Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Wappo

Family: Isolate (NAM)
Region: North America
ISO 639-3: wao
Location: 38.25°, -122.50°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Basic Vocabulary (185)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	7i/si		inheritance
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	7i/si		inheritance
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	7a/h		loan direction unknown
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	mi/si		inheritance
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	mi/7		inheritance
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	heko:to, ceko:to		unknown
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	he/phi (nearby); he/, ce/7		unknown
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	te/ymu “above, on top”		loan	Sawyer 1965 except where noted
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar			missing
all	todo	todos	other	mu/l		unknown
and	y	e	grammar	wey		unknown	Thompson and Park (T&S)
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	lu/lu7 (Napa dialect)		loan
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	no/kha		unknown
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	he/lpipol'		unknown
at	en, a	em, a	location	-h		unknown
back	espalda	costas	body	k'u/lih		inheritance
bad	mal	mal	quality	7u/wa		loan direction unknown
belly	barriga	barriga	body	k'i/T'a		inheritance
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	7oph	ph is on same line	unknown
big	grande	grande	quality	tu/ch'a (also “old”), singular	ch is c hachek	loan
bite	morder	morder	body	na7k'a/shi7		unknown
black	negro	preto	colour	co/:we		loan direction unknown
blood	sangre	sangue	body	neph		unknown
blow	soplar	soprar	body	phu/y'i7		inheritance
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	ch'o/she	sh is s hachek	unknown	Sawyer 1991:48
bone	hueso	osso	body	c'i/ti		inheritance
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	hu/y		inheritance
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	mehshi/k'she7		unknown
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	sho/y'shi7 (vi)		loan
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	nahc'o/l'si7		unknown
child	niño, niña	criança	human	7e/yk'a “child, baby, son”		unknown
climb	subir	subir	motion	mehya/se7		unknown
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	c'u/m		unknown
cold	frío	frio	quality	cHacH	cH is on same line (that is, not c hachek)	loan
come	venir	vir	motion	te- “toward”		unknown
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	k'o/-m'i7 “cook, boil”		unknown
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	mehnit'a		unknown
count	contar	contar	mental	me:ha/y'i7		unknown
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	ka/m'		loan direction unknown
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	T'ak'i7 “cut, mow”		inheritance
day	día	dia	time	hi/nta		loan into protolanguage
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	cho/7el-ya:mi7 “going to die”		unknown
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	7o/n'i7		unknown
dingo/wolf			fauna	lu/hca (uncertain, maybe “fox”)		loan direction unknown
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	pi-co:/we		loan direction unknown
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	hincho/hme7 “sleep-go”		inheritance
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	7uk'shi7		loan into protolanguage
dry	seco	seco	quality	wi/shi		inheritance
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	shahlah “toothless” (of knives)		inheritance
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	puTh		inheritance
ear	oreja	orelha	body	c'e/ma		loan direction unknown
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	cHow		unknown
eat	comer	comer	body	pa/7mi7		loan
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	p'eTha7	H is lc in orig	unknown
eye	ojo	olho	body	hu/c'i		loan into protolanguage
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	che/y'u		inheritance
fall	caer	cair	motion	me/khshi7		unknown
far	lejos	longe	quality	te/h-la		unknown
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	hu/m-is		loan
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	7aya (requires prefix)		unknown
fear	miedo	medo	mental	no:-c'e/u:-she7		unknown
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	kha/pe		loan into protolanguage
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	he/l		unknown
fish	xx	xx	fauna	7e/w		inheritance
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	te/h-she7		unknown
flower	flor	flor	environment	7o-ca/we		inheritance
fly	volar	voar	motion	ho-yo/k'-a:la7 “fly around, sg.”		unknown
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	pho/hi		loan
foot	pie	pé	body	phe7		inheritance
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	sho/mo7	sh is s hachek	unknown
good	bueno	bom	quality	hu:-shi/-7i:ya		unknown
grow	crecer	crescer	state	he/u:se7		unknown
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	t'o/l		loan direction unknown
hand	mano	mão	body	me- “hand, by hand”		inheritance
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	hu/7		loan
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	ka/hshi7		inheritance
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	7ohta/7i:ya		unknown
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	mo/nse7		inheritance
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	7ohwa/Thihsi7 “hit or strike once”		unknown
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	ten-mi7		unknown	E1993
how?	como	como	grammar	7iha/7		unknown
if	si	se	grammar	cel'		unknown	T&S
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	ne/we:la		unknown
