2		0	0	0	no
golden eagle			flora-fauna	Aquila chrysaetos	pat'álŋi7		golden eagle	unique					phrase	-t'álŋiɁ also appears in “bat”; meaning of pa- unknown	Merriam 55:231; WPD	1	2		0	0	1	no
gooseberry			flora-fauna	Ribes spp.	séwɨt yá:gɨl		gooseberry	unique					phrase		WPD	2	1		1	0	0	no
gopher snake, bull snake			flora-fauna	Pituophis catenifer	7awahó:p'i		gopher or bull snake	unique					phrase	elements unknown	Merriam 55:311; WPD	2	2		0	0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(NA)	mó7c'im		grass, hay	unique					underived		WPD	0	0		0	0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna		móʔc'im			unknown							Washo Project
grasshopper			flora-fauna	Caelifera	pa7gó:t'omhu		grasshopper	unique					phrase	elements unknown	Merriam 55:313; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
gray ground squirrel			flora-fauna	Sphermophilus sp.	bá:sat		gray ground squirrel (red squirrel in WPD)	unique					underived		Merriam 55:299; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
gray tree squirrel			flora-fauna	Sciurus spp.	pawáwli7		gray tree squirredl, S. fossor	unique					underived	I'm suspicious about -li7 but Jacobsen doesn't discuss	Merriam 55:299; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
great horned owl			flora-fauna	Bubo virginianus	dímum		Great horned owl	unique					underived	might have d- on verb	Merriam 55:301; WPD	1	2		2	0	1	no
grizzly bear			flora-fauna	Ursus arctos horribilis	t'ába		grizzly bear	loan	unknown		WW	%paha	underived		Merriam 55:297; WPD	1	2		0	0	0	yes
horned toad			flora-fauna	Phrynosomatidae	tah'-ge de-soo'-sĕ		horned toad	unique					phrase		Merriam 55:311	2	2		2	0	0	no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	ka-wi-u		horse	loan	Spanish		WW	%caballo	underived		Merriam 55:231	0	0		0	0	0	no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	Trochilidae	memlew		hummingbird	unique					underived		Jacobsen 1964:478	0	0		0	0	0	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic	missing			missing					missing			0	0		2	0	0	variable
junco			flora-fauna	Junco sppp	shoo”-wash “pine Mt bird”	dezítzidi7 “snowbird” (WP)	Junco	unique					underived		Merriam 55:305	0	1		0	0	0	no
juniper			flora-fauna	Juniperus californica	p'á7l		Juniper	unique					underived		Merriam 55:313; WPD	2	1		1	0	0	no
louse			flora-fauna	order Phtiraptera	c'í:bel		head lice	unique					underived		Merriam 55:313; WPD	2	0		0	0	0	no
mallard			flora-fauna	Anas platyrhynchos	te'-lek; tam-mo-guă; tam-mo-hoi		Mallard	unique					underived		Merriam 55:307	2	1		0	0	0	no
manzanita			flora-fauna	Arctostaphylos spp.	k'awá7ya7		manzanita sp.	unique					underived		Merriam 55:315; WPD	2	1		1	0	0	no
milkweed, broad leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias eriocarpa	mah-maHm'-ke		milkweed, broad leaf	unique					reduplicated			2	1		1	0	0	no
milkweed, narrow leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias fascicularis	missing			missing					missing			0	1		1	0	0	no
mission tule			flora-fauna	Juncus	missing			missing					missing			2	1		2	0	0	no
mockingbird			flora-fauna	Mimus polyglottos	missing			missing					missing			2	1		0	0	0	no
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles spp, Isoptera	da7muk'áyk'ay		mosquito	unique					reduplicated		Merriam 55:313; WPD	0	0		0	0	0	no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	Heterocera	dah'-hah pă-lo'-lo		sphynx moth (lit. “worm butterffly”	unique					phrase		Merriam 55:313	2	0		0	0	0	no
mountain lion			flora-fauna	Puma concolor	hilí:za		Mountain lion	loan	Northern Sierra Miwok	Mins hi:li:ca-; this is Pmie			underived		Merriam 55:297; WPD	1	2		0	0	0	yes
mountain quail			flora-fauna	Oreortyx pictus	mádomáti7		Mountain quail	loan	Northern Sierra Miwok	-mati7 looks like the Sierra Miwok "creature" word, may be a loan; I am coding loan sources throughout as Mins, might be Proto-Mis but impossible to tell since Washo is isolate			phrase	I'm guessing -mati7 is Miwok “creature word so mado- must mean something	Merriam 55:303; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
