Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Cocopa

Family
Yuman
Region
North America
ISO 639-3
coc
Location
32.38°, -114.85°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (185)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location ma:, ma:k, ma:Ly, ma:m, ma:y inheritance Crawford 1989
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar -i:, -iy, -ya unknown
all todo todos other kwiny, ma:m “to be all” unknown
and y e grammar kaka:p “and then” unknown
ankle tobillo tornozelo body missing
armpit axila, sobaco axila body SwaL, 7iSwa/L unknown
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment xm7uL inheritance
at en, a em, a location -i, -pi, -Si, -y unknown
back espalda costas body Lama/k, 7ima/k inheritance
bad mal mal quality xcaq, xca:q “to be” unknown
belly barriga barriga body 7icu/ “stomach” inheritance
below abajo, debajo abaixo location maTk inheritance
big grande grande quality ptay, pta:y, ptays, 7iny inheritance
bite morder morder body Sa:, Saw, Sa:w unknown
black negro preto colour nyi:Ly, nyiLy “to be black” inheritance
blood sangre sangue body nyxwaT inheritance
blow soplar soprar body xpSu: (with the mouth) inheritance
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body xuLy “pimple”
bone hueso osso body nyya:k, ya:k inheritance
breast pecho, seno peito body nymay, 7imay inheritance
breathe respirar respirar body ya:S, 7i:ya/:S inheritance
burn quemar queimar environment Lymar, ..., 7i:7a:/ (tr) Lyminy “burn up” unknown
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body smnyay “chew food” inheritance
child niño, niña criança human kwanyu/k “child about age 3” unknown
climb subir subir motion kuLy inheritance
cloud nube nuvem environment kwi: inheritance
cold frío frio quality xsu:r “to be” inheritance
come venir vir motion yi:, nyyiw, yi:s, yiw inheritance
cook cocinar cozinhar impact kuk, nyawi:/ rar, shiLy (over fire), unknown
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality nyxany “truly” inheritance
count contar contar mental sa:w unknown
cry llorar chorar mental mi, mis inheritance
cut/hack cortar cortar impact cuka/T, 7u:ka/T inheritance
day día dia time nya inheritance
die/be dead morir morrer state mSpa, 7i:m (spl) unknown
dig cavar cavar impact xwaLy inheritance
dingo/wolf fauna Txpa, xTpa “coyote” inheritance
dirty sucio sujo quality 7i:ma/T inheritance
dream soñar sonhar mental shma:p, shcmas (dpl) inheritance
drink beber, tomar beber body Si, Si:p (multiple) inheritance
dry seco seco quality S7ar, S7a:r “to be dry” inheritance
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality xlqay “to be dull” mriny “to look dull” unknown
dust polvo poeira environment mi:pu/T inheritance
ear oreja orelha body shma:l inheritance
earth/soil tierra terra environment maT, ma\Tkwr7u/r inheritance
eat comer comer body nyawi:/ ma “in general” inheritance
egg huevo ovo fauna xma Su7a/p, xma\Su7a/p unknown
eye ojo olho body 7iyu/ inheritance
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body missing
fall caer cair motion SiLy “several to fall” inheritance
far lejos longe quality ma\Txmi:/rLy “far-away place” unknown
fat/grease grasa gordura body shay inheritance
father padre, papá pai kinship ny7a: (female speaking), nyaLy (man speaking) a na- word -- Not in IA inheritance
fear miedo medo mental mshya: inheritance
feather pluma pena fauna shawa/l inheritance
fire fuego fogo environment 7a7a:/ inheritance
fish xx xx fauna si'i/Ly inheritance
flow fluir fluir motion kup, raw unknown
flower flor flor environment supa/ny, Smal su:pa/ny unknown
fly volar voar motion man inheritance
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment Sa inheritance
foot pie pé body 7imi:/ inheritance
fruit fruta fruta flora xpaLy (of ironwood -- a legume- 7a: “mesquite bean”) unknown
good bueno bom quality mi:xa:/n, xany, xa:ny inheritance
grow crecer crescer state xmi: unknown
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body lmiS (body), mxwaL (head) unknown
hand mano mão body 7isha:Ly inheritance
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar animate subj: a:-, aw-, u-, u:-, 7aw-, 7u-; non-subject p- unknown
head cabeza cabeça body mkur unknown
hear oír ouvir mental 7i:7i:/p inheritance
heavy pesado pesado quality nyix, nyi:x inheritance
hide esconder esconder motion kw7aL unknown
hit golpear, pegar bater impact 7u:xa/m (w/ long object), cu (w/ thrown or held object), 7u:xwa/sh (with whip), sTu (with fist), ptax (with hand), shuku/p (with knuckles) unknown
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other shawi/n unknown
how? como como grammar km7ap “how can it be? unknown
1sg yo eu grammar subject nya:c (and various prefixes) inheritance
if si se grammar ny-, nya- unknown
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location Ly-, -Ly- (“in”), kway “the inside, interior” unknown
intestines intestinos intestinos body nypxa, pxa inheritance
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body SaqSaq 7i (body part to itch, to feel itchy), or ciqciq 7i “to feel itchy” loan direction unknown
kill matar matar impact nak unknown
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental 7u:ya:/ inheritance
lake lago lago environment xawiLy, xnyu inheritance
laugh reír rir mental 7u:Sa/y inheritance
leaf hoja folha environment wal unknown
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body kSark (direction) inheritance