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	hame		inheritance
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	nahmo/yi:si7		unknown
kill	matar	matar	impact	T'a/-m'i7		unknown	E1993
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	ha/T-is-khi7		unknown	E1993
lake	lago	lago	environment	mey-le/le		unique
laugh	reír	rir	mental	ka/t'she7		unknown
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	hol-pe/l		loan direction unknown
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	na/c'e		unknown
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	T'a/7\		inheritance
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	mu/ku:-khi7 (sg.)		unknown
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment			missing
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	hu/h-shi7		unknown
liver	hígado	figado	body	kokh (also core, heart)		inheritance
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	k'e/na		inheritance
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	hi/y' (head)		unknown
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	cho/pha		loan
man/male	hombre	homem	human	k'e/w		unknown
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	k'e/shu “meat, deer”		loan
moon	luna	lua	environment	hi/n (also “sun”)		loan into protolanguage
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	-na/7a		loan
mouth	boca	boca	body	nan		inheritance
name	nombre	nome	human	ya/we		inheritance
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	hu/7aych		unknown
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	shi/k'a		unknown
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	hoch “front of neck”		loan
new	nuevo	novo	quality	shi/c'		unknown
night	noche	noite	time	7u/chu:a7		unknown
no/not	no	não	grammar	hi/7i (both vowels nasalized)		unknown
nose	nariz	nariz	body	shi/ma		loan
old	viejo	velho	quality	na:-ch'e/w'-is		unknown
one	uno	um	number	pa/wa, pa-		inheritance
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	ch'ach'e/l'i7		unknown
other	otro	outro	grammar	hi/na		unknown
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	ka/li:sha7 “to hurt, ache, pain” (vb)		loan
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	k'a/:		loan
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	wa/Thmi7 “hit or strike several times, beat”		unknown
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	ma/kh		unknown
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	chi/pe		unknown
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	wi/ti		unknown
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	mi/cH		inheritance
root	raíz	raiz	flora	lu/k'i		unknown
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	k'u/pa		loan direction unknown
sand	arena	areia	environment	nu/y'		inheritance
say	decir	dizer	mental	ca/u:si7		unknown
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	ch'ath-i7		loan	E1993
see	ver	ver	mental	na/wshi7		inheritance
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	shahka/li (see “tooth”)		inheritance
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	7oh-T'o/h-e7		loan
short	corto	curto	quality	mi/te		loan direction unknown
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	huke/ce:ma		unknown
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	ke/lshi7		unknown
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	yo/khi7 “seated, it's sitting”		inheritance
skin	piel	pele	body	chi/la		loan into protolanguage
sky	cielo	céu	environment	tu/yhuwela		unknown
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	hin- (hinto/khi7 “sleeping”)		loan into protolanguage
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	kut'i:ya (singular)		loan
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	cHi/n		unknown
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	k'u/hsha7		unknown
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	ch'ahlu/chi7 “spit out”		unknown
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	hoch'a/m'i7		unknown
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	mesu/ti:si7		unknown
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	7o-t'ap-mi7		unknown	E1993
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	le/p-u:-khi7 (sg.)		unknown
star	estrella	estrela	environment	so/ke		unknown
steal	robar	roubar	other	nu/hta7 “stolen”		unknown
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	ho/l		loan into protolanguage
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	le/l		loan into protolanguage
suck	chupar	chupar	body	7ot'-shi7		inheritance	E1993
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	me/ye		loan
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	ko/kh-ey-khi7		inheritance	E1993
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	c'e/se7		inheritance
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	t'o/nuk		unknown
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	ce/7		inheritance
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	liy'e (like wood)		unknown
thin	delgado	fino	quality	ch'o/le “skinny”		unknown
think	pensar	pensar	mental	huhmo/ishe7		unknown
this	este/esta	este	grammar	he/		loan
three	tres	tres	number	hopo/k'a		unknown
throat	garganta	garganta	body	hoch “front of neck”		loan
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	mahke/k'e7 “throw once”		unknown
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	lahya/ke		unknown
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	7ohwi/y'ti7		unknown
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	na7ac'e		unknown
tooth	diente	dente	body	sha/h		inheritance
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	ch'o-chit-el'		unknown	E1993
two	dos	dois	number	ho/pi		inheritance
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	7i/k'e7		unknown