mussel			flora-fauna	Mytilus spp.	missing			missing					missing			2	1		0	0	1	no
olivella (olive snail)			flora-fauna	Callianax biplicata	missing			missing					missing			2	2		0	0	1	no
pinyon jay			flora-fauna	Cyanocitta stelleri?	c'ášiw		Pinyon jay (Cyanocephalus); pine-nut bird WPD	unique					underived		Merriam 55:303; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
pinyon pine			flora-fauna	Pinus monophylla	t'á:gɨm		Pinyon or nut pine	unique					underived		Merriam 55:313; WPD	2	1		2	0	1	no
pismo clam			flora-fauna	Tivella stultorum	šu7wé:k		clam	unique					underived		WPD	2	1		0	0	1	no
pocket gopher			flora-fauna	Thomomys	tal-lem		Pocket gopher	unique					underived		Merriam 55:299	2	1		0	0	0	no
poison oak			flora-fauna	Toxicodendron diversilobum	missing			missing					missing			2	2		2	0	0	yes
rattlesnake			flora-fauna	Crotalus spp.	má:k'i7		rattlesnake	unique					underived		Merriam 55:311; WPD	1	2		0	0	0	yes
red ant			flora-fauna	Solenopsis spp	7á:ni		red ant “fuzzy and stings”	loan	Northern Paiute	Northern Paiute anebe (/anɨbɨ/, PUA *anɨN			underived		Merriam 55:313; WPD	1	0		1	0	0	no
red-shouldered blackbird			flora-fauna	Agelaius phoeniceus	c'ótgi7		Red-shouldered blackbird(Merriam's included word for “red”	loan	unknown		WW	%chak	underived		Merriam 55:303; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
red-tailed hawk			flora-fauna	Buteo jamaicensis	má7wi7		red-tailed hawk	unique					underived		Merriam 55:231; WPD	2	2		0	0	0	no
roadrunner			flora-fauna	Geococcyx californianus	missing			missing					missing			2	1		0	0	0	no
ruddy duck			flora-fauna	Oxyura jamaicensis	tā-lah		Ruddy duck	unique					underived		Merriam 55:307	2	1		0	0	0	no
sage herb			flora-fauna	Artemisia californica	taHng-al-e'-sik; mă-moo'-se		sage herb	unique					phrase	elements unknown	Merriam 55:319	2	2		1	0	0	no
salmon/steelhead			flora-fauna	Oncorhynchus mykiss	missing			missing					missing			2	1		0	0	0	no
scaly lizard			flora-fauna	Pygopus lepidopodus?	píteli7		scaly lizard	loan	Northern Sierra Miwok	Pmiw *pet:el:l (Callaghan 1971),	WW	%petel	underived		Merriam 55:311; WPD	2	2		0	0	0	no
small bird			flora-fauna		se-so ba-han-nung/ba-haz'-zing	sí:su behéziŋ	small bird (literal) (see WPD)	unique					phrase		Merriam 55:309	2	1		0	0	0	no
small brown lizard			flora-fauna		pā-tel		small brown lizard (same word?)	loan	Northern Sierra Miwok	Pmiw *pet:el:l,	WW	%petel	underived		Merriam 55:311	2	2		0	0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		má:k'i7		snake (any)	unique					underived		Merriam 55:311; WPD	0	1		0	0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		ma/7ki7			unknown							J69
soaproot			flora-fauna	Chlorogalum	missing			missing					missing			2	1		1	0	0	no
sour berry			flora-fauna	Rhus trilobata	missing			missing					missing			2	1		1	0	0	no
sparrow hawk			flora-fauna	Falco	dat-too'-too-de; dă-troo-troo-de		sparrow hawk (M. has this as “his call” with red-tail???)	unique					reduplicated			2	2		0	0	0	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnida, Araneae	c'ɨX:kɨ		spider (big)	unique					underived		Merriam 55:313; WPD	0	0		2	0	0	variable
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna		c'y/:kiy			loan							J86
spotted skunk			flora-fauna	Spilogale gracilis	pat-soo-mel-le yah-koo		little spotted skunk	unique					phrase		Merriam 55:297	2	2		0	0	0	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	Bufonidae	now'-wah gaw'-tah		toad (“ground frog”)	unique					phrase		Merriam 55:311	2	2		0	0	0	no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana spp.	báŋkuš		wild tobacco (dried and smoked)	loan	Maidu	Maiduan *pan			other complex	what is -kush? Could this be a phrase? A compound?	Merriam 55:323; WPD	1	1		1	1	0	yes