leg/foot pierna perna body 7imi:/ inheritance
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion paT unknown
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment cu:la/m, su:la/m “lightning to flash” inheritance
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body 7i:pa/T; ci:pa/y (human) inheritance
liver hígado figado body cpuSu/, nycpuSu/ inheritance
long largo comprido, longo quality kuLy, ku:ly “to be long” inheritance
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna missing
lung pulmón pulmão body nymya:S unknown
man/male hombre homem human 7apa/, 7apa:s inheritance
meat/flesh carne carne fauna 7ima:c unknown
moon luna lua environment xLya7 inheritance
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship nyca:, nycal (living) inheritance
mouth boca boca body 7iya/ inheritance
name nombre nome human muLy inheritance
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body mpuk inheritance
near/close cerca de perto quality xrpay, xrpa:y “to be near” inheritance
neck cuello pescoço body missing
new nuevo novo quality xany, xa:ny “to be new” inheritance
night noche noite time cnyam “to be night” inheritance
no/not no não grammar la, mm, 7a~/7a~ “No”, lax “to be not” inheritance
nose nariz nariz body 7ixu/ inheritance
old viejo velho quality lu:lp, lu:l 7i, inheritance
one uno um number shiT inheritance
open/uncover abrir abrir other cuma/n, 7u:ku/p unknown
other otro outro grammar missing
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body rap, ra:p “to be in pain, of body” inheritance
person/human being persona pessoa human capa/y, capa:/y inheritance
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact kucu/, kusu/l; cuya/Ly (when wet) unknown
rain lluvia chuva environment p7ay inheritance
red rojo vermelho colour xwaT “to be red” inheritance
right/right hand derecha direita location/body kxanyk “right (direction)” inheritance
road/path camino caminho manufacture wanya/ inheritance
root raíz raiz flora kwshama/, kwshma, shma inheritance
rotten podrido podre quality shax “to be rotten” inheritance
sand arena areia environment lysh7a:, ma\TLysh7a:/, ma\Tsh7a:/, sh7a: unknown
say decir dizer mental 7i: inheritance
scratch rascar rasgar impact Lyqshaq; Sxwany (an itch) loan direction unknown
see ver ver mental wi: unknown
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality ya:p “to be sharp”, lyaqlyaq “to be sharp-pointed” inheritance
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact shTip “shoot at”, Tim “shoot and hit” inheritance
short corto curto quality xly7uT, xly7u:T “to be short” inheritance
shoulder hombro ombro body Spi:r unknown
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental mryu:, mrcyup, mryus inheritance
sit sentar(se) sentar state wa inheritance
skin piel pele body nykw7aL inheritance
sky cielo céu environment ma:, ma:Ly inheritance
sleep dormir dormir body shma: inheritance
small pequeño pequeno quality lycash, 7ilyca/sh “to be small” loan direction unknown
smoke humo fumaça environment xyay unknown
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body xwi inheritance
spit escupir cuspir body lxa unknown
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact cuTap (trs), Tap (intrs) inheritance
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact LkwiS “squeeze juice”, inheritance
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact 7u:sha/ inheritance
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state p7a:, wayk, ya:w inheritance
star estrella estrela environment kwLyap inheritance
steal robar roubar other wali/sh unknown
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora 7i: inheritance
stone piedra pedra environment wi:, xur inheritance
suck chupar chupar body sucu/k; pily, piS (baby); Su:x (a straw) loan into protolanguage
sweat sudar suor, suar body Lyxsus unknown
swell hincharse inchar body skwa unknown
swim nadar nadar motion nu:p unknown
tail cola, rabo rabo body shyuLy inheritance
that ese/esa esse grammar pu:, pu:c, pu:ny, 7upu:/, inheritance
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar animate subj: a:-, aw-, u-, u:-, 7aw-, 7u-; unknown
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality Smuck, shmuck (like boar), kwi:sh (like gravy) unknown
thin delgado fino quality rSa:w, S7i:T “to be thin” unknown
think pensar pensar mental Lyyu:m unknown
this este/esta este grammar pi:, -pic, -piny, pi:ny unknown
2sg xx xx grammar m, mapu/ inheritance
three tres tres number xmuk, xmu:k “to be three” inheritance
throat garganta garganta body 7inya/Ly inheritance
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact cap (small obj); sa (collecionof objs), waT (a few objs), wa:p (a long obj) unknown
thunder truenos trovão environment shu:ki/r inheritance
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact xir inheritance
tongue lengua lingua body mpaLy inheritance
tooth diente dente body 7iya/, 7iaya\wi: inheritance
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other kwany “turn around” unknown
two dos dois number xwak “to be two” inheritance
vomit vomitar vomitar body yu:q loan into protolanguage
walk caminar, andar andar motion p7aw inheritance
water agua agua environment xa inheritance
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar nya:c inheritance
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar nya:c; see “I” inheritance
wet mojado molhado quality xay inheritance