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	ho-cho/h-a:la7 (of one human)		unknown
water	agua	agua	environment	me/y		loan
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	shichHelkhi7		unknown
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	tha/l		unknown
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	7i/ha7		unknown
where?	donde	onde	grammar	7iTa		unknown
white	blanco	branco	colour	k'ay'el		loan direction unknown
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	ma/y		inheritance
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	-misi		inheritance
wind	viento	vento	environment	she/7i		unknown
wing	ala	asa	body	c'i\c'a:-la\k'a7-wiy'		unknown
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	me/t'e		loan
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	ta/whal'		loan
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	hona:c'a/se (n?)		unknown
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	wi/cilo:-he\la		loan direction unknown


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heavy
hide
hit
hold
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 185 of 185 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	Psychotropic	Traded	Dangerous
abalone			flora-fauna	Haliotis spp.	híle	abalone (CHM confirms 52:577)	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	1	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	hólo:t'ew'	ant (CHM confirms 52:579)	unique			Note Wappo hun-tum??			phrase	holo:- presumably some kind of critter element; see “snake”	Sawyer 1965	0	0	2		0	0	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna		ho/lo:t'ew'		loan direction unknown
antelope			flora-fauna	Antilocapra americana	moo'-oo	antelope	loan		unknown	Hah! The wanderwort antelope word; Salinan A mui; Widespread Hokan antelope/bighorn word, see all the way to Seri haamoja; Cocopa mɂu·ł “antelope, probably related to proto-Yuman ?-mu(w) “bighorn sheep”, perhaps ahat-m?u·ł ...?? An old arealism? Y	WW	%mo:	underived		Merriam 52:565)	2	1	0		0	0	no
badger			flora-fauna	Taxidea taxus	hen'-nĕh	badger	unique			Note Tubatulabal pen-ne: (CHM)			underived		Merriam 52:565)	2	1	0		0	0	yes
bald eagle			flora-fauna	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	ah-wā-ko'-mah	bald eagle	unique			Note Yokutsan owik “bald eagle			phrase	elements unknown	Merriam 52:569	1	2	0		0	1	no
band-tail pigeon			flora-fauna	Patagioenas fasciata	7óp'el	wild pigeon (CHM confirms 52:569)	inheritance	Yukian & Wappo		Yukian *7opli Schlichter 1985 (This is the kind of stem alternation that Elmendorf 1993, 1997 discusses			underived		Sawyer 1965	0	1	0		0	0	no
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp	t'áka:la	bat	unique			Note Wintun *dehe:la (?); Salinan s-tamka:l; southern Chumash makal	WW	%tamakala	underived	Sawyer gives all nouns in object forms, which may involve deletion of root material but is the citation form prefered by his consultant	Sawyer 1965	0	1	0		0	0	no
beaver			flora-fauna	Castor	meyna7á:we	beaver? CHM has as “otter”, beaver also as mā'-nah mo'-lah 52:565	unique						phrase	water-X	Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
beetle			flora-fauna	Coleoptera spp	mel'	beetle, striped Lachnosterna)	unique						underived		Merriam 52:579	2	0	0		0	0	no
big round tule			flora-fauna	Schoenoplectus acutus	šóne	round tule (CHM confirms 52:589	inheritance	Yukian-Wappo		Yukian *son; Elmendorf 1993:211			underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	2		0	0	no
big skunk			flora-fauna	Mephitis mephitis	šíla	skunk (CHM confirms 52:565	unique			Note Yukian *sihs-kin (behind-stink)			underived		Sawyer 1965	2	2	0		0	0	no
big wolf (gray wolf)			flora-fauna	Canis lupus	lúhcha	fox? wolf? CHM has “fox” (Urocyon) 52:563, wolf is wim'-mah)	loan		Pomo	Proto-pomo *du:cá “fox” (McLendon 1973:77			underived		Sawyer 1965	1	2	0		0	0	yes
bighorn sheep			flora-fauna	Ovis canadensis	missing		missing						missing			2	1	0		0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		c'íc'a	bird (CHM confirms 52:577)	unique			Pomo *c'ihtá, but c'i bird words are all over the place in California and elsewhere.			underived	Sawyer believes -a is an old suffix	Sawyer 1965	0	0	0		0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		c'i/c'a		loan
black ant			flora-fauna	Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger	missing		missing						missing			2	0	0		0	0	no
black bear			flora-fauna	Ursus americanus	chíca	bear (CHM also has hōl-tum' “black bear”	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	1	2	0		0	0	yes
black-tail Jackrabbit			flora-fauna	Lepus californicus	yéniš	jackrabbit (CHM confirms 52:567	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
blackberry			flora-fauna	Rubus ursinus	tse'-tsow wo'-ko	blackberry (R. vitifolius)	unique						phrase	elements unknown	Merriam 52:583	2	1	2		0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	chíw	fly, housefly (CHM confirms 52:579)	unique			Note Yukian č'op, č'opi, *č'opa			underived		Sawyer 1965	0	0	0		0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna		cHi/w		unknown
blue grouse			flora-fauna	Dendrogapus?	ho-lā'-lik	Blue grouse	unique						underived		Merriam 52:569	0	1	0		0	0	no
bobcat, lynx			flora-fauna	Lynx rufus	pah'-mah-lah	bobcat	loan		Patwin	Wintun *p'a ..l ..m-; Salinan Tam'ul, Mutsun tammalah	WW	%talom	underived		Merriam 52:563	1	2	0		0	0	no
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	Lepidoptera	c'ilakhápe	butterfly (Merriam confirms 52:579)	unique						phrase	elements unknown	Sawyer 1965	2	0	0		0	0	no
California condor			flora-fauna	Gymnogyps californianus	tsoots	California condor	unique			Note Kashaya, Central Pomo forms from *kukHi “buzzard” where k, kH become ch??			underived		Merriam 52:569	1	2	0		0	1	no