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna	(NA)	dewdí7iš		tree	unique					derived	d- nominalizer from “to stand” Jacobsen 1964:487	Merriam 55:323; WPD	0	0		2	0	0	no
tree yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca schidegera	missing			missing					missing			2	1		0	0	0	no
turkey buzzard			flora-fauna	Cathartes aura	hú:šim		turkey buzzard	loan	Maidu	Note Pmis hu:$u- and Pmie chy:$y-;PW hu:s, PM hy:s, hu:s Callaghan 2001:326; an areal word also in Yukian	WW	%hus	underived	the -im mat be a etymological suffix	Merriam 55:301; WPD	2	2		0	0	0	no
turtle (generic)			flora-fauna	Testudines	gawánda7li7		turtle (CHM), desert turtle (WPD	loan	Northern Sierra Miwok	Mins 7awan:aTa-; Pmie 7awan:a-, 7aw:an(a)-	WW	%awan	other complex	has a suffix -li7 on the loan, and a prefix g-	Merriam 55:311; WPD	2	2		0	0	1	no
valley live oak			flora-fauna	Quercus agrifolia	missing			missing					missing			2	1		2	0	1	no
valley oak			flora-fauna	Quercus lobata	malŋá:c'i		Black oak acorn	unique					derived	--a:c'i diminutive	Merriam 55:315; WPD	2	1		2	0	1	no
valley quail			flora-fauna	Callipepla californica	t'é:t'ɨl		Valley quail	unique					underived		Merriam 55:303; WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
Washington clam			flora-fauna	Saxidomus nuttalli	missing			missing					missing			2	1		0	0	1	no
Western Canada goose			flora-fauna	Branta canadensis	gówgow		Canadian goose	unique					reduplicated		WPD	0	1		0	0	0	no
whale			flora-fauna	Eschrichtius robustus	missing			missing					missing			2	1		2	0	1	no
white pelican			flora-fauna	Pelicanus erythrorhynchos	c'ɨXkc'ɨkhu	In WPD, X is a little square. I believe this is stress over barred i, gone wrong somehow	White pelican (X is for the little square in the WPD entry)	unique					reduplicated		Merriam 55:307; WPD	0	2		0	0	0	no
wild grapevine			flora-fauna	Vitis californica	missing			missing					missing			2	1		2	0	0	no
wild oats			flora-fauna	Avena (introduction)	wah'-shoo		wild oats	unique					underived		Merriam 55:321	2	1		2	0	0	no
wild rose			flora-fauna	Rosa californica	p'ec'úmele7		Wild rose	unique					phrase	elements unknown	Merriam 55:317; WPD	0	1		2	0	0	no
wild sunflower			flora-fauna	Helianthus (and other genera)	madukwáwLu		wild sunflower	unique					derived	-wLu, a rare suffix (Jacobsen 1964:479)	Merriam 55:323; WPD	0	1		0	0	0	no
willow			flora-fauna	Salix spp.	hímu		Salix nigra, hindsiana, geyeriana	unique					underived		Merriam 55:315; WPD	2	2		1	0	0	no
wood rat, round-tail			flora-fauna	Neotoma spp.	páša		wood rat	unique					underived		WPD	2	1		0	0	0	no
worm, hairy caterpillar			flora-fauna	Arctiidae (many species)	mátuš		caterpillar	unique					underived		WPD	2	2		0	0	0	no
worm, smooth caterpillar			flora-fauna	Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper	gé:šu7		angleworm, earthworm	loan	Northern Sierra Miwok	Mins ke:su-, ke:sy-; Pmie *ke:$u-	WW	%kes	underived		WPD	2	2		0	0	0	no
yellow jacket			flora-fauna	Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp.	gɨX:c'i	gɨ́:c'i	yellow jacket *WPD has a little square after barred i -- I put an “X”.	unique					underived		Merriam 55:313; WPD	2	0		0	0	0	no
yellowbird			flora-fauna	Dendroica petechia	se-soo-dal-sats-e	c'ác'im “green, yellow”	yellowbird (Astragalinus)	unique					phrase		Merriam 55:305	0	1		0	0	0	no
yerba santa			flora-fauna	Eriodictyon californicum	missing			missing					missing			2	1		1	0	0	no

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Cultural Vocabulary (115)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source
acorn bread			food	wá:laš		bread	unknown					simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
acorn mush			food	missing			missing
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	dewYúli 7itnáwaya		in ghost country, the land of the dead	unknown				dewyúli 7itdé7 dead people's country	phrase		Washo Project Dictionary
alcohol			food	missing			missing
