| Bankalachi Toloim |
Cervas elaphus |
soi'-yōl |
|
Elk (Cervas elaphus) |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Proto-NimYokuts *sohkoy (Golla 1964:61) |
WW |
%sok |
same |
underived |
compare to “antelope” |
|
|
|
C. H. Merriam 72-77, 60-451 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Big Smokey Valley Shoshone |
Cervas elaphus |
pateheya |
|
elk (M: Elk (Cervus) |
inheritance |
*pa-*tɨkɨya |
Numic |
|
Stubbs 625a (2008:121) |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Crum & Dayley 1993:278 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cahuilla |
Cervas elaphus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Central Sierra Miwok |
Cervas elaphus |
hák:a:ja- |
|
elk |
inheritance |
*hak:a:ja- |
Eastern Miwokan |
|
Callaghan 1997;59 may be cog w/ Pyokutsan *sohkoy ??” |
WW |
%sok |
|
other complex |
-jaH |
|
|
|
Freeland & Broadbent 1960 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
Cervas elaphus |
paˈrə^ia |
|
Elk |
inheritance |
*pa-*tɨkɨya |
Proto-Numic |
|
Stubbs 625a (2008:121 (W, S Numic form) |
|
|
same |
phrase |
big-deer |
|
|
|
Merriam 59:521 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Barbareno |
Cervas elaphus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ineseno |
Cervas elaphus |
she'-oo |
|
elk |
loan |
|
Central Chumash only |
Yokuts |
could this be from Yokuts %sok, the /soyo/ form??? |
WW |
%sok |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:3 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Obispeno |
Cervas elaphus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ventureno |
Cervas elaphus |
ši7iw(o) |
|
elk |
loan |
|
Central Chumash only |
Yokuts |
Central Chumash -- could this be from Yokuts %sok, the /soyo/ form??? |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:37 ; JPH III:91:0307 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cocopa |
Cervas elaphus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
Cervas elaphus |
parɨa |
|
elk |
inheritance |
*tɨkɨya |
Numic |
|
Stubbs 625a (2008;121) with pa- “big” as throughout Numic |
|
|
same |
phrase |
big deer at least etymologically, this is the REGULAR reflex from “deer”, “deer itself is odd. |
|
|
|
Robinson & Armagost 1990:162 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
Cervas elaphus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Esselen |
Cervas elaphus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
Cervas elaphus |
pa$okat |
paˈşu:kat |
horse, ciervo |
inheritance |
*pa:-suka- |
Takic |
|
S788:139 “elk” |
WW |
%sok |
broader (includes horse) |
derived |
pa-ˈşu:ka-t big-deer-npn (surely synchronically noted) |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 131. 573 |
no info |
2 |
Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony |
1 |
McC p. 116 |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
hides often trade |
Western North America uplands, not in deserts |
forest edges, forest |
no |
|
|
|
| Iipay 'Aa |
Cervas elaphus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
Cervas elaphus |
pa-rɨhɨya |
|
elk |
inheritance |
*pa- *tɨkɨya “big-deer” |
Proto-Numic |
|
Stubbs 625a (2008:121 (W, S Numic form) |
|
|
same |
phrase |
pa-rɨhɨya big-deer |
|
|
|
Zigmond et al. |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kiliwa |
Cervas elaphus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
Cervas elaphus |
pahukaht |
ˈpahukaht |
elk |
inheritance |
*pa:-suka- |
Takic |
|
S788:139 “elk” |
WW |
%sok |
same |
derived |
ˈpa-hukah-t big-deer-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:320 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America uplands, not in deserts |
forest edges, forest |
no |
|
|
|
| Lake Miwok |
Cervas elaphus |
táami hulíila |
|
moose (Merriam confirms as “elk” 57:513) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
phrase |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1965 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
Cervas elaphus |
páa$ukat |
ʹpa:şukat |
elk |
inheritance |
*pa-suka- |
Takic |
|
S788:139 “elk” |
WW |
%sok |
same |
derived |
ʹpa:-şuka-t big-mule.deer-NPN |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:671 |
no info |
2 |
Couplet: 7uuchanat, paa$ukat “elk, elk”; in a Season song “North the uchanut bears young North the elk bears young” (for Nemoyil) (Kroeber 1925:658) |
1 |
vanishingly rare in Lu. territory |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
like deer, presumably |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America, uplands, not in deserts |
forest edges, forest |
no |
|
|
|
| Maidu |
Cervas elaphus |
kah'-mum |
|
elk (antelope w/ genitive?) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
other complex |
-m/-im suffix |
|
|
|
Merriam 57:37 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mojave |
Cervas elaphus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mutsun |
Cervas elaphus |
te-wo |
|
Elk |
inheritance |
|
Costanoan |
|
Kroeber 1910 has in Scr, Sc, |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:403 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Nisenan |
Cervas elaphus |
win |
|
elk |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Uldall & Shipley 1966 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