California jay			flora-fauna	Aphelocoma californica?	c'áy	bluejay (CHM confirms 52:569)	loan		Pomo	Yukian č'ə7əy; but Pomo c'ayi, ca”yi better; Wintun čayi(:)k, Mis Tajič, Miw $aji:ch, Nisenan ch'ajit “bluejay”	WW	%chaj	underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
California woodpecker			flora-fauna	Melanerpes formicivorus?	pálič'	red-headed woodpecker (CHM confirms California woodpecker 52:571)	loan		unknown	areal form, see Troike ms.	WW	%palaka ~ %pana(k)	underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	1	no
chia			flora-fauna	Salvia columbariae	missing		missing						missing			1	1	1		0	0	no
chipmunk			flora-fauna	Tamias spp.	hōl-tsel'-mah	chipmunk	unique						phrase	hol “tree”	Merriam 52:567	2	1	0		0	0	no
cliff swallow			flora-fauna	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	cékhe:ma	swallow (CHM confirms 52:571 cliff swallow and barn swallow)	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
coot			flora-fauna	Fulica americana	méyc'ic'a	mudhen (CHM confirms 52:575)	unique						phrase	water-bird	Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
cottontail rabbit			flora-fauna	Sylvilagus audobonii	hóčha	cottontail (CHM says is brush rabbit, cottontail not there)	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
cottonwood			flora-fauna	Populus spp.	pah'-to	cottonwood	inheritance	Yukian-Wappo		Merriam has pahtah'-pah al'-way for Mil (57:533); Yuki ; pątme7	WW	%pa(t) ~ %lapat	other complex	Nearly all tree words end in -o, Sawyer 1991 says is reduction of compound with hol “tree”	Merriam 52:581	2	0	2		0	0	no
coyote			flora-fauna	Canis latrans	húT'	coyote, crazy	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	1	2	0		0	0	no
crow			flora-fauna	Corvus brachyrhynchos	ká7	crow (CHM confirms 52:569)	unique			Miwokan, Costanoan forms similar			underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
datura			flora-fauna	Datura wrightii	missing		missing						missing			1	1	1		1	0	yes
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		k'e/shu “meat, deer”		loan
deer, mule			flora-fauna	Odocoileus hemionus	(hìntil') k'éšu	deer (lit. “Indian meat”)	unique			gentil “gentile, non-missionized Indian”			underived	“There appears to be no single word for deer” (perhaps taboo?) (Sawyer 1965:28)see “other notes”	Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
digger pine			flora-fauna	Pinus sabiniana	náyo	digger pine (CHM confirms 52:581)	unique						other complex	-o for tree	Sawyer 1965	2	1	2		0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis familiaris	háyu	dog	unique			similar forms in Patwin, Lake Miwok, nearly all Pomo; but Pmi; see Bodega Dic, C2001:325	WW	%kaju	underived		Sawyer 1965	0	0	0		0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		ha/yu		loan
dogbane			flora-fauna	Apocynum cannabinum	missing		missing						missing			2	1	2		0	0	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	Zenaida macrocoura	7ápis	mourning dove (CHM confirms 52:569)	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae	k'áya	duck (CHM confirms as any duck 52:575)	loan		Pomo	Proto-Pomo *q'a:yá(n) McLendon 1973:73			underived		Sawyer 1965	0	1	0		0	0	no
elder			flora-fauna	Sambucus	k'áTe	elderberry tree (CHM confirms 52:583)	loan		Pomo	Note Northern Pomo kiTē “elderberry”; Mil kiTen; Callaghan 1962:103 also notes Mu xitna;			underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	1		0	0	no
elk			flora-fauna	Cervas elaphus	sóT'o:ko	elk (CHM confirms 52:565)	loan		Yokuts	Yokutsan *$ohkaj	WW	%sok	underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		7éw	fish (CHM confirms 52:579)	inheritance	Yukian-Wappo		Yukian *həw; note Costanoan hu:yi			underived		Sawyer 1965	0	1	0		0	0	no
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	Siphonaptera	č'óTe	flea (CHM confirms 52:579)	unique			Note Yukian *T'ohk (a/i)			underived		Sawyer 1965	2	0	0		0	0	no
flicker			flora-fauna	Colaptes sp.	c'ú:y	flicker, yellowhammer (CHM confirms 52:569)	unique			Note Wintu č'ilew, Utian Tiw(:)a. Probably areally linked to Utian form.			underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	1	no
foothills yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca whipplei	missing		missing						missing			0	1	0		0	0	no
fox			flora-fauna	Vulpes, Urocyon	lúhcha	fox? wolf?	loan		Pomo	Proto-pomo *du:cá “fox” (McLendon 1973:77			underived		Sawyer 1965	2	2	0		0	0	no
frog (generic)			flora-fauna		k'áTik'	frog (CHM confirms 52:577)	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	2	2	0		0	0	no
golden eagle			flora-fauna	Aquila chrysaetos	lolopátih	eagle (CHM lĕh'-pit; lĕ-pits 52:569)	unique						reduplicated		Sawyer 1965	1	2	0		0	1	no
gooseberry			flora-fauna	Ribes spp.	missing		missing						missing			2	1	1		0	0	no
gopher snake, bull snake			flora-fauna	Pituophis catenifer	hána:koTa	bullsnake (CHM confirms 52:577)	inheritance	Yukian-Wappo		Yukian *hunk'an'; note Mutsun ko:Tehwa			phrase	elements unknown	Sawyer 1965	2	2	0		0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(NA)	šíy'e	grass, weed (CHM confirms 52:589)	unique			Looks like Miwokan “green” words			underived		Sawyer 1965	0	0	0		0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna		game		unknown
grasshopper			flora-fauna	Caelifera	cíy'	grasshopper (CHM confirms (he has a binomial, tsel che)	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
gray ground squirrel			flora-fauna	Sphermophilus sp.	cíhma	squirrel, ground squirrel (CHM confirms 52:565)	loan		Pomo	Pn čimát' “tree squirrel”; Pomo *ku:maT' “squirrel” McLendon 1973:92			underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
gray tree squirrel			flora-fauna	Sciurus spp.	hóth	tree squirrel (CHM confirms 52:565)	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