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	mešgíc'et		arrow	unknown					derived	ic'ed 'to prick, sting', but Jacobson(p. 485) says meshg- is not productive	Washo Project Dictionary
arrow straightener			other	missing			missing
bag, sack			culture-material	7itgumc'igú7uš		bag, something you carry	unknown				also šï7wa 'burlap sack' wjh 172, tošap 'sack' wjh 247	derived	7it-kM-…	Washo Project Dictionary
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	bat'á:du		bait	unknown					derived	nmlzr -hu	Washo Project Dictionary
ball game			food	bE7lUáyab	ba7lóyab (?)	Indian Football	missing					derived	bE- nominalizer prefix	WHJ (Jacobson, William Horton. 1964. A Grammar of the Washo Language. UC Berkeley Ph.D. Dissertation)
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	degítyeday7		basket sp.	unknown				degit- appears in another basket word, so chosen; also debelé:lmi7 'basket sp.' appears also with '3 willow basket'	derived	it- nominalizer	Washo Project Dictionary
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	t'u:gis		basket sp. (sounds small to me)	unknown					derived	t- nominalizer	Washo Project Dictionary
basketry hat			culture-material	missing			missing
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	mák'aw		bead	unknown	unknown	WW	%waku		simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
beans			food	bíniši		beans	loan	English	WW	%beans		simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	k'éteb		bottle	unknown					simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	git7la/:m			unknown							J115
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	ba7lóhat, balóhot		bow, gun	unknown				has the /pa/ element	derived	BE- nmlzr	Washo Project Dictionary
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	t'á7nïp		canoe	loan	Miwokan	WW	%nuh		derived	t- nominalizer	Washo Project Dictionary
carrying net			subsistence tool	dí:geš		net	unknown					simplex
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	missing			missing
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	zí:gen		chicken	loan	English	WW	%chicken		simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	detúmu		leader	unknown				may mean to lead a line	derived	d- nmlzr (?)	Washo Project Dictionary
clapper			acculturation	missing			missing
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	7itwá7		clothes	unknown					derived	7it- instrument	Washo Project Dictionary
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	missing			missing
cook food			food	dulé:k'ïl		to cook	unknown					unknown	almost certainly complex but I find no plausible formatives	Washo Project Dictionary
corn			food	kó:n		corn	loan	English	WW	%corn		simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
corpse			food	t'ánuyuŋil		dead person, people	unknown					derived	t'anu- 'person', ungil 'defunctive'	Washo Project Dictionary
cradleboard			culture-material	b'ikus		cradle basket, baby basket	unknown				bík'us whj 86	derived	bE-	Washo Project Dictionary
cremate			culture-mythology	missing			missing
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	7ló:š		to dance	unknown					simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
Datura wrightii			narcotics	missing			missing
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	detugíti7, detugítiwk		God	unknown					derived	d- nmlzr	Washo Project Dictionary
digging stick			subsistence tool	díšu		digging stick	unknown					simplex	WHJ p. 503	WHJ
digging stick			subsistence tool	di/shu 171			unknown							J171
dipper			subsistence tool	missing			missing
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	gumsu7ú7uš		to dream	unknown					other complex	kM- 'impersonal reflexive' WHJ 544	Washo Project Dictionary
drone pipe			culture-mythology	missing			missing
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	dewgebúgbug		drum	unknown				also 7itwágaboŋboŋ	derived, reduplicated		Washo Project Dictionary