what? que, qué que grammar lu:ny, lu:p unknown
when? cuando quando grammar knyayu/m inheritance
where? donde onde grammar missing
white blanco branco colour xma:Ly inheritance
who? quien, quién quem grammar lu:ny, lu:p unknown
wife esposa esposa kinship wa\sway unknown
wind viento vento environment cxa inheritance
wing ala asa body 7irwi/r, 7isha:Ly inheritance
woman/female mujer mulher human s7ak inheritance
work trabajar trabalhar other rar loan
yawn bostezar bocejar body xkwa:k, 7iya/ xkwa:k inheritance
yellow amarillo amarelo colour qwaS “to be yellow” inheritance
2pl ustedes vocês grammar see “thou” inheritance


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
abalone flora-fauna Haliotis spp. şxkwi.l seashell unique Note 'Iipay Aa kwellyhiiw “money” broader (although I suspect Haliotis or Glycimeris is prototype) underived Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 1 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae šmuyúły ant inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Mo. chamaduuly, Co. šmuyúły, Yavapai čmyúl same underived Crawford 1989 0 0 2 0 0 no
antelope flora-fauna Antilocapra americana mɂu·ł antelope inheritance Proto-Yuman Yavapai mɂūl; Does this contain *?-mu(w) “bighorn sheep”?? with metath? Probably. WW %mo: same underived ; may have diachronic complexity Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
badger flora-fauna Taxidea taxus mxwa badger inheritance Proto-Yuman Mo. mahwa, 'Iipay Aa mehwa, Kiliwa mxwaa=pi-y-l=t-kw+yaq; Yavapi Yavapai mhwá·, same underived Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 yes
bald eagle flora-fauna Haliaeetus leucocephalus missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 1 no
band-tail pigeon flora-fauna Patagioenas fasciata missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp kwalynyaɂí· Western pipistrelle bat unique narrower (one kind of bat) underived must be complex but no analysis in source, complexity not synchronic? Crawford 1989 0 1 0 0 0 no
beaver flora-fauna Castor kpiny beaver unique Resemblant M. ɂapen same underived Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
beetle flora-fauna Coleoptera spp şxmnan pinacate beetle (Eleodes sp.) inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Yavapai čk/qnāna, 'Iipay Aa mes hanan same underived Crawford 1989 2 0 0 0 0 no
big round tule flora-fauna Schoenoplectus acutus xca reed inheritance Proto-Yuman Langdon 1976:871 (Metath); Mojave hatav'iily same underived Crawford 1989 2 1 2 0 0 no
big skunk flora-fauna Mephitis mephitis łyxwi·w skunk inheritance *xwiw (*kłʸikʷ) Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:96 (Langdon 1976:873 Metath) same underived Crawford notes xwi “smell, stink” (p. 114) Crawford 1989 2 2 0 0 0 no
big wolf (gray wolf) flora-fauna Canis lupus missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 0 yes
bighorn sheep flora-fauna Ovis canadensis mu łyayák bighorn sheep inheritance *?-mu(w) Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:80, 91 (has increment) WW %mo: same phrase sheep that.which.is.wild (a nice marking reversal) Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna ša bird inheritance *č-sa Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:81 underived Crawford 1989 0 0 0 0 0 no
black ant flora-fauna Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger šmuyúły nyi·ły black ant unique no info phrase ant black (calque?) Crawford 1989 2 0 0 0 0 no
black bear flora-fauna Ursus americanus ɂu·s bear loan Spanish WW %oso same underived Crawford 1989 1 2 0 0 0 yes
black-tail Jackrabbit flora-fauna Lepus californicus kɂuły jackrabbit inheritance Proto-Yuman Yavapai (ɂ)kúla, M. ɂakɂuuly same underived Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
blackberry flora-fauna Rubus ursinus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
blue grouse flora-fauna Dendrogapus? missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bobcat, lynx flora-fauna Lynx rufus nymi bobcat inheritance *nymi- Proto-Yuman Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91 same underived Crawford 1989 1 2 0 0 0 no
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera şxmalyáp butterfly inheritance Delta-California Iipay Aa mes-halyaap same underived no analysis in Crawford, but Iipay Aa mes-halyaap suggests diachronic complexity Crawford 1989 2 0 0 0 0 no
California condor flora-fauna Gymnogyps californianus missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 1 no
California jay flora-fauna Aphelocoma californica? missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
California woodpecker flora-fauna Melanerpes formicivorus? šcɂu·ny Gila woodpecker inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Mojave ɂisɂuun same underived Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 1 no
chia flora-fauna Salvia columbariae missing missing missing 1 1 1 0 0 no
chipmunk flora-fauna Tamias spp. missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
cliff swallow flora-fauna Petrochelidon pyrrhonota xmka swallow, purple Martin inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Mojave hamkyee same underived Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
coot flora-fauna Fulica americana missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
cottontail rabbit flora-fauna Sylvilagus audobonii xłyɂa· desert cottontail inheritance Proto-Yuman Kiliwa xa?law same underived Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
