Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

bat

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: murciélago
Meaning Portuguese: morcego

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	General Notes
Achagua	Chiroptera spp.	híʃiri	híʃiri		inheritance													See Language page
Aché	Chiroptera spp.		bupi		inheritance													See Language page
Aguaruna	Chiroptera spp.	jiíncham	xi:ntʃam		doubtful loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown			Candoshi										See Language page
Akawaio	Chiroptera spp.	marbak	marbak		unknown		Akawaio, Pemon	shared Pemon										See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Andoke	Chiroptera spp.	noe	noe		loan, direction unknown			Ocaina nõõɯ̃										See Language page
Apalai	Chiroptera spp.	rere	rere		inheritance													See Language page
Araona	Chiroptera spp.		biɲa															See Language page															Tacn form is bina.
Ashuar	Chiroptera spp.	nungkáim, jeéncham, jíncham, warásham, anchúmir, wajéng	nuŋkaim, xɯ:nʧam, xinʧam, waraʃam, antʃumir, waxɯŋ															See Language page
Ayoreo	Chiroptera spp.		čaabo'to															See Language page
Baniwa	Chiroptera spp.	píittiri, wayáamani, waaróda	píit̪iɻi, wajáamani, waaɻóda		inheritance		Central North Arawak		Also wajáamani, waaɻóda				uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Bankalachi Toloim	Chiroptera spp	chim'-chim		bat	loan			Yokuts	Yowlumne tsim-tsim; chim'-chim (Merriam); Wikchamni chim'-chim'			same	underived	obvious reduplication but in Yokuts				C. H. Merriam 72-77, 60-449		0		1		0				0	0			no
Barasano	Chiroptera spp.	osó	osó															See Language page
Bardi	Chiroptera spp	lirinbiny	lirinbin		unique								underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Bará	Chiroptera spp.		o'ho															See Language page
Barí	Chiroptera spp.		dohdōngba															See Language page
Baure	Chiroptera spp.	βi'te-ṛ̌	βi'te-ṛ̌		inheritance													See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	Chiroptera spp	hono-ppiccih		Bat	inheritance	*ho'napi	Numic		Stubbs 126 (2008:58), western & Central Numic			narrower (a species of bat, probably)	other complex	has -piccih ABS				Crapo 1976:109		0		1		0				0	0			no
Bora	Chiroptera spp.	kʰíkʰiíxye, kikiíye (FS)	kʰíkʰiíxjɛ		inheritance													See Language page
Bunuba	Chiroptera spp	bangali	parnkali		loan			Jarragan	loan into various; Worrorra parnkalya - source?	WW	%parnkal		underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Burarra	Chiroptera spp	missing	garnapinybiny		unique															0		1		0				0	0			no
Cahuilla	Chiroptera spp	pálil	ˈpalil	bat (the animal)	inheritance	pati7a/paCti7a “bat”; *pata “fly”	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2009:56-57 derives from pati7a/paCti7a “bat” (S124). But Numic and Cora all have pa[c/ch]a, which should reflect paCtsV. -Cts- regularly yields Cahuilla /s/, not /l/. A problematic set. Note pata “fly” S902, p. 153.			same	other complex	pali (simplex root)-l (non-possessed noun suffix)	-7aʃ “pet”	takes possessive classifier -7aʃ (Seiler 1977:305		Seiler&Hioki 1979:140	no info	0	Bats are often associated with mediation with underworld, but I find no information for Cahuilla. Bat was defeated by Coyote in a gambling game (Seiler 1970:58)	1		no info	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0	Ubiquitous, since species is not known	all habitats	no
Camsa	Chiroptera spp.	tʃimbiláko	tʃimbiláko															See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra	Chiroptera spp.	llómira, zoopi	ntʃómiɾa, ʂoopi		doubtful loan, direction unknown			Jivaroan xi:ntʃam										See Language page
Canela	Chiroptera spp.		c̷ɛprɛ															See Language page
Carapana	Chiroptera spp.	oso	ósó, ɔsɔ															See Language page