great horned owl			flora-fauna	Bubo virginianus	hutúku:lu	moth (?), owl sp., hoot owl (CHM confirms great horned owl 52:569)	loan		Miwok	Pmi *tuk:úli Callaghan Bodega Dic; Nim-Yokuts huttulu-	WW	%(hu)tukul	underived	hu- may be some prefix on the loan form	Sawyer 1965	1	2	2		0	1	no
grizzly bear			flora-fauna	Ursus arctos horribilis	chíca	grizzly bear (CHM confirms 52:563)	unique			Note Wintun **č'il			underived		Sawyer 1965	1	2	0		0	0	yes
horned toad			flora-fauna	Phrynosomatidae	missing		missing						missing			2	2	2		0	0	no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	kawa:yu	horse	loan		Spanish		WW	%caballo	underived		Sawyer 1965	0	0	0		0	0	no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	Trochilidae	cími:To	hummingbird (CHM confirms 52:573)	unique			Note Eastern Miwokan cimit:olo “mockingbird” ?? Is this too much semantic change? Elicitation error?			underived		Sawyer 1965	0	0	0		0	0	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic	č'ále	bug	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	0	0	2		0	0	variable
junco			flora-fauna	Junco sppp	she-mah' nah-pe cho'-cho, she'-man-nap'-pe tso'-tso	Junco	unique						phrase		Merriam 52:573	0	1	0		0	0	no
juniper			flora-fauna	Juniperus californica	missing		missing						missing			2	1	1		0	0	no
louse			flora-fauna	order Phtiraptera	híy'	head louse (CHM confirms 52:579)	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	2	0	0		0	0	no
mallard			flora-fauna	Anas platyrhynchos	k'áya	Merriam confirms as also mallard 52:575	loan		Pomo				underived		Merriam 52:575	2	1	0		0	0	no
manzanita			flora-fauna	Arctostaphylos spp.	čáno	manzanita (CHM confirms A. manzanita 52:583)	unique						other complex		Sawyer 1965	2	1	1		0	0	no
milkweed, broad leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias eriocarpa	missing		missing						missing			2	1	1		0	0	no
milkweed, narrow leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias fascicularis	néth	plant from which string is made, milkweed-like in exuding a white sap when broken (CHM confirms A. fascicularis 52:587)	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965:80	0	1	1		0	0	no
mission tule			flora-fauna	Juncus	missing		missing						missing			2	1	2		0	0	no
mockingbird			flora-fauna	Mimus polyglottos	missing		missing						missing			2	1	0		0	0	no
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles spp, Isoptera	c'óth	mosquito (CHM confirms 52:579)	unique			Note Yukian T'ohk (a/i) “flea”; Utian shoj:u (Callaghan 1986:58)			underived		Sawyer 1965	0	0	0		0	0	no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	Heterocera	hutúku:lu	moth (?), owl	loan		Miwok	Pmi *tuk:úli Callaghan Bodega Dic; Nim-Yokuts huttulu-; see “owl” (16)			underived		Sawyer 1965	2	0	0		0	0	no
mountain lion			flora-fauna	Puma concolor	wíma	panther? (CHM has kah'-tah-mah, wim-mah as “wolf”)	unique			Wintu wima “grizzly”			underived		Sawyer 1965	1	2	0		0	0	yes
mountain quail			flora-fauna	Oreortyx pictus	tsah'-tsah	mountain quail	unique						reduplicated		Merriam 52:569	2	1	0		0	0	no
mussel			flora-fauna	Mytilus spp.	kúčiš	mussel	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	1	no
olivella (olive snail)			flora-fauna	Callianax biplicata	missing		missing						missing			2	2	0		0	1	no
pinyon jay			flora-fauna	Cyanocitta stelleri?	kah'-chah	crested jay (Cyanocitta)	unique			usually something like /kay/, so not obviously areal			underived		Merriam 52:569)	2	1	0		0	0	no
pinyon pine			flora-fauna	Pinus monophylla	missing		missing						missing			2	1	2		0	1	no
pismo clam			flora-fauna	Tivella stultorum	pe'-ne-ne	small clam	unique						reduplicated		Merriam 52:579	2	1	0		0	1	no
pocket gopher			flora-fauna	Thomomys	čóya	gopher (CHM confirms Thomomys 52:567)	inheritance	Yukian-Wappo		Yukian *koya7 Schlichter 1985			underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
poison oak			flora-fauna	Toxicodendron diversilobum	k'ícu:ma	poison oak (CHM confirms 52:585)	unique			Note MiL 7ittum; similarity noted in Bodega Dictionary by Callaghan			other complex	Sawyer believes -ma is instrumental, but cannot identify k'icu:	Sawyer 1965	2	2	2		0	0	yes
rattlesnake			flora-fauna	Crotalus spp.	č'ép'iš	rattlesnake, worm (CHM confirms 52:577)	unique			Note Costanoan 7ippi, Esselen ipishiksha			underived		Sawyer 1965	1	2	0		0	0	yes
red ant			flora-fauna	Solenopsis spp	missing		missing						missing			1	0	1		0	0	no
red-shouldered blackbird			flora-fauna	Agelaius phoeniceus	č'ákh	blackbird, red-winged blackbird (CHM confirms 52:571)	loan		unknown	areal; “ Hill Patwin c'akatu “black bird”” 1965:204); Wintu L'ul č'ač'at; Mil c'akattu/a; but note Pmis chakup-:a- (Callaghan 1997:58); Nim-Yokuts č'ax	WW	%chak	underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
red-tailed hawk			flora-fauna	Buteo jamaicensis	shek'	red-tailed hawk	unique						underived		Merriam 52:569	2	2	0		0	0	no
roadrunner			flora-fauna	Geococcyx californianus	cúch	roadrunner (CHM we'-kah 52:569)	unique			Yuki o-chaw'-e MWO			underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
ruddy duck			flora-fauna	Oxyura jamaicensis	k'aya		loan		Pomo				underived			2	1	0		0	0	no
sage herb			flora-fauna	Artemisia californica	c'àpe:na7k'óy'a	wormwood, a kind of Artemisia (CHM confirms 52:587)	unique						phrase	elements unknown	Sawyer 1965	2	2	1	used for poultices and soaking swollen feet Sawyer 1964:122	0	0	no
salmon/steelhead			flora-fauna	Oncorhynchus mykiss	melkháw	salmon (CHM confirms 52:579)	unique						phrase	-haw is probably the "fish" word, what is melk?	Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
scaly lizard			flora-fauna	Pygopus lepidopodus?	tōn-nŏk; tawn'-nuk-kaw	scaly lizard	unique						underived		Merriam 52:577	2	2	0		0	0	no
small bird			flora-fauna		missing		missing						missing			2	1	0		0	0	no