cottonwood flora-fauna Populus spp. xɂa cottonwood (Populus fremontii) inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Mojave ɂahɂa, Yavapai ɂhá(·) same underived Crawford 1989 2 0 2 0 0 no
coyote flora-fauna Canis latrans ţxpa, xţpa coyote inheritance Delta-California contains metathesized *(č)-xat “dog”; note 'Iipay Aa hattepaa same underived -pa element separable diachronically Crawford 1989 1 2 0 0 0 no
crow flora-fauna Corvus brachyrhynchos qa·q crow inheritance Proto-Yuman Sound-imitative but probably good as *qaaq same onomatopoeic but cognate Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
datura flora-fauna Datura wrightii şmál ka·pí·ţ jimsonweed doubtful loan Hokan Note Yavapai smá·lkktū·, Mojave ɂamalykatu; loan direction unknown although Yuma es'-mi-kă-peet' is clearly from Cocopa same phrase şmál “grass”, ka·pí·ţ “not reduced from şmál kwa·pí·ţ” whichwould yield “crazy grass” Crawford 280) Crawford 1989 1 1 1 1 0 yes
deer, mule flora-fauna Odocoileus hemionus kwak xntil mule deer inheritance Proto-Yuman Mojave ɂaqwaq, 'Iipay Aa 'ekwak, Yavapai (ɂ)kʷ/qʷá:qa; this is a loan blend with xntil from Spanish gentil “wild” same phrase deer wild Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
digger pine flora-fauna Pinus sabiniana missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris xaţ dog inheritance *(č)-xat “dog” Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:83 same underived Crawford 1989 0 0 0 0 0 no
dogbane flora-fauna Apocynum cannabinum missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna Zenaida macrocoura li·kú·, lku· western mourning dove inheritance *k-wi(?) Proto-Yuman Metath not noted by Langdon 1976; Mixco 1978:84 same underived Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae nyimí· láplá·p any duck unique same phrase ny-imí· láplá·p its-foot flat Crawford 1989 0 1 0 0 0 no
elder flora-fauna Sambucus xsa·wk elderberry (Sambucus mexicana) unique same underived Crawford 1989 2 1 1 0 0 no
elk flora-fauna Cervas elaphus missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna siɂíły fish inheritance *?-či· Proto-Yuman Langdon 1979:637 FISH, also contains the ?-?il WORM word same underived diachronically fish-worm Crawford 1989 0 1 0 0 0 no
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna Siphonaptera missing missing missing 2 0 0 0 0 no
flicker flora-fauna Colaptes sp. missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera şxlʸmu fly, housefly (Musa domestica) inheritance Proto-Yuman Mojave thily'ahmo same underived Crawford 1989 0 0 0 0 0 no
foothills yucca flora-fauna Yucca whipplei missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
fox flora-fauna Vulpes, Urocyon màţkawá· gray fox inheritance *p-rxa·w/m-rxa·w Proto-Yuman Langdon 1979:637 FOX same phrase màţ is “earth”; kawá· appears only in this word Crawford 1989 2 2 0 0 0 no
frog (generic) flora-fauna xanyá frog inheritance Proto-Yuman resemblant M. hanye -- probably cognate but I'm not sure same underived Crawford 1989 2 2 0 0 0 no
golden eagle flora-fauna Aquila chrysaetos špa eagle inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Mojave M. ɂaspa same underived Crawford 1989 1 2 0 0 1 no
gooseberry flora-fauna Ribes spp. missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
gopher snake, bull snake flora-fauna Pituophis catenifer missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) şmal grass, hay, shrub, bush inheritance Delta-California Iipay Aa ɂesemay broader (see definition) underived Crawford 1989 0 0 0 0 0 no
grasshopper flora-fauna Caelifera łxmpaţ grasshopper, horse lubber (Taeniopoda eques) inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Yavapai kąpámka, Kiliwa xnkpaap, Yuma >hīk-ahm-putk' narrower (defined as a species -- but I'll bet it's generic) underived Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
gray ground squirrel flora-fauna Sphermophilus sp. ci·š roundtail ground squirrel (Citellus tereticaudus) inheritance Proto-Yuman Mojave ɂatiis same underived Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
gray tree squirrel flora-fauna Sciurus spp. missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
great horned owl flora-fauna Bubo virginianus cu·pí·c great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) unique same underived no analysis in Crawford Crawford 1989 1 2 2 0 1 no
grizzly bear flora-fauna Ursus arctos horribilis missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 0 yes
horned toad flora-fauna Phrynosomatidae cxnyaş horned toad unique same underived Crawford 1989 A Cocopa totem (Crawford) 2 2 2 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus qwaqš horse unique Could this possibly be ultimately from caballo?? same underived Crawford 1989 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae nyírnyír hummingbird inheritance Proto-Yuman Inheritance (Arcilocus costae?) Mojave, Cocopa, 'Iipay Aa narrower (defined as a species -- but I'll bet it's generic) reduplicated possibly sound-imitative but cognate Crawford 1989 0 0 0 0 0 no
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana spp. ɂu·p tobacco, cigarette loan into protolanguage Proto-Yuman unknown Mojave 'a'uuv, etc. This must be a very old loan from "Hokan"-level antiquity, or perhaps substratal, cf. Karuk 7uhípih, Chimariko h-óphat ‘smoking’, Proto-Palaihnihan *o:xpi (a Campbell "Pan-Americanism" but in fact only in California, I think) WW %7u:p broader (includes cigarette) underived Crawford 1989 1 1 1 1 0 yes