Carijona	Chiroptera spp.	rere (SM)	re’re(H&R)		inheritance		Guyana and Makiritari/Mapoyo branches											See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Cavineña	Chiroptera spp.	bina; maka-bina (latter is "vampire bat")	bina; maka-bina															See Language page
Cayuvava	Chiroptera spp.		čeča															See Language page
Central Aymara	Chiroptera spp.	chiñi	čiɲi															See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	Chiroptera spp	Tipí:sis:i-		bat	inheritance		Sierra Miwokan only		Also in Miss				reduplicated					Freeland & Broadbent 1960		0		1		0				0	0			no
Cha'palaa	Chiroptera spp.		'šupa; 'aa-'šupa															See Language page
Chemehuevi	Chiroptera spp	pahts'-ats	pá·tsaɂatsI JPH	Bat (Molossus type)	inheritance	*pati'a/paCti'a	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 124 (2008:56)			narrower (kind of bat)	other complex	pá·tsaɂa-tsI bat-ABSolutive (non-possessed noun)				Merriam 59:521		0		1		0				0	0			no
Chipaya	Chiroptera spp.		čiɲa															See Language page
Chiriguano	Chiroptera spp.		aⁿdira		inheritance													See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja	Chiroptera spp.		exeyeʔ (f.)															See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	Chiroptera spp	makal		bat	inheritance	*mVkala	Proto-Chumash		Klar 1977:68	WW	%tamakala		underived					Beeler 1978:179		0		1		0				0	0			no
Chumash Ineseno	Chiroptera spp	mak al		bat	inheritance	*mVkala	Proto-Chumash			WW	%tamakala		underived					Klar 1977:68		0		1		0				0	0			no
Chumash Obispeno	Chiroptera spp	mitʸala		bat	inheritance	*mVkala	Proto-Chumash			WW	%tamakala		underived					Klar 1977:68		0		1		0				0	0			no
Chumash Ventureno	Chiroptera spp	makaL		bat	inheritance	*mVkala	Proto-Chumash		Klar 1977:88	WW	%tamakala		underived					Merriam 55:37; JPH III:91:0391		0		1		0				0	0			no
Chácobo	Chiroptera spp.	kaši	kaši		inheritance			cf. Paez khĩtse										See Language page
Cocopa	Chiroptera spp	kwalynyaɂí·		Western pipistrelle bat	unique							narrower (one kind of bat)	underived	must be complex but no analysis in source, complexity not synchronic?				Crawford 1989		0		1		0				0	0			no
Cofán	Chiroptera spp.	quitsa	kitsa															See Language page															phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Comanche	Chiroptera spp	hɨnɨbi pokaa?		bat	inheritance	*ho'napi	Numic		Stubbs 126 (2008;58), Western & Central Numic; what is pokaa?			narrower (a kind of bat)	phrase	bat X				Robinson & Armagost 1990:161		0		1		0				0	0			no
Cubeo	Chiroptera spp.	oðorʉ (término genérico), cũioðorʉ, meaoðorʉ	o'jó-rɨ, oðolʉ (término genérico), kũioðolʉ, mɛaoðolʉ		inheritance		Proto-Tukanoan		Also cũioðorʉ, meaoðorʉ, o'jó-rɨ				uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Cuiva	Chiroptera spp.	jahuatsito, jahuʉto	hawatsí-to, hautsí-to	murciélago/chengale														Kondo 1983:113															[loan Piapoco?]
Cupeño	Chiroptera spp	machi$at	ˈmaʧişat	bat	unique							same	other complex	machi$a-t bat-non.possessed.noun (npn); root may have derivation	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	no info	Hill & Nolasquez 1973:161	no info	0	bats are usually significant but I find no mention	1	I doubt they were eaten	no info	no info	no info	no info	0	0	Americas	diverse habitats	no
Desano	Chiroptera spp.	oyo	o'jó, oyo		inheritance		Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Dhangu	Chiroptera spp	missing			missing								missing							0		1		0				0	0			no
Dhay’yi	Chiroptera spp	missing			missing															0		1		0				0	0			no
Dhuwal	Chiroptera spp	missing			missing								missing							0		1		0				0	0			no
Djeoromitxi	Chiroptera spp.	beretxe	beretʃe															See Language page
Djinang	Chiroptera spp	missing			missing								missing							0		1		0				0	0			no
Dâw	Chiroptera spp.	bʉx	bʉx		inheritance								underived					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Epena	Chiroptera spp.		imi'čiči															See Language page															A 'vampire bat' is 'ĩkʰa.