small brown lizard			flora-fauna		missing		missing						missing			2	2	0		0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		holo:wík'a	snake (CHM confirms 52:577)	unique			Note Lake Miwok holoomaj “rattlesnake”			phrase	holo:- presumably some kind of critter element; see “ant”	Sawyer 1965	0	1	0		0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		holo:wi/k'a		loan
soaproot			flora-fauna	Chlorogalum	o-kah'-le	soaproot, C. pomeridianum	inheritance	Yukian-Wappo		Yukian *kəlam			underived		Merriam 52:589	2	1	1		0	0	no
sour berry			flora-fauna	Rhus trilobata	missing		missing						missing			2	1	1		0	0	no
sparrow hawk			flora-fauna	Falco	she'-nes-nah'-tsah, se'-nis-nats'-să	Sparrow hawk	unique						phrase		Merriam 52:569	2	2	0		0	0	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnida, Araneae	7éc'e	spider (CHM confirms 52:579)	loan		Pomo	Proto-Pomo *7ikHa(:) McLendon 1973:92			underived		Sawyer 1965	0	0	2		0	0	variable
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna		7ec'e		loan
spotted skunk			flora-fauna	Spilogale gracilis	koo'-too sheel/shil	little spotted skunk	unique						phrase		Merriam 52:565)	2	2	0		0	0	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	Bufonidae	lelekópa	toad (CHM confirms 52:577)	inheritance	Yukian-Wappo		Yuki al-kap'-to MWO			reduplicated		Sawyer 1965	2	2	0		0	0	no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana spp.	lúče	tobacco	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	1	1	1		1	0	yes
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna	(NA)	hól	stick, tree, wood	inheritance	Yukian-Wappo		Yukian *7ol; Elmendort 1993:207 (but perhaps areal)			underived		Sawyer 1965	0	0	2		0	0	no
tree yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca schidegera	missing		missing						missing			2	1	0		0	0	no
turkey buzzard			flora-fauna	Cathartes aura	máya:t'a	buzzard (CHM confirms 52:569)	unique			Yukian *7ayam -- metath?			underived		Sawyer 1965	2	2	0		0	0	no
turtle (generic)			flora-fauna	Testudines	míče	turtle (CHM confirms 52:577)	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	2	2	0		0	1	no
valley live oak			flora-fauna	Quercus agrifolia	híšo	live oak (Q. wislizeni CHM 52:581)	inheritance	Yukian-Wappo		Yuki ha:s, hah”-sĕ; note Yokutsan forms like “esin” for Black Oak; Sawyer 1991:33 says -i:š- is “oak”			other complex	-o for tree	Sawyer 1965	2	1	2		0	1	no
valley oak			flora-fauna	Quercus lobata	p'í:pho	white oak, valley oak (CHM confirms 52:581)	unique			-ho from -hol "tree" according to Sawyer 1991			other complex	-o for tree	Sawyer 1965	2	1	2		0	1	no
valley quail			flora-fauna	Callipepla californica	pípi	quail	unique			Note Wintu pʰites from pHit “feathers”,Yokutsan T'iphith “mountain quail”, but more likely sound-imitative			reduplicated		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
Washington clam			flora-fauna	Saxidomus nuttalli	Túpu:lu7; kú:Te7	Washington clam shell bead; Washington clam	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965:8	2	1	0		0	1	no
Western Canada goose			flora-fauna	Branta canadensis	lókh	goose (not domestic) (CHM confirms as 'all geese” and Canada goose 52:575	loan		unknown	Note Patwin lak'a7 “small goose”74; but this a very widespread form; Pcos la:lak, Nisenan la:lak', Maidy lylyk' (Callaghan 1997:59), Costanoan la:lak	WW	%lala ~ %lak	underived		Sawyer 1965	0	1	0		0	0	no
whale			flora-fauna	Eschrichtius robustus	missing		missing						missing			2	1	2		0	1	no
white pelican			flora-fauna	Pelicanus erythrorhynchos	huts-poo'-e	brown Pelican (Pelecanus californicus)	unique						phrase	elements unknown	Merriam 52:575	0	2	0		0	0	no
wild grapevine			flora-fauna	Vitis californica	méhwa	wild grapevine (CHM confirms 52:589)	inheritance	Yukian-Wappo		Elmendorf 1997:80 (Yuki mu7umam (and note Miwok muTe)			underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	2		0	0	no
wild oats			flora-fauna	Avena (introduction)	šiwáli:ya7	oats (CHM confirms 52:589 for wild oats)	loan		Spanish	Sp. cebadilla	WW	%cebada	underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	2		0	0	no
wild rose			flora-fauna	Rosa californica	tet, tāt	wild rose	unique						underived		Merriam 52:585	0	1	2		0	0	no
wild sunflower			flora-fauna	Helianthus (and other genera)	káča7	wild sunflower, Wyethia agustifolia	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965:80	0	1	0		0	0	no
willow			flora-fauna	Salix spp.	chùpe pót'e	white willow (for baskets) (CHM confirms S. hindsiana 52:583)	inheritance	Yukian-Wappo		Yukian *sip(i/a); Elmendort 1993:211			phrase	willow gray	Sawyer 1965	2	2	1		0	0	no
wood rat, round-tail			flora-fauna	Neotoma spp.	7óhka	rat, woodrat (CHM confirms)	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	2	1	0		0	0	no
worm, hairy caterpillar			flora-fauna	Arctiidae (many species)	lee'; no'; no'-mah-shaw'-e	hairy caterpillar	unique						underived		Merriam 52:579	2	2	0		0	0	no
worm, smooth caterpillar			flora-fauna	Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper	7ohna	angleworm, earthworm (Merriam has chah'-lā “smooth worm” 52:579)	unique						underived		Sawyer 1965	2	2	0		0	0	no
yellow jacket			flora-fauna	Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp.	néw	yellowjacket (CHM confirms 52:579)	inheritance	Yukian-Wappo		Elmendorf 1993:233; Yukian *naw'			underived		Sawyer 1965	2	0	0		0	0	no
yellowbird			flora-fauna	Dendroica petechia	hoo-we'-yu-kah tse-tsah	yellowbird (Astragalinus tristis)	unique						phrase		Merriam 52:573	0	1	0		0	0	no
yerba santa			flora-fauna	Eriodictyon californicum	missing		missing						missing			2	1	1		0	0	no

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Cultural Vocabulary (115)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source
acorn bread			food	šáwo		acorn bread	loan			Patwin	WW	%saw	note Y.Yawl. Sah-sah--Wanderwort?	simplex		Elmendorf 1998