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic no generic unique unknown 0 0 2 0 0 variable
junco flora-fauna Junco sppp missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
juniper flora-fauna Juniperus californica missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
louse flora-fauna order Phtiraptera ɂiɂíÍłʸ headlice semantic shift *?-?il Proto-Yuman Resemblant Yavapai hɂél but not cognate?; from WORM (really VERMIN, VARMINT) same underived Crawford 1989 2 0 0 0 0 no
mallard flora-fauna Anas platyrhynchos missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
manzanita flora-fauna Arctostaphylos spp. missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
milkweed, broad leaf flora-fauna Asclepias eriocarpa missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
milkweed, narrow leaf flora-fauna Asclepias fascicularis missing missing missing 0 1 1 0 0 no
mission tule flora-fauna Juncus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
mockingbird flora-fauna Mimus polyglottos šàkwi·lá· mockingbird inheritance *č-sa -kwila Proto-Yuman Contains *č-sa “bird”; this combo in Yav., Cocopa same underived no analysis in Crawford Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera šxmpu·l mosquito inheritance *smpul Proto-Yuman Langdon 1979:637 FLY (*smpul “mosquito”) same underived Crawford 1989 0 0 0 0 0 no
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna Heterocera missing missing missing 2 0 0 0 0 no
mountain lion flora-fauna Puma concolor nymca· mountain lion inheritance *nymi-tay Proto-Yuman Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91 same underived diachronically bobcat-big Crawford 1989 1 2 0 0 0 yes
mountain quail flora-fauna Oreortyx pictus kuka·k Gambel quail loan Takic widespread kaka, kakata, takata, etc. forms in California WW %kaka same underived reduced from xmàkuka·k (xma “chicken”)_ Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
mussel flora-fauna Mytilus spp. missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
olivella (olive snail) flora-fauna Callianax biplicata missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 1 no
pinyon jay flora-fauna Cyanocitta stelleri? missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
pinyon pine flora-fauna Pinus monophylla ɂi·xwí· pine (and pine nuts) inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Kiliwa ?+khiiw; ?+xiw “pine nuts” broader (includes pine nuts) underived Crawford 1989 2 1 2 0 1 no
pismo clam flora-fauna Tivella stultorum swi· clam shell, clam unique same underived Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 1 no
pocket gopher flora-fauna Thomomys ţkši pocket gopher inheritance Proto-Yuman Langdon 1976:872 metath same underived Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
poison oak flora-fauna Toxicodendron diversilobum missing missing missing 2 2 2 0 0 yes
rattlesnake flora-fauna Crotalus spp. ɂawí rattlesnake inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Kiliwa ?+wi? broader (any snake) underived Crawford 1989 1 2 0 0 0 yes
red ant flora-fauna Solenopsis spp šmuyúły ɂaxwáţ red ant unique no info phrase ant red (calque?) Crawford 1989 1 0 1 0 0 no
red-shouldered blackbird flora-fauna Agelaius phoeniceus şqway qlucá·w redwinged blackbird inheritance Delta-California Iipay Aa hah-se-kwi' (Merriam) same phrase blackbird ?(element appearing only in this expression) Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
red-tailed hawk flora-fauna Buteo jamaicensis xma pkwya·w western red-tailed hawk inheritance Delta-California Note 'Iipay Aa pā'-kwahlCH; ep'-kwahCH same phrase chicken hawk (a neologism??) Crawford 1989 2 2 0 0 0 no
roadrunner flora-fauna Geococcyx californianus clpu roadrunner loan into protolanguage Proto-Yuman Takic Langdon 1976:873 Metath; "carrier" possibly folk etymology on %pu:??? WW %pu: same underived Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
ruddy duck flora-fauna Oxyura jamaicensis missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
sage herb flora-fauna Artemisia californica missing missing missing 2 2 1 0 0 no
salmon/steelhead flora-fauna Oncorhynchus mykiss missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
scaly lizard flora-fauna Pygopus lepidopodus? missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
small bird flora-fauna missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
small brown lizard flora-fauna missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna ɂawí appears in other snake names, always in phrase inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Kiliwa ?+wi? same underived Crawford 1989 0 1 0 0 0 no
soaproot flora-fauna Chlorogalum missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
sour berry flora-fauna Rhus trilobata missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
sparrow hawk flora-fauna Falco mspily sparrow hawk or American kestrel (Falco sparviverus) inheritance Delta-California Iipay Aa mespily same underived first element cognate with 'Iipay Aa mes-, separable in a number of words, no clear meaning Crawford 1989 2 2 0 0 0 no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae xłycuc spider inheritance Proto-Yuman IA hellytutt “black widow spider”, Mojave halytot same underived Crawford 1989 0 0 2 0 0 variable