Ese Ejja	Chiroptera spp.		ɓiɲa															See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	Chiroptera spp.	biɲa	biɲa															See Language page
Esselen	Chiroptera spp	missing			missing								missing							0		1		0				0	0			no
Eñepa	Chiroptera spp.	ɲinke	ɲinke		doubtful loan, direction unknown			Northern Emberá ĩŋká	Emberá ĩŋká									See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Gabrielino	Chiroptera spp	po-vah-kaht	poˈva:kat (?)	bat	inheritance	*pɨvakaC-	Takic		Kitanemuk pɨvakat; “Takic” should be taken with caution because consultant was the same for Kitanemuk and Gabrielino (Mrs. Rosenmyre). But correspondence looks good.			same	other complex	poˈva:ka-t bat-non.possessed.noun (npn); root may be derived	-ʔaʧ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals		at http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 417	no info	0	usually significant but no information	1		no info	no info	no info	no info	0	0	Americas	diverse habitats	no
Gajirrabeng	Chiroptera spp	barnkalng	parnkalng,		inheritance	parnkal	Jarragan		borrowed into Bu, Walm etc; also binytyirripiny	WW	%parnkal		underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Gooniyandi	Chiroptera spp	nyumbul̠‑	nyumpurl		inheritance	nyumpurl	Bunuban						underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Guayabero	Chiroptera spp.	hɨ́awa-t	hɨ́awa-t		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown			Yanomami hɨwɨ, hewesi	Yanomami hewǝ				uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Gumatj	Chiroptera spp	lämbiny	la:mbiny		unique															0		1		0				0	0			no
Gupapuyngu	Chiroptera spp	wiñiwiñi	gurrnyinyi		unique				cognate with the YNhangu word for ‘yellow’?				simplex							0		1		0				0	0			no
Gurindji	Chiroptera spp	parnkal	parnkal		loan			Jarragan		WW	%parnkal		underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Guugu Yimidhirr	Chiroptera spp	thibuul	thiibuul		unique								underived							0		1		0				0	0
Hodï	Chiroptera spp.	ʰkʷayuwã	ʰkʷayuwã		doubtful loan, direction unknown			Salivan, see Saliva kʷãĩxuga	compare Piapoco "iwàju", Yavitero "waju"				uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Huambisa	Chiroptera spp.	jeencham	xɨ:ntʃam															See Language page
Hup	Chiroptera spp.	cɨb'ɨ́h	cɨb'ɨ́h		inheritance								other complex	lexicalized cV- prefix?				See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Ignaciano	Chiroptera spp.		wite															See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	Chiroptera spp	milyaapan		bat	unique							narrower (a kind of bat; another kind is milywaaw; neither identified)	underived	Dictionary and grammar have insufficient information to do much analysis				Couro & Hutcheson 1973		0		1		0				0	0			no
Ingá	Chiroptera spp.	chimbilaku	túta síki(H&R)															See Language page
Iquito	Chiroptera spp.	jaáti	haáti		inheritance													See Language page
Itonama	Chiroptera spp.		yururu															See Language page
Jaru	Chiroptera spp	binjirrmi	pintyirrmi		loan			Kajirrabeng	Kaj. pinytyirripiny	WW	%pinytyirrminy		uncoded							0		1		0				0	0			no
Jingulu	Chiroptera spp	marrangkutyki	marrangkutyki		unknown								underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Kabiyari	Chiroptera spp.	pít̪iri	pít̪iɾi															See Language page
Kaingang	Chiroptera spp.	krygfèj	krɨŋΦɛy															See Language page
Kakataibo	Chiroptera spp.		kašã ~ kãša															See Language page															Also kaĩša (dial.); kaia (dial.). Panoan kaši.
Kakua	Chiroptera spp.	~dʉwˀ	nɨwʔ		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown			Ocaina nõõɯ̃	nõõï̃, nõã́ã́ʔɸiʔtʸa				underived					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Kanamarí	Chiroptera spp.	ihnam	ihnam	morcego														Magalhães 2018:357
Karajarri	Chiroptera spp	ŋariminjaminja	ŋarriminyaminya		unique								reduplicated							0		1		0				0	0			no
Kariña	Chiroptera spp.	rere	rere	bat														Yamada 2010:799														no
Karitiana	Chiroptera spp.	asori	asoɾi		unknown													See Language page
Katukina	Chiroptera spp.		kãči															See Language page
Kawaiisu	Chiroptera spp	paacaɁaa-zi		bat	inheritance	*pati'a/paCti'a	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 124 (2008):56			same	other complex	paacaɁaa-zi bat-ABSolutive (non-possessed noun)				Zigmond et al.		0		1		0				0	0			no
