Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

golden eagle

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous
Bankalachi Toloim	Aquila chrysaetos	tro'-kil		Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)	loan			Yokuts	Wikchamni tro-hid'; tro-hwid'; to-whid'; Tinlinne troCHil'; Yowlumne troCH-il;	same	underived					C. H. Merriam 72-77, 60-453		1		2		0					1				no
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	Aquila chrysaetos	kwinaa;		eagle, also generic for any large bird (M:Golden eagle (Aquila)	inheritance	*kwi'na	Numic		Stubbs 717b (2008;131) Western, Central Numic; this adds “big” in “modern” form	same	underived					Crapo 1976:110, 127		1		2		0					1				no
Cahuilla	Aquila chrysaetos	ʔáswet	ˈʔaswet	eagle	inheritance	*ʔasa-wɨ-ta	Californian		S719 (Stubbs 2009:131);l note Yuman forms like ?aspa, ?ashpa, a possible source? Check cognacy on this form. Old, if a loan, since Kitanemuk has /h/ for *s	same	derived	-wet is surely the augmentative. I've always thought this was from -7ash "pet", with this being the prototypical human-associated animal. Bill Bright did not agree.	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	wikikmal ?	Seiler&Hioki 1979:16	Golden Eagle is a Coyote Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109)	1	Eagles ceremonially raised and killed at Eagle Dance (see Strong 1929:83-4); feathers used in dance skirts, headdresses. Buried with people, according to Merriam's informants.	2	Bean 1972:60 says eagles not eaten.	1	feathers used for shaman's wands, fans	hunted	Men	eaglets captured and kept alive, raised to maturity for the dance. Feathers used for eagle-feather ceremonial skirts.	1	Eagle-feather skirts were traded	All North America	They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting	no
Central Sierra Miwok	Aquila chrysaetos	wíp:aja:ky-		eagle	inheritance		Eastern Miwokan		In all Mis, Mip		other complex	-y nominalizer				Freeland & Broadbent 1960		1		2		0					1				no
Chemehuevi	Aquila chrysaetos	mung', mung-ā-puts, mung-im'-puts	ˈməŋI, məŋímpetsI JPH	Golden eagle (Aquila)	inheritance		Southern Numic only		also in Kawaiisu	same	underived					Merriam 59:525		1		2		0					1				no
Chumash Barbareno	Aquila chrysaetos	slow'		eagle	unique		Central Chumash only				underived					Beeler 1978:183	clan symbol (Applegate p. 452)	1		2		0					1				no
Chumash Ineseno	Aquila chrysaetos	slow'		eagle	inheritance		Central Chumash only		Central Chumash		underived					Applegate 246;	clan symbol (Applegate p. 452)	1		2		0					1				no
Chumash Obispeno	Aquila chrysaetos	missing			missing						missing							1		2		0					1				no
Chumash Ventureno	Aquila chrysaetos	slo		aguila real (JPH)	inheritance		Central Chumash only		Central Chumash		underived					Merriam 55:41; JPH III:69:0080 from FL)	clan symbol (Applegate p. 452)	1		2		0					1				no
Cocopa	Aquila chrysaetos	špa		eagle	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Mojave M. ɂaspa	same	underived					Crawford 1989		1		2		0					1				no
Comanche	Aquila chrysaetos	kwihnai		eagle	inheritance	*kwi'na	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 717b (2008;131), Western, Central Numic	same	underived					Robinson & Armagost 1990:163		1		2		0					1				no
Cupeño	Aquila chrysaetos	ashwet	ˈʔaʃwət	eagle	inheritance	*ʔasa-wɨ-ta	Californian		S719 (Stubbs 2009:131); this is possibly a Yuman loan, Proto-Yuman is something like *ashpa	same	derived	ˈʔaʃ-wə-t pet-big-npn (although this is controversial, Kroeber thought this was correct for Luiseño)	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	not a mukikmal as far as I know	Hill & Nolasquez 1973:151	no info	1	killed in Eagle Ceremony; skirts for dance made of eagle feathers	2		no info		hunted	men	eaglets captured and raised, eagle killed by suffocation at dance, feathers plucked for skirts, headdresses, wands	1	eagle feather regalia bought and sold	North America	They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting	no