spotted skunk flora-fauna Spilogale gracilis missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna Bufonidae missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) ɂayá· tree, willow semantic shift Proto-Yuman Only case I know where “willow” is prototypical tree same underived 0 0 2 0 0 no
tree yucca flora-fauna Yucca schidegera missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
turkey buzzard flora-fauna Cathartes aura šayí· buzzard inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Yavapai sé·, Mojave ?ase, Kiliwa sii same underived Crawford 1989 2 2 0 0 0 no
turtle (generic) flora-fauna Testudines xnya·r turtle inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Kiliwa xnaal; Yuma axnaraxna/r Halpern 3:207 same underived Crawford 1989 2 2 0 0 1 no
valley live oak flora-fauna Quercus agrifolia snya· oak, acorn inheritance Delta-California Iipay Aa ɂesnyaaw broader (includes acorn) underived Crawford 1989 2 1 2 0 1 no
valley oak flora-fauna Quercus lobata missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 1 no
valley quail flora-fauna Callipepla californica missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
Washington clam flora-fauna Saxidomus nuttalli missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
Western Canada goose flora-fauna Branta canadensis ya·lák wild goose loan into protolanguage unknown M. yaalak must be a loan from Cocopa; Words with this general structure very widespread in western NAM, probably sound-imitative originally WW %lala ~ %lak broader (any wild goose, apparently) underived Crawford 1989 0 1 0 0 0 no
whale flora-fauna Eschrichtius robustus xàlšɂá·ţ whale, possibly porpoise unique broader (perhaps whales and porpoises -- “Cetacean”) underived no analysis in Crawford; however note xàlqwcá·c “name of a personage in a myth, called variously dragon, whale, and water snake” Crawford p. 341) Crawford 1989 2 1 2 0 1 no
white pelican flora-fauna Pelicanus erythrorhynchos knyɂuy a gray and white bird, possibly a pelican unique Note M. iiya kwinyiihuly same underived no analysis in Crawford Crawford 1989 0 2 0 0 0 no
wild grapevine flora-fauna Vitis californica missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
wild oats flora-fauna Avena (introduction) missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
wild rose flora-fauna Rosa californica missing missing missing 0 1 2 0 0 no
wild sunflower flora-fauna Helianthus (and other genera) nya supány sunflower unique same phrase nya supány sun flower (calque?) Crawford 1989 0 1 0 0 0 no
willow flora-fauna Salix spp. ɂayá· tree, willow inheritance with *-yaaw Proto-Yuman JHH Langdon mentions somewhere with no recon broader (generic for tree) underived Crawford 1989 2 2 1 0 0 no
wood rat, round-tail flora-fauna Neotoma spp. ɂamíły wood rat inheritance Proto-Yuman Kiliwa ?+maql, Yavapai (ɂ)mālka;, 'Iipay Aa ɂemallk; Yuma ah-mi'-ĕk?? same underived Crawford 1989 2 1 0 0 0 no
worm, hairy caterpillar flora-fauna Arctiidae (many species) nyawí· lmiş hairy caterpillar unique no info phrase nyawí· lmiş thing hairy Crawford 1989 2 2 0 0 0 no
worm, smooth caterpillar flora-fauna Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper maɂí·ły worm, maggot, rice unique Contains *?-?il, WORM (Proto-Yuman), Langdon 1979:639 broader (see gloss) underived no analysis in Crawford, but diachronically complex Crawford 1989 2 2 0 0 0 no
yellow jacket flora-fauna Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. şxmpa· yellowjacket inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Kiliwa cpaaw, 'Iipay Aa metpaaw, Mojave thaampo, Yuma mes-paw' unknown Crawford 1989 2 0 0 0 0 no
yellowbird flora-fauna Dendroica petechia missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
yerba santa flora-fauna Eriodictyon californicum missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna shmuyu/Ly inheritance
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna sha inheritance
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Sxlymu inheritance
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna xaT, xa:T (plural) inheritance
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna Smal inheritance
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna kwak inheritance
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna 7awi/ “rattlesnake” inheritance
spider araña aranha flora-fauna xLycuc inheritance


Cultural Vocabulary (115)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
acorn mush food šu:wi: mush, gravy made with corn and white beans inheritance Proto-Yuman see Kiliwa s-wiy derived but I don'tknow how it works, not -a- here Crawford 1989
ball game food kaxa:l kickball unknown derived ka- is IP for 'with the foot' Crawford 1989
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology màTkWşapú the land of the dead unique compound maT 'land', şapú ;one who is dead, deceased relative' Crawford 1989
feather headband dress kupu:r headband, kerchief (not the same as the California feather headband) inheritance Proto-Yuman see Mojave makupuur 'hat'; might be a loan, of course derived k- Crawford 1989
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool 7i:pá arrow, bullet, cartridge inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH simplex Crawford 1989
arrow straightener other missing missing
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool missing missing