Kija	Chiroptera spp	pankalji	pankaltyi		inheritance	parnkal	Jarragan						other complex							0		1		0				0	0			no
Kiliwa	Chiroptera spp	xmcaw		bat (Eptesicus fucus); large, brown	unique							narrower (a kind of bat)	underived					Mixco 1985		0		1		0				0	0			no
Kitanemuk	Chiroptera spp	pɨvakat	ˈpɨvakat	bat	inheritance	*pɨvakaC-	Takic		“Takic” should be taken with caution because consultant was the same for Kitanemuk and Gabrielino (Mrs. Rosenmyre). But correspondence w/ Gab. po-vah-kaht looks good.			same	other complex	ˈpɨvaka-t bat-non.possessed.noun (npn)	-ʔacit "pet"	possessive classifier for animals		Anderton 1988:478	no info	0		1		no info	no info	no info	no info	0	0	Americas	diverse habitats	no
Koko-Bera	Chiroptera spp	MEL, MI-	MI-MEL	BAT	inheritance	*mali							simplex
Koreguaje	Chiroptera spp.	ocho	odʒo		inheritance													See Language page
Kotiria	Chiroptera spp.	so pocanairo (Waltz)	so, so pokanaiɾo (Waltz)		inheritance		Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Kuku-Thaypan	Chiroptera spp	andorr	andorr		unique								underived		anhye					0		1		0				0	0			no
Kuku-Yalanji	Chiroptera spp	mali & jibul	mali & jibul		inheritance	*mali	pPaman		Possibly, w semantic shifts, a PNy distribution				underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Kurtjar	Chiroptera spp	nthorgh	nhthorgh		unique								underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Kuuk Thaayorre	Chiroptera spp	mal; minh- & nhhungk; minh-	minh-mal & minh-nhungk		inheritance	*mali	pPaman		Poss. more widely distributed than Paman				underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Kwazá	Chiroptera spp.	hoi	hoi															See Language page
Lake Miwok	Chiroptera spp	wáali		bat	inheritance	*wirE:s	Utian		Callaghan 1962:102				underived					Callaghan 1965		0		1		0				0	0			no
Lengua	Chiroptera spp.		mepop															See Language page
Lokono	Chiroptera spp.	bohori	bokori	bat														Fanshawe 1949:60														no
Luiseño	Chiroptera spp	taválalakmay	taʹvalalakmaj	bat	loan			Chumash	may contain vala <patiʔa, but note also Tepiman nakamɨri “ear-run”	WW	%tamakala	same	derived	ta-válalak-ma-l; note the reduplication. Given Tepiman forms, ma-y, ma-l diminutive may be false etymology	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999:920	no info	0		1		no info	no info	no info	no info	0	0	Americas	diverse habitats	no
Maca	Chiroptera spp.		xayaʔ (f.)															See Language page
Macaguan	Chiroptera spp.	kamíjawat	kamíhawat		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown			Yanomami	Yanomami hewǝ				uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Maidu	Chiroptera spp	pótc'ode		bat	unique								phrase	meaning of elements unknown				Shipley 1963		0		1		0				0	0			no
Maihiki	Chiroptera spp.	oyo aguɨ, mai oyo aguɨ	ojo, ojo agɨ, mai ojo agɨ		inheritance		Proto-Tukanoan		Also mai ojo				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate		See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Makiritare	Chiroptera spp.	adu:du (small flying animal, like a bat) (KH)	adu:du (KH)		unique													See Language page
Makuna	Chiroptera spp.	oso	oso		inheritance													See Language page
Mandawaka	Chiroptera spp.	hiʒíːri	hiʒíːɾi															See Language page
Mangala	Chiroptera spp	cati	cati		loan			Pilbara	WW											0		1		0				0	0			no
Mapoyo	Chiroptera spp.	rere	rere															See Language page
Mapudungun	Chiroptera spp.		piɲuyke															See Language page															From Febrès 1764.
Matses	Chiroptera spp.	kuesban	kwesbán		unknown													See Language page
Mbabaram	Chiroptera spp	adir	adir		unique								underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Minica Witoto	Chiroptera spp.	ǰḯni	dʒɯ́ni															See Language page
Miriwung	Chiroptera spp	ban.gal	pankal		inheritance	parnkal	Jarragan			WW	%pankal		underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Mocoví	Chiroptera spp.		n-aʔg-aʁan-aʁa															See Language page															Lit. 'prefix-bite-intrans-action (nom)'.
Mojave	Chiroptera spp	qampanyq		bat	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Yavapai qà(·)păɲqa; Yuma kwampa/nyq Halpern 1:28			same (as per source, but I'll bet it's a kind of bat)	underived					Munro et al.1992		0		1		0				0	0			no
Mosetén-Chimané	Chiroptera spp.		c̷i'ɲiʔ [Aymara loan]															See Language page															Also 'yihmi, 'vampire bat'.