Cervas elaphus |
pah'-too he'dah “Water horse” (not here) |
|
Elk (Cervus) |
inheritance |
*pa:-*tɨkɨya |
Numic |
|
Stubbs 625a (2008:121), all Numic has this phrase on “deer” |
|
|
same |
phrase |
big-deer (NOT “water-deer, doggone it) |
|
|
|
Merriam 61:133 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Sierra Miwok |
Cervas elaphus |
hak:a:ja- |
|
elk |
inheritance |
*hak:a:ja- |
Eastern Miwokan |
|
Callaghan 1997:59, may be cognate with Proto-Yokutsan *sohkoy??? in which case Yok-Utian |
WW |
%sok |
|
other complex |
-ja |
|
|
|
Callaghan 1987 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Plains Miwok |
Cervas elaphus |
hah-ki'-ah |
|
elk |
inheritance |
*hak:a:ja- |
Eastern Miwokan |
|
Callaghan 1997:59, may be cognate with Proto-Yokutsan *sohkoy??? in which case Yok-Utian |
WW |
%sok |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 57:481 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan A |
Cervas elaphus |
7aš |
|
elk |
unique |
|
Salinan |
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Mason 1918:124; Turner 1980:73 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan M |
Cervas elaphus |
p'ac |
|
elk |
unique |
|
Salinan |
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Mason 1918:124 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Seri (Comcaac) |
Cervas elaphus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
Cervas elaphus |
pa:hukaht |
|
elk |
inheritance |
*pa:-suka- |
Takic |
|
S788:139 “elk” |
WW |
%sok |
|
phrase |
big deer |
|
|
|
Merriam 60-97 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
Cervas elaphus |
parɨia |
|
elk (Cervus elaphus) |
inheritance |
*pa-*tɨkɨya |
Proto-Numic |
|
Stubbs 625a (2008:121) |
|
|
same |
phrase |
big deer (Sapir says it's “water deer” but pa: here is surely “big”) |
|
|
|
Sapir 1930:597 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Sierra Miwok |
Cervas elaphus |
hah'-ki-yah |
|
elk |
inheritance |
*hak:a:ja- |
Miwokan |
|
Callaghan 1977:59; in Mip; may be cognate wi th Pyokuts *sohkoy ??? |
WW |
%sok |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 57:449 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
Cervas elaphus |
paríyĮ |
|
elk |
inheritance |
*pa-*tɨkɨya |
Numic |
|
Stubbs 625a (2008:121) |
|
|
same |
phrase |
big-deer although Givon does not segment |
|
|
|
Givon 1979 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Tübatulabal |
Cervas elaphus |
shohkoy |
ʃohˈgoj |
elk, wapiti |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Proto-NimYokuts *sohkoy (Golla 1964) is originally a borrowing from some UA language, borrowed back into Tubatulabal. Merriam has Tub. pah'-soo-kun, 72-799; 60-481 |
WW |
%sok |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Hill 2010:79 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, diverse uses for skin, horn, etc. |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western North America uplands, not in deserts |
forest, forest edges |
no |
|
|
|
| Tümpisa Shoshone |
Cervas elaphus |
patühüya |
|
elk, moose |
inheritance |
*pa-*tɨkɨya big-deer |
Proto-Numic |
|
Stubbs 625a (2008:121) |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Dayley 1989:196 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wappo |
Cervas elaphus |
sóT'o:ko |
|
elk (CHM confirms 52:565) |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Yokutsan *$ohkaj |
WW |
%sok |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Sawyer 1965 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Washo |
Cervas elaphus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
Cervas elaphus |
soyonO |
|
elk |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Proto-NimYokuts *sohkoy (Golla 1964:61) |
WW |
%sok |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Bethel et al.:186 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wintu |
Cervas elaphus |
qu:l |
|
elk, buffalo (Merriam has with -it') |
semantic shift |
*qo(:)la “hide, buckskin |
Wintun |
|
Shepherd 2005:153 |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Pitkin 1985 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yavapai |
Cervas elaphus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Palewyami |
Cervas elaphus |
ɂoŋaţ' |
|
elk |
unique |
|
|
|
unique in Kroeber |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yawdanchi |
Cervas elaphus |
coxgoi |
|
elk |
inheritance |
*$ohkoj <$ohkaj |
Yokutsan |
|
Callaghan 1997:59, compare Pmis *hak:a:ja-; Callaghan 2001:325 compares Hill Patwin koko:ja “tule elk” |
WW |
%sok |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:200 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yowlumne |
Cervas elaphus |
soxgoi, sohgoy, šohgoy |
|
elk |
inheritance |
*$ohkaj |
Yokutsan |
|
Callagan 1997:59, compare Pmis *hak:a:ja-; Callaghan 2001:325 compares Hill Patwin koko:ja “tule elk” |
WW |
%sok |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:200 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuki |
Cervas elaphus |
mil'onti:tam LF |
|
elk |
inheritance |
*milatihtam |
Yukian |
|
Schlichter 1985 |
|
|
|
phrase, other complex |
deer-mountain; -am derives nouns |
|
|
|
Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuma |
Cervas elaphus |
missing |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