school escuela escola acculturation 7awnYúr 7usá:w Caps are superscript in Crawford 1989 school unique phrase (sa:w 'read' 7awnYur 'writing') Crawford 1989
stone bowl culture-material missing missing
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material knYxu basket, canoe unknown derived k- Crawford 1986
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material missing Missing
basketry hat culture-material missing Missing
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material şak7ú:l beads inheritance Proto-Yuman see Mojave simplex Crawford 1989
ochre culture-mythology missing Missing
bow arco arco subsistence tool 7i:cim(ayá:) bow (and arrow) inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH simplex 7ayá: 'willow' Crawford 1989
canoe canoa canoa transport knYxu basket, canoe (probably not dugout, I don't know style of boats) unknown derived Crawford 1989
carrying net subsistence tool 7uyúLY carrying net, net for hanging clothes in unknown simplex Crawford 1989
bottle botella garrafa acculturation lmet bottle loan Spanish WW %limida also xLY7u simplex Crawford 1989
paper papel papel acculturation papí:l paper, letter, book loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Crawford 1989
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology kWmšyaráy chairman, captain, leader unknown derived Crawford 1989
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool LaxWá:y war club unknown simplex xWa 'soldier, warrior' Crawford 1989
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress missing missing
cook food food nYawí: rar work for (someone), be occupied with, be at work on, cook, prepare (food to eat) inheritance *wi Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:84 derived Crawford 1989
corpse food mşapás someone recently dead, a corpse unknown derived mşpa 'die' Crawford 1989
dance (generic) culture-mythology 7i:má to dance inheritance *ma(7) Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:84 simplex Crawford 1989
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology kùkmá:T a Cocopa, and probably pan-Yuman, deity unknown derived Crawford 1989
digging stick subsistence tool şmál nYmawpú:n digging hoe unique phrase grass/weed. To.hoe Crawford 1989
dipper subsistence tool xa nYmšunYá:y dipper unique phrase xa 'water' šnYa: to dip Crawford 1989
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology šma:p to dream inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH always from 'sleep' simplex Crawford 1989
drone pipe culture-mythology missing missing
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology waxá:m drum unknown simplex Crawford 1989
chicken gallina galinha acculturation xma chicken semantic shift Proto-Yuman probably from Gambel's Quail; note Kiliwa has same shift (with a marking reversal) simplex Crawford 1989
earring other šma:l şakWí:nY earrings inheritance *$mal(k) 'ear' Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:84 phrase ear to.wear.earrings (şkWinY) Crawford 1989
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology lxwacáq nYšuLY s7uLY devil unknown phrase ghost tail arrow Crawford 1989
fire drill subsistence tool 7u:ká to make fire with fire drill inheritance Delta-Californian I A ko-katch 'fire drill' simplex Crawford 1989
fire-tender culture-mythology kWLYamá:r firemaker unknown derived Crawford 1989
fireplace hogar lareira other missing missing
firewood leña lenha other 7i: wood inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH simplex Crawford 1989
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food si7ílY pwac I am fishing (sitting for fish) unique phrase Crawford 1989
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool missing missing
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool si7ílY (nY)mpuwá:w fishing pole and line unique phrase Crawford 1989
fish hook subsistence tool muLYcác barrel cactus, fish hook unknown simplex Crawford 1989
acorn bread food missing missing
wheat food nYpa: xa:nY white man's wheat semantic shift Proto-Yuman Kiliwa has same word phrase Distichlis palmeri plus be.new Crawford 1989
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology wílwí(:)l flute inheritance Proto-Yuman Mojave wilawil 'musical instrument' reduplicated Crawford 1989
gambling sticks other missing missing
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food missing missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology lxwacáq ghost, television unknown derived xcaq 'be bad' Crawford 1989
glue subsistence tool cxpiL glue inheritance Proto-Yuman see Kiliwa 'pitch' simplex Crawford 1989
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology (mşapás) LypawnYá:r grave unique phrase 7u:nyár 'to bury' Crawford 1989
alcohol food xa rap, xaráp liquor, whiskey, any beverage w/ high alcoholic content semantic shift compound water, body.to.hurt Crawford 1989
Datura wrightii narcotics şmál ka:pít Jimson weed (Datura discolor) inheritance shares smaly root phrase NOT 'crazy Kwa:pi:t)grass', but close Crawford 1989
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology şkWi:yá: doctor, shaman, medicine man, witch unknown simplex Crawford 1989
honey miel mel food nYi:l honey loan Spanish WW %miel simplex Crawford 1989
house other wa house, home, homeland,room inheritance *wa(7) Proto-Yuman JHH simplex Crawford 1989
hunt cazar caçar food nYay hunt, search or look for inheritance Delta-Californian simplex Crawford 1989
initiate boy culture-mythology missing missing