Movima	Chiroptera spp.	ɓosin̉	ɓosin̉															See Language page
Muinane	Chiroptera spp.	kíkíxe	kíkíxe															See Language page
Muisca	Chiroptera spp.	supqua	supkua															See Language page
Murui Witoto	Chiroptera spp.	ǰïni(θï), hïdokuiño	dʒɯni(θɯ), hɯdokuiɲo		inheritance/Witoto													See Language page
Mutsun	Chiroptera spp	wireskan; shim'-te-klah		bat	inheritance	*wirE:s ?	Utian		Callagan 1962:102				other complex	3-syllable stems vanishingly rare, but morphology unknown				Mason 1916:427; Merriam 55:403		0		1		0				0	0			no
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect	Chiroptera spp.		wɤm															See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect	Chiroptera spp.		wɤm		inheritance													See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	Chiroptera spp.	tupapishcu	tupapiʃku															See Language page
Ngandi	Chiroptera spp	walgawalga	walan7		unknown								reduplicated							0		1		0				0	0			no
Ngarinyin	Chiroptera spp	aman	aman		unique		proto-Worrorran						uncoded							0		1		0				0	0			no
Ngarluma	Chiroptera spp		marrimarri		inheritance															0		1		0				0	0
Ngumbarl	Chiroptera spp	minnaminna	minyaminya		loan			Karajarri		WW	%minyaminya		reduplicated							0		1		0				0	0			no
Nheengatu	Chiroptera spp.	andirá	andirá		inheritance		Proto-Tupi-Guarani		Reconstructed PTG Mello 2000				underived					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Nimanburru	Chiroptera spp	minje minj	minye miny		loan			Karajarri		WW	%minyaminya		reduplicated							0		1		0				0	0			no
Ninam	Chiroptera spp.	hewesi,	hewesi,		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown			Guahiban					uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Nisenan	Chiroptera spp	aw-lel-lel, aw-lă-lĕh'; o'-le-lā;		bat	loan			Sierra Miwok	direction unknown; Note Mins 7ul:el:e-				reduplicated					Merriam 57:229		0		1		0				0	0			no
Nivaclé	Chiroptera spp.		šeyɔ; fakliʔs															See Language page															The Forest people (Selváticos) dialect has šiyɔ.
Northern Emberá	Chiroptera spp.	ĩŋká	ĩŋká; ĩkʰá(H&R)															See Language page
Northern Paiute	Chiroptera spp	pedahana'a		Bat	unique								unknown					Yerington Dictionary		0		1		0				0	0			no
Northern Sierra Miwok	Chiroptera spp	7ul:el:e-		bat	loan			Yokutsan	Direction unknown; Note Nisenan o'-le-lā				reduplicated					Callaghan 1987		0		1		0				0	0			no
Nukak	Chiroptera spp.	nɨ̃ũʔ			doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown			Ocaina	nõõï̃, nõã́ã́ʔɸiʔtʸa				uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Nyangumarta	Chiroptera spp	jarti	carti		loan			Pilbara	WW				underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Nyikina	Chiroptera spp	ngaraminyaminya	ngaraminyaminya		loan			Karajarri		WW	%minyaminya		compound							0		1		0				0	0			no
Nyulnyul	Chiroptera spp	minyaminy	minyaminy		loan			Karajarri		WW	%minyaminya		reduplicated							0		1		0				0	0			no
Nɨpode Witoto	Chiroptera spp.	ǰḯni	dʒɯ́ni															See Language page
Ocaina	Chiroptera spp.	nooun	nõõɯ̃		loan, direction unknown			Andoke, Kakua-Nukak										See Language page
Pakanh	Chiroptera spp	maali; minha	minha-maali		inheritance	*mali	pPaman		Vowel length in /maali/ is anomalous; etymon (as 'spirit') is attested as far south as Gamilaraay.				underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Paraguayan Guaraní	Chiroptera spp.		ᵐbopi															See Language page
Paresi	Chiroptera spp.	mahiye	mahije		unique													See Language page
Pemon	Chiroptera spp.	maripak (A1981); marpak (E1980)	maɾipak (A1981); marpak (E1980)		unknown		Akawaio, Pemon	shared Akawaio										See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Piapoco	Chiroptera spp.	iwàyu	iwàju															See Language page
Piaroa	Chiroptera spp.	kohuæ	kohuæ		inheritance													See Language page
Pilagá	Chiroptera spp.		laik															See Language page
Plains Miwok	Chiroptera spp	simsi-		bat	inheritance	*$im...	Utian		Callaghan 1997:30				reduplicated					Callaghan 1984		0		1		0				0	0			no
Playero	Chiroptera spp.		hawatʃir-to															See Language page
Puinave	Chiroptera spp.	tin	tin		unique			cf. Aymara tʃiɲi										See Language page
Pumé	Chiroptera spp.	pʰʊ̃dičʰičʰi																See Language page
Páez	Chiroptera spp.	quize	kize; khĩtse(H&R)															See Language page
Qawasqar	Chiroptera spp.		atoloc̷alaḳya															See Language page															From Ag. Bo records arc̷oyeskes for Central QWS.