Esselen	Aquila chrysaetos	missing			missing						missing							1		2		0					1				no
Gabrielino	Aquila chrysaetos	7a$awt	ʔaˈşawt	Golden eagle	inheritance	*ʔasa-wɨ-ta	Californian		S719 (Stubbs 2009:131); I think a Proto-Yuman form something like *?aspa, ?ashpa needs to be considered as a source here.	same	derived	ʔaˈşa-w-t ? (pet?)-augmentative-npn	-ʔaʧ “pet	possessive classifier for animals		Harrington 066	no info	1	eagle ceremony, feathers in dance regalia; eagle road connects heaven and earth	2	McC does not mention but is Chingichngish animal	no info		hunted	men	eaglets captured and raised for eagle ceremony, feathers kept for ceremonial regalia	1	feathers used in regalia, traded	North America	They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting	no
Iipay 'Aa	Aquila chrysaetos	ɂihpaa		eagle	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Kiliwa ti?payu	same	underived					Couro & Hutcheson 1973		1		2		0					1				no
Kawaiisu	Aquila chrysaetos	muhni		eagle	inheritance		Southern Numic		Chemehuevi ˈməŋI	same	underived					Zigmond et al.		1		2		0					1				no
Kiliwa	Aquila chrysaetos	ti?payu		Golden Eagle	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note 'Iipay Aa ɂihpaa	same	underived	“probably from *?+mat=?=ipa-y-u Earth Being, a deity				Mixco 1985		1		2		0					1				no
Kitanemuk	Aquila chrysaetos	ʔahɨŋt	ˈʔahɨŋt	eagle	inheritance		Californian		S719 (Stubbs 2009:131); note Yuman forms, perhaps Proto-Yuman *?as/shpa, as a possible source. But given this regular s>h, an early loan if a loan	same	other complex	ʔahɨŋ-t golden.eagle-npn	-ʔacit "pet"	possessive classifier for animals		Anderton 1988:265	no info	1	feathers in ritual regalia; killed in Eagle Ceremony	2	unlikely was eaten	no info		hunted	men	eaglets raised, smothered in dance, feathers kept	1	probably feather regalia traded	North America	They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting	no
Lake Miwok	Aquila chrysaetos	şúul		eagle , bald eagle(et)	loan			Hill Patwin	1965:150 probably Hill Patwin su:l “eagle”; and note SE Pomo, E. Pomo sul “condor”		underived					Callaghan 1965		1		2		0					1				no
Luiseño	Aquila chrysaetos	á$wut	ʹɁaşwut	eagle	inheritance	*ʔasa-wɨ-ta	Californian		S719 (Stubbs 2009:131); consider Yuman forms like ?aspa, ?ashpa, ?ihpaa ('Iipay Aa); something like this is Proto-Yuman	same	derived	ʹɁaş-wu-t ?-augmentative-non.possessed.noun; Kroeber thought 7a$- referred to first menses; hence Eagle embodies life-giving principle (White 1963:141). But Kroeber & Grace 1960:80 derive from -7ash “pet”.	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	uncertain if is 7ehéngmal	Elliott 1999:134	no info	1	Eagle Killling Ceremony, feathers in dance costumes, couplet 7a$wut, waanawut “eagle, net.connectin.heaven and earth (Harrington)	2	not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652)	no info		hunted	men	fledglings raised to maturity, killed in ceremony, fathers kept for dance skirts	1	eagle-feather dance skirts a very expensive trade item	North America	They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting	no
Maidu	Aquila chrysaetos	kák'a		eagle	unique						other complex	-a is a stem former				Shipley 1963		1		2		0					1				no