earring			other	7itma7yáp		earring	unknown					derived	7it- instrument	Washo Project Dictionary
feather headband			dress	missing			missing
fire drill			subsistence tool	bedíli7		fire-drill, match	unknown					derived	bE- prefix	WHJ
fire-tender			culture-mythology	missing			missing
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other	missing			missing
firewood	leña	lenha	other	má7ak/g		wood	unknown					simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	missing			missing
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	p'ï7lï7		fish with hook and line	unknown					simplex	this doesn't seem to have any of the instrumental prefixes discussed in WHJ	Washo Project Dictionary
fish hook			subsistence tool	gaMó7ok		hook (used in fishing contexts in dictionary)	unknown					simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	missing			missing
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	missing			missing
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	7itgópik		whistle, flute	unknown					derived	7it- instrument	Washo Project Dictionary
gambling sticks			other	missing			missing
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	missing			missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	dewYú7li7		devil	unknown					derived	d- prefix, and somehow from yuli 'die'	Washo Project Dictionary
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	dewYúli		spirit of the dead, ghost, skeleton	unknown					derived	d-	Washo Project Dictionary
glue			subsistence tool	missing			missing
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	missing			missing
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	ba7lóhat, balóhot		bow,gun	semantic shift					derived	bE-	Washo Project Dictionary
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	7ohóš		hat (probably basketry cap)	unknown					simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
honey	miel	mel	food	missing			missing
house			other	dáŋal		house	unknown					simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
house			other	a/ngal			loan							J261
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	t'á:Yaŋ		to hunt	unknown					simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
initiate boy			culture-mythology	missing			missing
initiate girl			culture-mythology	t'é7wé7we7		girl's puberty dance	unknown				note Maidu t'e- 'action with foot'	derived	t- nmlzr, -ewe 'resultative	Washo Project Dictionary
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	tá7wi7		knife	unknown					simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	missing			missing
mat			culture-material	mó:ba7		mat	unknown					simplex		WHJ
medicine			narcotics	mú:c'ug		medicine	unknown				mu:c'uk whj 233	simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	7la:m		bedrock mortar	unknown					simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
necklace			other	to7omódop		necklace	unknown					unknown		Washo Project Dictionary
needle/awl			subsistence tool	mí:bi7		awl	unknown					derived	from i:bi7 'bone' with unproductive m-	Washo Project Dictionary
ochre			culture-mythology	sawásaŋ		red ochre	unknown				where is /sa/ 'red'???	derived	sasaŋ 'red'; saw- is only in this word	Washo Project Dictionary
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	missing			missing
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	bí:ba		paper	loan	English	WW	%paper		simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	bíc'ik		pestle, stone pestle	unknown					derived	b-	Washo Project Dictionary
pinole			food	missing			missing
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	páyp		pipe	loan	English	WW	%pipe		simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
pitch			food	šalá7		pitch	loan	Northern Paiute				simplex
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation	missing			missing