Quechua Ayacuchano	Chiroptera spp.	masu	masu															See Language page
Rembarrnga	Chiroptera spp	warrinju	warrintyu	bat	unknown				cf “warrikku” “quickly”											0		1		0				0	0			no
Resígaro	Chiroptera spp.	pitshíigí	pitsʰíigí		inheritance		Central North Arawak						uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Ritharrngu	Chiroptera spp	missing			missing								missing							0		1		0				0	0			no
Salinan A	Chiroptera spp	stamakála, stamká(:)l		bat (Merriam 55:367 has first form)	loan			Chumash	not in M; Turner 1983:225 compares Southern Chumash *makal; Note Wappo t'áka:la	WW	%tamakala		other complex	s- animal prefix; note that word structures in this very poorly-known language must be provisional at best	s- animal			Mason 1918:124; Turner 1980:68		0		1		0				0	0			no
Salinan M	Chiroptera spp	tc'émtcem		bat	loan			Yokuts					reduplicated	This is a loan, but surely the sense of reduplication carries over!				Mason 1918:122		0		1		0				0	0			no
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité	Chiroptera spp.		mipop															See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet	Chiroptera spp.		meepop															See Language page
Sanumá	Chiroptera spp.	hɨwɨ bɨ (general "bats")	hɨwɨ bɨ		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown			Guahiban	generic 'bat'				uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Secoya	Chiroptera spp.		o'jo															See Language page
Selknam	Chiroptera spp.		oḳˀlštaʔn															See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	Chiroptera spp	senelcsét	c is /k/	bat	unique							same	phrase	senel- cset butterfly- frigatebird (meaning “frigatebird like a butterfly”				Comcaac Dictionary 557		0		1		0				0	0			no
Serrano	Chiroptera spp	walu:lu-T		bat	unique								other complex	-T non-possessed noun suffix (NPN)				KCHill ms 2001:62		0		1		0				0	0			no
Shipibo-Konibo	Chiroptera spp.		kaši															See Language page
Sikuani	Chiroptera spp.	jawasiri (2), jawaü [loan Piapoco?]	hawasíri-to		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown			Yanomami	Yanomami hewǝ				uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Siona	Chiroptera spp.	oyo	ojo		inheritance													See Language page
Siriano	Chiroptera spp.	oyo	o'jó, o'djó, ojo															See Language page
Sirionó	Chiroptera spp.	mui̯; mui̯ rusu (the latter is "vampire bat")	mui̯; mui̯ rusu		unique													See Language page
Southern Paiute	Chiroptera spp	pa:tcatsI	Sapir's tc is ch	bat	inheritance	*pati'a/paCti'a	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 124 (2008):56			narrower (I'm sure this is a species of bat)	other complex	pa:tca-tsi bat-ABS (non-possessed noun)				Sapir 1930:608		0		1		0				0	0			no
Southern Pastaza Quechua	Chiroptera spp.	tuta pishcu (pishcu=ave; tuta?)	tuta piʃku															See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	Chiroptera spp	tipi:sisi-		bat	inheritance		Sierra Miwokan only		Also in Mics				reduplicated					Broadbent 1964:		0		1		0				0	0			no
Southern Ute	Chiroptera spp	páacą-cI		bat	inheritance	*pati'a/paCti'a	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 124 (2008):56			same	other complex	has -ci ABS (non-possessed noun)				Givon 1979		0		1		0				0	0			no
Sáliva	Chiroptera spp.	cuãĩxuga	kʷãĩxuga		inheritance													See Language page
Tacana	Chiroptera spp.		bina															See Language page
Tanimuca	Chiroptera spp.	odyóa	oʎóa		inheritance													See Language page
Tariana	Chiroptera spp.	písiɾi	písiɾi		inheritance		Central North Arawak						uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Tatuyo	Chiroptera spp.	ó'hó	ó'hó															See Language page
Taushiro	Chiroptera spp.	a´cante´	aʔkantɨʔ															See Language page
Tikuna	Chiroptera spp.	chü4ri1 (A58)	tʃɨri		loan, direction unknown			Aymara tʃiɲi										See Language page
Tiriyó	Chiroptera spp.	nere (plural)	nere		inheritance													See Language page
Tjaapukay	Chiroptera spp	mundji	mun.ci	insect-eating bat	unique								underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Toba	Chiroptera spp.		mikai															See Language page
Trinitario	Chiroptera spp.		wite															See Language page
Trumai	Chiroptera spp.	koioš	koioš															See Language page
Tukano	Chiroptera spp.	osó (h&r)	osó (h&r)		inheritance		Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Tuyuka	Chiroptera spp.	oso	o'só, oso															See Language page