acorn mush			food	yékhe		acorn soup, mush	unknown							simplex		Elmendorf 1993
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	missing			missing
alcohol			food	missing			missing
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	méche		arrow	inheritance		Proto-Yukian				cf. Yuki miT 'shoot'	simplex		Elmendorf 1993
arrow straightener			other	missing			missing
bag, sack			culture-material	t'úku7		sack, small bag	unknown						mentioned in Callaghan 1969 Lake Miwok Dict as possible source for Mil word for 'purse, small sack, etc'	simplex		Sawyer 1965
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	missing			missing
ball game			food	nah-líy'i7		shinny game	unknown							compound		Elmendorf 1993
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	táka7		basket (generic)	loan			Wintu			reconstructs in Proto-Wintun but glossed there as 'hat'	simplex		Elmendorf 1993
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	missing			missing
basketry hat			culture-material	missing			missing
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	Túpu:lu7		clamshell bead	loan			Coast Miwok			form from Bodega Mi (Callaghan 1968:14)	simplex		Elmendorf 1993
beans			food	híwhol'		beans	loan			Spanish	WW	%frijol		simplex		Sawyer 1965
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool	nahta/yhi7 (this is child's toy, not weapon)			unknown
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	wote:ya		bottle, any piece of glass	loan			Spanish	WW	%botella		simplex		Sawyer 1965
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	lel-to/kel (see nudge, poke)			loan direction unknown
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	lúk'a		bow, gun (in Sawyer)	unknown						somewhat resemblant to Yuki forms, but only in CV	simplex		Elmendorf 1993
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	khéye		boat	unknown							simplex		Elmendorf 1993
carrying net			subsistence tool	t'ak'a7		burden net, pack strap	unknown							simplex		Elmendorf 1993
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	tónči7		cat	loan			Yokutsan	WW	%talom	see Plains Miwok tonci7	simplex		Sawyer 1965
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	káyi:na7		chicken	loan			Spanish	WW	%gallina		simplex		Sawyer 1965
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	k'anitúč'ma		chief, boss, leader	unknown							derived	productive suffix -ma; probably also compound	Sawyer 1965
clapper			acculturation	missing			missing
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	may-khúy'e-ma		clothing	unknown							compound, derived		Elmendorf 1996
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	missing			missing
cook food			food	k'ó-m'i7		to cook by boiling	unknown							compound		Elmendorf 1993
corn			food	má:is		corn	loan			Spanish	WW	%maiz		simplex		Sawyer 1965
corpse			food	k'à: čhó7el		cirosem dead person	unknown							phrase		Sawyer 1965
cradleboard			culture-material	khéye		cradle (same as 'boat')	unknown							simplex		Elmendorf 1996
cremate			culture-mythology	missing			missing
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	7olólmi7		dance	unknown						looks loan-y, may have Wintun 7ol 'up' prefix	simpex		Sawyer 1965
Datura wrightii			narcotics	missing			missing
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	missing			missing
digging stick			subsistence tool	hác'e		digging stick, crowbar	unknown							simplex		Sawyer 1965
digging stick			subsistence tool	ha/c'e			unknown
dipper			subsistence tool	mèy táye:ma		basket for dipping, dipper	unknown							derived, phrase	mey 'water'	Sawyer 1965
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	hinčóhme		to dream (lit. sleep-go)	inheritance	7in 'sleep', ko7 'go'	Proto-Yukian					compound		Sawyer 1965
drone pipe			culture-mythology	missing			missing
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	thúm'e:ma		drum	loan			Miwok			and note Nisenan dul, Wintu tHudi	derived		Sawyer 1965
earring			other	c'éma:wihli7		earring (lit ear-bell/rattle)	unique						c'ema: 'ear' probably cognate with PNY shym, note also Ppomo xima:nY, usually shima in daughter lgs.	compound		Sawyer 1965
feather headband			dress	cáT'e7		feather dance hat	unknown						worn with a headband called meynaléwukh Sawyer 1965:27	simplex		Sawyer 1965
fire drill			subsistence tool	missing			missing
fire-tender			culture-mythology	missing			missing
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other	čimíne:ya7		fireplace	loan			Spanish	WW	%chiminea		simplex		Sawyer 1965
firewood	leña	lenha	other	hélhol		firewood	inheritance		Proto-Yukian					compound	fire-wood	Sawyer 1965
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	missing			missing
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	7ew yékhše7		go fishing (fish hunt)	unknown						7ew presumably cognate w/ Yuki haw 'fish'	phrase		Sawyer 1965
fish hook			subsistence tool	7ewlék'e:ma		fishhook	unknown							derived		Sawyer 1965
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	missing			missing
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	7ewlék'e:ma thèti			unknown							phrase, derived		FIND
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	lúliš		flute w/ 4-6 holes of maple or elderberry wood	loan			Patwin			This is widespread, it's in Mis, maybe onomatopoeia	simplex		Sawyer 1965
gambling sticks			other	wey, teph		black bone (= obsidian), white bone in grass game	unknown							simplex		Elmendorf 1993
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	missing			missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	missing			missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	7unuchápa		ghost, spirit	unknown						also k'á7k'a7 'ghost, spook'	simplex	My guess is that it's compound but parts unidentifiable	Sawyer 1965