Mojave	Aquila chrysaetos	ɂaspa		eagle	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Co. špa	same	underived					Munro et al.1992		1		2		0					1				no
Mutsun	Aquila chrysaetos	she'-re		golden eagle	inheritance		Costanoan		Pinart has in Co III, IV		underived					Mason 1916:427; Merriam 55:407		1		2		0					1				no
Nisenan	Aquila chrysaetos	pej		eagle	unique						underived					Uldall & Shipley 1966		1		2		0					1				no
Northern Paiute	Aquila chrysaetos	kwēt'-nah; kwid-nah	kwi'naa (Thornes 2003:53)	Golden eagle (Aquila)	inheritance	*kwi'na	Numic		Stubbs 717b	same	underived					Merriam 61:137		1		2		0					1				no
Northern Sierra Miwok	Aquila chrysaetos	wip:aja:k-y-		eagle	inheritance		Eastern Miwokan		In all Mis, MIP		other complex	-y nominalizer				Callaghan 1987		1		2		0					1				no
Plains Miwok	Aquila chrysaetos	wip:akah, wihpakah		Golden eagle	inheritance		Eastern Miwokan		In all Mis		underived					Callaghan 1984		1		2		0					1				no
Salinan A	Aquila chrysaetos	sáyo7		eagle	unique		Salinan				underived					Mason 1918:124; Turner 1980:72		1		2		0					1				no
Salinan M	Aquila chrysaetos	snai		eagle	unique		Salinan				other complex	-n- is some kind of infix here; Turner doesn't discuss				Mason 1918:124		1		2		0					1				no
Seri (Comcaac)	Aquila chrysaetos	zep		Golden eagle	unique				Note Delta-California Yuman ?espa ??? A connection?	same	underived					Comcaac Dictionary 615		1		2		0					1				no
Serrano	Aquila chrysaetos	ahyrngt		eagle	inheritance		Californian		S719 (Stubbs 2008:131); note Yuman forms, perhaps Proto-Yuman 7as/shpa, as a possible source. But given this regular s > n, if this is a loan it was very early in Takic		other complex	-t NPN				KCHill ms 2001:2		1		2		0					1				no
Southern Paiute	Aquila chrysaetos	qwan·atsI		Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)	inheritance		Southern Numic only		Stubbs 717a (2008:131), really looks like kwi'na, and like other UA kwa words, but problems	same	other complex	has -tsi ABS (showing clearly this is not a diminutive but homophonous with it)				Sapir 1930:646		1		2		0					1				no
Southern Sierra Miwok	Aquila chrysaetos	wip:ajaHk-		eagle	inheritance		Eastern Miwokan		In all Mis, MIP		underived					Broadbent 1964:		1		2		0					1				no
Southern Ute	Aquila chrysaetos	kwaná-cI		eagle	inheritance		Southern Numic only		Stubbs 717a (2008:131), really looks like kwi'na, and like other UA kwa words, but problems	same	other complex	has -ci ABS				Givon 1979		1		2		0					1				no
Tübatulabal	Aquila chrysaetos	āshawwütt	ʔa:ʃaˈwɨt	(golden) eagle, Aquila chrysaetos	inheritance	*ʔasa-wɨ-ta	Californian		S719 (Stubbs 2009:131)	same	derived	ʔa:ʃa-ˈwɨ-t eagle-augmentative-npn				Hill 2010:11	no info	1	a story character and “a chief in the mythical age” (Voegelin 1938:21); feathers in wands, armlets	2	“A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12)	no info		hunted	men	eaglets captured and raised for feathers; birds set free when too big and scary to handle (Voegelin 1938:21). Adult eagles snared and killed for feathers	1		North America	They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting	no
Tümpisa Shoshone	Aquila chrysaetos	kwinaa		eagle, large bird	inheritance	*kwi'na	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 717b (2008:131), looks almost like kwi'-says ?? which would explain why it isn't kwana as expected. This is actually only Western, Central Numic. Southern has kwana	broader (can refer to other large raptors)	underived					Dayley 1989:83		1		2		0					1				no
Wappo	Aquila chrysaetos	lolopátih		eagle (CHM lĕh'-pit; lĕ-pits 52:569)	unique						reduplicated					Sawyer 1965		1		2		0					1				no