Tübatulabal	Chiroptera spp	pattsāwal	paʦa:ˈwal	bat	inheritance	*paCtsV-	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2009:56-57 pati7a/paCti7a “bat” (S124). But Numic and Cora all have pa[c/ch]a, which should reflect paCtsV. That works for this Tub set too, so I have changed Stubbs' reconstruction/. A problematic set. Note pata “fly” S902, p. 153.			same	other complex	paʦaˈwa-l bat-non.possessed.non (npn) (root perhaps derived, cf. paʦa- ground pine nuts)				Hill 2010:66	no info	0	a story character	1	Voegelin 1938:12	no info	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0	Americas	Diverse habitats	no
Tümpisa Shoshone	Chiroptera spp	honnopi		large bat	inheritance	*ho'napi	Numic		Stubbs 126 (2008:58); western & central numic			narrower (one kind of bat only)	other complex	honno-p bat-CLi	-pi			Dayley 1989:26		0		1		0				0	0			no
Urarina	Chiroptera spp.	anisihe	anisihe		unique													See Language page
Uw-Olkol	Chiroptera spp	albhaymal; inh-	inh-albhaymal	king bat	unique							All large species of insect-eating bats; smaller spp. are inh-othowayoway.	underived	underived?						0		1		0				0	0			no
Uw-Oykangand	Chiroptera spp	alphaymal; inh-	inh-alphaymal	king bat	unique							All large species of insect-eating bats; smaller spp. are inh-odhowayoway.	underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Wai Wai	Chiroptera spp.	rere	rere		inheritance													See Language page
Waikhana	Chiroptera spp.	o'so	o'so															See Language page
Waimaja	Chiroptera spp.	ohó	ohó															See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	Chiroptera spp.	inaxixi	inaʃiʃi															See Language page
Walmajarri	Chiroptera spp	pinyjirrmyi	pinytyirrmiyi		loan			Kajirrabeng		WW	%pinytyirrminy		underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Waorani	Chiroptera spp.	toõdæ			unique								uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Wapishana	Chiroptera spp.	tʰamarɨu	tʰamarɨu		unique													See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Wappo	Chiroptera spp	t'áka:la		bat	unique				Note Wintun *dehe:la (?); Salinan s-tamka:l; southern Chumash makal	WW	%tamakala		underived	Sawyer gives all nouns in object forms, which may involve deletion of root material but is the citation form prefered by his consultant				Sawyer 1965		0		1		0				0	0			no
Warao	Chiroptera spp.	saha (kind of bat)	saha (kind of bat)															See Language page
Wardaman	Chiroptera spp	warlang	warlang		unknown								uncoded							0		1		0				0	0			no
Wari	Chiroptera spp.	nao' (E&K97)	naoʔ (E&K97)															See Language page
Warlpiri	Chiroptera spp		ngalamanmanpa		unique				other 'bat' words, incl yanjipiri (probably Arandic), marra-pardalypa (with marra 'flap of skin'), ngalamanmanpa (similar to Warumungu ngalamanymany); kuyupardu-kuyupardu is literally 'animal-Diminutive-Reduplicated'				derived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Washo	Chiroptera spp	bá:gumt'álŋiɁ		Bat	unique								phrase	must be phrase, morphology unknown; note that t'álŋiɁ also appears in “eagle”				Merriam 55:297; Washo Project Dict. (WPD)		0		1		0				0	0			no
Waurá	Chiroptera spp.	aluwa	aluwa		unique													See Language page
Wayampi	Chiroptera spp.	anɨla	anɨla		inheritance													See Language page
Wayana	Chiroptera spp.	lele, lanoko	lele, lanoko		inheritance													See Language page
Wayuu	Chiroptera spp.		pɨsiči															See Language page
Western Mono	Chiroptera spp	ho'nobi		bat (mammal)	inheritance	*ho'napi	Western + Central Numic		Stubbs 2008:58) (126)			same	other complex	ho'no-pi bat-CL	-pi	-pi, -pɨ classifiers are "individuating"; I speculate that nouns with no classifier sometimes indicate simply "substance" (as seeds-0 vs. plant -pi/-pɨ		Bethel et al.:33	no info	0		1		no info	no info	no info	no info	0	0			no
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay	Chiroptera spp.		a'ses															See Language page
Wik Ngathan	Chiroptera spp	missing	missing		missing															0		1		0				0	0			no
Wintu	Chiroptera spp	tehe:lah		bat (Merriam confirms 56:3)	inheritance	*dehe:la (?)	Wintun		Shepherd 2005				relative clause	deh “wings outstretched”; perhaps from *damhal “bat” with folk etymology				Schlichter 1981		0		1		0				0	0			no
Worrorra	Chiroptera spp	barn.galya	barn.galya		inheritance	*parnkal	proto-Worrorran						uncoded							0		1		0				0	0			no
Wunambal	Chiroptera spp		wamalurru		unique		proto-Worrorran													0		1		0				0	0			no
Yabarana	Chiroptera spp.		rere															See Language page
Yagua	Chiroptera spp.	dichatu	ditʃatu		unique													See Language page
Yaminahua	Chiroptera spp.		kaši															See Language page
Yan-nhangu	Chiroptera spp	warrnyu	warrnyu		doubtful loan			Rembarrnga					simplex							0		1		0				0	0			no