glue			subsistence tool	missing			missing
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	helhu:téyu		place of a grave fire, funeral pyre	unknown							compound	hel'fire	Sawyer 1965
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	lúk'a		bow, gun (in Sawyer)	semantic shift						somewhat resemblant to Yuki forms, but only in CV	simplex		Sawyer 1965
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	sómle:lu7		hat	loan			Spanish	WW	%sombrero		simplex		Sawyer 1965
honey	miel	mel	food	túšhuméy		honey (bee head water	unknown							compound		Sawyer 1965
house			other	čhúya		house	unknown							simplex		Elmendorf 1993
house			other	chHu/ya	c hachek followed by lower-case h		unknown
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	ho-léw'-i7		to hunt	unknown							compound		Elmendorf 1993
initiate boy			culture-mythology	missing			missing
initiate girl			culture-mythology	missing			missing
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	kuči:ya		knife	loan			Spanish	WW	%cuchillo		simplex		Elmendorf 1993
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	may'šukháthe:ma		breech clout, diaper, sanitary napkin	unknown							compound, derived	I have no idea what elements are but it's too long to be canonical	Sawyer 1965
mat			culture-material	phípa		matting, woven matting	unknown							simplex		Sawyer 1965
medicine			narcotics	wénu7		medicine	loan			Lake Miwok	WW	%wene	this is good Miwokan etymon; Sawyer says is loan from Spanish 'bueno', which seems unlikely	simplex		Sawyer 1965
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	lel-tókel'		bedrock or slab mortar	loan direction unknown			Lake Miwok				compound	lel 'rock'	Elmendorf 1993
necklace			other	káse		necklace, bead string	loan			Coast Miwok			Callaghan 1968 Bodega Miwok Dict	simplex		Sawyer 1965
needle/awl			subsistence tool	c'íti		awl	inheritance		Proto-Yukian				and note Utia *cylas??	simplex		Elmendorf 1993
ochre			culture-mythology	missing			missing
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	missing			missing
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	pápel'		paper	loan			Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex		Sawyer 1965
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	č'óla		pestle	inheritance		Proto-Yukian					simplex		Elmendorf 1996
pinole			food	wá7te		pinole	inheritance		Proto-Yukian				Yuki wo7oT	simplex		Elmendorf 1993
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	lúče-lel		pipe (see'tobacco')	unique							compound	lel 'rock'	Elmendorf 1993
pitch			food	missing			missing
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation	číri:fa7		policeman, sheriff	loan			Spanish	WW	%cherife		simplex		Sawyer 1965
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	missing			missing
quiver			subsistence tool	missing			missing
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	yét'iš		rattle made from cocoons	unknown							simplex	but note 'sh ending on 'stirring stick'	Sawyer 1965
red paint			culture-mythology	missing			missing
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	THéTi		cord, rope	inheritance		Proto-Yukian					simplex		Elmendorf 1993
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	The/Ti “cord”			loan into protolanguage									E1993
salt	sal	sal	food	čúme		salt	inheritance		Proto-Yukian					simplex		Elmendorf 1993
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	missing			missing
seed beater			subsistence tool	missing			missing
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	yómto7		shaman, doctor	loan			unknown	WW	%jom	widepsread; in Mil, also note Hill Patwin yomta, Southern Pomo yomta 'doctor'	simplex		Sawyer 1965
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	phè7 cháp'e		shoe	unknown							phrase		Sawyer 1965
sinew-backed bow			subsistence tool	missing			missing
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	šone mayhuhéle:ma		apron-like short protective arment made of round tule	unknown							derived, phrase		Sawyer 1965
snare			subsistence tool	léw-ma		snare for deer	unknown							derived		Elmendorf 1993
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	sólta:Do7	D is barred d	soldier	loan			Spanish	WW	%soldado		simplex		Sawyer 1965
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	7oč'íkukh		song, sweathouse song	unknown							copound		Sawyer 1965
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	t'áp'e:ma		a spear	unknown							derived		Sawyer 1965
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	me/cHe			inheritance
spearthrower			subsistence tool	lu/k'a			unknown
stirring stick			food	wóliš		stirring stick	unknown							simplex	but note -sh ending on 'rattle'	Elmendorf 1993
stone bowl			culture-material	missing			missing
string of shell money			other	missing			missing
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	káwa:ču7		sugar	loan			Spanish				simplex		Sawyer 1965
sweathouse			other	hóc'a		sweathouse	unknown							simplex		Elmendorf 1993
tell history			culture-mythology	missing			missing
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	wi/l'ukh			unknown
tobacco (native)			narcotics	lúče		tobacco	unique							simplex		Elmendorf 1993
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	ch'o/la “pestle”			loan direction unknown
tule boat			transport	missing			missing
wheat			food	tíli:ku7		wheat	loan			Spanish	WW	%trigo		simplex		Sawyer 1965
white paint			culture-mythology	missing			missing
winnow	aventar, tirar (sementes)	joeirar	manufacture				missing
winnowing basket			culture-material	phí7-ma		winnowing basket	unknown							derived		Elmendorf 1993
wood tray			subsistence tool	missing			missing

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
	small	HG	medium	seasonal		no

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