Washo	Aquila chrysaetos	pat'álŋi7		golden eagle	unique						phrase	-t'álŋiɁ also appears in “bat”; meaning of pa- unknown				Merriam 55:231; WPD		1		2		0					1				no
Western Mono	Aquila chrysaetos	kwi'na'		Golden eagle	inheritance	*kwi'na	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 717b (2008:131), looks almost like kwi'-says ?? which would explain why it isn't kwana as expected. This is actually only Western, Central Numic. Southern has kwana	same	onomatopoeic	kwi'-na' kwi'-it.says				Bethel et al.:61	Eagle was totem of chiefly families and synonymous with the office (Gayton 2:270); in Moiety I (Kroeber 1925:588) (only Northfork had moieties); Eagle gave each group its type of basket (Gifford p. 26); Gifford gives yayanchi as name of Eagle moiety “one	1	captive eagles displayed, danced over (Spier 1978:427),people paid to see them (Gifford 39), eagle down sold by chiefs, eagle leg & claw traded (Gayton)	2		1	eagle down powerful (Gayton)	hunted	men	no info (for feathers)	1	chiefs could sell eagle down, eagle leg + claw ; captive eagles “sold from place to place”, never killed in ceremony (Gifford p. 39; Northfork people did not buy eagles but caught there own and sold them south or to Chukchansi			no
Wintu	Aquila chrysaetos	L'uk		(bald?) eagle (Pitkin has for “eagle”), worm; see “Other notes” (Merriam confirms 56:7), but also has Pitkin's k'acet “white-headed bald eagle”	semantic shift	*L'uk “worm”	Wintun		Shepherd 2005; Pitkin says means “worm” because unauthorized person who takes eagle or feathers will get worms. However Golla (1997:162) following Liedtke thinks it may be cognate with Alsea Li:q-iy-s “feather”, Li:x “tail feather”, and Wintu L'uq-e “pl		underived					Schlichter 1981		1		2		0					1				no
Yavapai	Aquila chrysaetos	ɂsá		eagle	unique						unknown					Shaterian 1983		1		2		0					1				no
Yokuts Palewyami	Aquila chrysaetos	pa'-sah (Merriam), bò uca (Kroeber)		golden eagle	unique				Hometwoli in Kroeber is baâc, only resemblant form. pa- has a UA feel to it, but uncertain	same	underived	could this be pa-witsa “big bird” in a Takic language???				Merriam 58:521; Kroeber 1961:203		1		2		0					1				no
Yokuts Yawdanchi	Aquila chrysaetos	Doxid; tcoxit (220 from spec.)	Tohit'	eagle	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		In all Kroeber except Pal., Homet. (Tulamni missing)	same	underived					Kroeber 1961:202		1		2		0					1				no
Yokuts Yowlumne	Aquila chrysaetos	T'Oxil		eagle	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		In all Kroeber except Pal., Homet. (Tulamni missing)	same	underived					Newman 1944:217		1		2		0					1				no
Yuki	Aquila chrysaetos	sahol' A, F		eagle, MW: red-tailed hawk, with sah' as “eagle MWO	inheritance	sahol', sah	Yukian		Schlichter 1985		other complex	Schlichter diss says -ol short for -mol agentive				Sawyer & Schlichter 1984		1		2		0					1				no
Yuma	Aquila chrysaetos	es-spah'		Golden eagle (Aquila)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Co. špa		unknown					Merriam 61:455		1		2		0					1				no


Bankalachi Toloim
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Cahuilla
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Comanche
Cupeño
Esselen
Gabrielino
Iipay 'Aa
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Lake Miwok
Luiseño
Maidu
Mojave
Mutsun
Nisenan
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Plains Miwok
Salinan A
Salinan M
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Wappo
Washo
Western Mono
Wintu
Yavapai
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuki
Yuma

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