initiate girl culture-mythology missing missing
knife cuchillo faca culture-material wi: metal, knife, rock, mountain inheritance Proto-Yuman Mo 7avii 'mountain' simplex Crawford 1989
mat culture-material missing missing
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool xmu mortar (said to be made of cottonwood or mesquite) inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH simplex Crawford 1989
necklace other xanYá:k necklace inheritance Proto-Yuman WW derived xnYak put on or wear a necklace; derivation with infix -a- Crawford 1989
needle/awl subsistence tool šwakWí:LY needle unknown derived šukWíLY to sew; derivation with infix -a- Crawford 1989
paddle/oar remo remo transport missing missing
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool xmu:ká: pestle inheritance Proto-Yuman xmu: is the 'mortar' word simplex Crawford 1989
pinole food pinó:l pinole, ground roasted wheat (and possibly corn) loan Spanish WW %pinole simplex Crawford 1989
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other (7u:p) mukWínY pipe for smoking tobacco inheritance Delta-Californian phrase Crawford 1989
pitch food missing missing
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool LYu:más cooking pot inheritance Proto-Yuman Lyu: 'cook' in Mojave simplex Crawford 1989
quiver subsistence tool kupíT quiver (for arrows) loan direction unknown Mojave simplex Crawford 1989
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology kwak nYcaşíl deer hoof rattle unknown phrase deer its-rattle Crawford 1989
red paint culture-mythology missing missing
salt sal sal food ş7ir salt inheritance *7iR < s-7iR Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:95 simplex Crawford 1989
seed beater subsistence tool missing missing
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology nYu7á:l clothes unknown derived from 'wear'?? Crawford 1989
sinew-backed bow subsistence tool missing missing
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material šayú:l kánkán skirt inheritance Delta-Californian See 'Iipay Aa heyul phrase dress ? Crawford 1989
snare subsistence tool pcu:pí:T trap unknown simplex Crawford 1989
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology suyáw song, that which one sings inheritance Delta-Californian root is -yaaw in IA?? derived sya: 'sing' Crawford 1989
spear lanza lança subsistence tool nYša7úr spear unknown derived Crawford 1989
stirring stick food 7ará:s mca:wá:r fire poker, stick for stirring coals unique phrase 7ara:s coals, coal, charcoal; cawa:r, šwa:r 'stir' (coals)?? Crawford 1989
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture xkWa: string used in making blankets unknown simplex Crawford 1989
bag, sack culture-material kmi sack, bag inheritance Proto-Yuman see Kiliwa simplex Crawford 1989
string of shell money other missing missing
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation 7asúkr sugar loan Spanish WW %azúcar simplex Crawford 1989
sweathouse other missing missing
tell history culture-mythology missing missing
cremate culture-mythology maLY cremate, burn a corpse inheritance Proto-Yuman Kiliwa maal root in 'burn', 'flame' simplex Crawford 1989
tobacco (native) narcotics 7u:p tobacco, cigarette loan into protolanguage Proto-Yuman Hokan WW %7u:p JHH simplex Crawford 1989
tule boat transport ku:páp raft (made of tule or bullrushes) unknown derived Crawford 1989
white paint culture-mythology missing missing
winnowing basket culture-material missing missing
wood tray subsistence tool missing missing
shoes zapatos sapatos dress xmanyáw shoes (unpossessed) inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH; see Kiliwa simplex Crawford 1989
medicine narcotics m(i)rsín medicine loan Spanish WW %medecina simplex Crawford 1989
cradleboard culture-material kWanyúk 7uyák cradlebasket frame unknown phrase baby lie Crawford 1989
policeman polícia policía acculturation capáy kWaxí:r policeman unknown phrase person catch Crawford 1989
soldier soldado soldado acculturation xWa army, soldier, fighter, warrior semantic shift Proto-Yuman Kiliwa xwa 'warrior, enemy' simplex Crawford 1989
corn food xca:s corn unique simplex Crawford 1989
beans food mri:k beans loan unknown WW %mun very widespread loan simplex Crawford 1989
cat gato gato acculturation kíri cat loan English WW %kitty simplex Crawford 1989
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation 7i:cim gun, rifle, bow semantic shift Proto-Yuman simplex Crawford 1989
hat sombero chapéu dress (nY)şpu:l hat semantic shift Proto-Yuman note Kiliwa m+puul 'basketry hat' derived Crawford 1989
clapper acculturation missing missing
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture yu7a/r inheritance
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material xanya:/r, xa:nya/:r “domed roof”, wa ya:l, way wal “roof of a ramada” unknown
bottom grinding stone manufacture xpi inheritance
digging stick subsistence tool Smal nymawpu:/n “digging hoe” unique
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture missing
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture xpusa/ loan
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool missing
spearthrower subsistence tool 7i:ci/m, 7i:ci\maya:/ “bow (and arrow)” unknown
spear lanza lança subsistence tool nysha7u/r unknown
house other nywa, wa, wa:s inheritance


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
large AG dense sedentary no