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	c'iŋá:m		container, glass, cup, jar, cooking utensil, pot	unknown					simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
quiver			subsistence tool	7itbác'uk		quiver	unknown					derived	7it- instrument	Washo Project Dictionary
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	sámsa7		shaman's rattle	unknown				also 7itwegesísit 'rattle' (wagat'át'at 'to rattle')	simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
red paint			culture-mythology	7itgúmp'a7lušošoŋha		rouge (for making one's cheeks red)	unknown					derived	7it-kM-...šošoŋ 'brownish red', sasaŋ 'red'	Washo Project Dictionary
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	7išdïlíŋ		string	unknown					unknown	looks non-canonical but I can't find elements	Washo Project Dictionary
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	bec'ílsiʔ			unknown							Washo Project
salt	sal	sal	food	7uŋábi, 7aŋabi		salt	loan	Northern Paiute				simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	škúl		school	loan	English	WW	%school		simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
seed beater			subsistence tool	missing			missing
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	t'ánu t'íšiwha		doctor, curer, healer	unknown					phrase	t'anu 'person'; looks like šiwh- is "cure"	Washo Project Dictionary
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	mok'o		shoe	loan	Northern Paiute	WW	%moko	mokgo whj 100	simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
sinew-backed bow			subsistence tool	missing			missing
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	dámu7		skirt, dress	unknown					derived	d- nmlzr	Washo Project Dictionary
snare			subsistence tool	7itMálit		trap	unknown							Washo Project Dictionary
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	zúlšiš		soldier	loan	English	WW	%soldier		simplex		WJH
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	díšim		song	unknown					derived	šéšm 'to sing'	Washo Project Dictionary
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	7itMépu7		fish spear	unknown				also, bayák'aw	derived	7it-	Washo Project Dictionary
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	meshgi/c'et			unknown							J494
spearthrower			subsistence tool	7um-ba7lo/hat			unknown							J415
stirring stick			food	7itmú:gel		stirring stick	unknown					derived	mú:gel 'to stir'	Washo Project Dictionary
stone bowl			culture-material	missing			missing
string of shell money			other	bila:da7		money	loan	Spanish	WW	%plata		simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	bámc'i		sugar	unknown					simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
sweathouse			other	7itgumdó7oš Máŋal		sweat house	unknown					derived		Washo Project Dictionary
tell history			culture-mythology	mušé:gewašá7le		tell a story	unknown					compound	muše:gew 'story, bear'; šá7 'tell'	Washo Project Dictionary
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	dáŋal gumʔuʔwá:dap			unknown							Washo Project
tobacco (native)			narcotics	báŋkuš		tobacco, cigar, cigarette	loan	Maidu				simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	bi/c'ik			unknown							J184
tule boat			transport	missing			missing
wheat			food	wí:t		wheat	loan	English	WW	%wheat		simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
white paint			culture-mythology	díp'ek		white paint	unknown					derived	d- nmlzr	Washo Project Dictionary
winnow	aventar, tirar (sementes)	joeirar	manufacture	t'uge/:byl			loan							J87
winnowing basket			culture-material	mudá:l		winnowing basket	unknown				also t'ugé:bïl 'winnowing tray'	simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
wood tray			subsistence tool	missing			missing

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
	medium	HG	dense	sedentary		no

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