Yanomami	Chiroptera spp.	hewë, washo	hewə (small), waʃo (large; similar to waʃə "wound")		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown			Guahiban	hewə (small), waʃo (large; similar to waʃə "wound")				underived					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yavapai	Chiroptera spp	qà(·)păɲqa		bat	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Mojave qampanyq				unknown					Shaterian 1983		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yavitero	Chiroptera spp.	wayu	waju															See Language page
Yawuru	Chiroptera spp	lanbalanba XXgl northern bat	lanbalanba		unknown								reduplicated							0		1		0				0	0			no
Yidiny	Chiroptera spp	munyin (TC)	muñin		unique				Resembles Tjaap /mundji/ 'bat'				underived		minya					0		1		0				0	0			no
Yine	Chiroptera spp.		šyo															See Language page															Piro-Apuriná form is siyo-piri.
Yir-Yoront	Chiroptera spp	mal; minh- & manglh; minh- & thorn(t); minh-	minh-mal & minh-manglh & minh-thornt		inheritance	*mali	pPaman		Poss. wider than Paman			minh-mal: a small (as yet undentified) insectivorous bat but also poss. generic for bats (poss. incl. fruit-bats); minh-mal is also a gigantic mythic bat-creature; minh-manglh is colloquially identified as a flying fox and is possibly misidentified here.	underived							0		1		0				0	0			no
Yokuts Palewyami	Chiroptera spp	chim'-chim		bat	inheritance	*c'im'c'im'	Yokutsan		only in Homet, Pal, Yawe in Kroeber; Callaghan 1997:30, possibly Yok-Utian given PU *şim ...			same	reduplicated					Merriam 58:517		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yokuts Yawdanchi	Chiroptera spp	tc'imtc'im		bat	inheritance	*c'im'c'im'	Yokutsan		only in Homet, Pal, Yaw in Kroeber; Callaghan 1997:30, possibly Yok-Utian given PU * *şim ...			same	reduplicated					Kroeber 1907:196		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yokuts Yowlumne	Chiroptera spp	chim-chim, tsim-tsim		bat	inheritance	*c'im'c'im'	Yokutsan		onlyin Homet, Pal, Yawe in Kroeber; Callaghan 1997:30, possibly Yok-Utian given PU *şim ...			same	reduplicated					Merriam 58:549		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yuhup	Chiroptera spp.	wɤ̌b	wɤ̌b		inheritance								underived					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yuki	Chiroptera spp	missing			missing								missing							0		1		0				0	0			no
Yukpa	Chiroptera spp.	pichikacha	pʃékaracha(H&R)															See Language page															Phon only in source
Yukuna	Chiroptera spp.	pijirí	pihiɾí		inheritance		Central North Arawak						uncoded					See Language page		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yuma	Chiroptera spp	kwampa/nyq		Bat	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Yavapai qà(·)păɲqa				unknown					Merriam 61:451, Halpern 1:28		0		1		0				0	0			no
Yuruti	Chiroptera spp.	óso	óso															See Language page
Záparo	Chiroptera spp.	atari	atari															See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bardi
Bará
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Canela
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhay’yi
Dhuwal
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gumatj
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Guugu Yimidhirr
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Jaru
Jingulu
Kabiyari
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Kanamarí
Karajarri
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Koko-Bera
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kuku-Thaypan
Kuku-Yalanji
Kurtjar
Kuuk Thaayorre
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Mandawaka
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Mbabaram
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngandi
Ngarinyin
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Pakanh
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Plains Miwok
Playero
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Rembarrnga
Resígaro
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Secoya
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Sáliva
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Taushiro
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Tjaapukay
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Uw-Olkol
Uw-Oykangand
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Warao
Wardaman
Wari
Warlpiri
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wik Ngathan
Wintu
Worrorra
Wunambal
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yanomami
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawuru
Yidiny
Yine
Yir-Yoront
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuhup
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuma
Yuruti
Záparo

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