| agile wallaby, river wallaby |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Macropus agilis |
darrba & kadar |
darrba & kadar |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| ant (generic) |
hormiga |
formiga |
flora-fauna |
|
Formicidae |
kira-kira & jabarrangkul & kawa & muyu-muyu |
kira-kira & jabarrangkul & kawa & muyu-muyu |
|
loan |
*kiira |
local |
Guugu Yimidhirr |
To GYim /giira/ 'ant (generic)' |
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Australian pelican |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pelecanus conspicillatus |
bulwarra |
bulwarra |
|
unique |
|
|
|
See note to 'spoonbill' below. |
|
|
|
compound |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Australian snubfin dolphin |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Orcaella heinsohnii |
biwuy |
biwuy |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| baler shell |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Melo amphora |
warkal |
warkal |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| bandicoot |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Peramelemorphia |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| barn owl |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tyto alba |
yiki & kalkuy & julurr-julurr |
yiki & kalkuy & julurr-julurr |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| barramundi |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lates calcarifer |
kudi & murrabal |
kudi & murrabal |
|
unique |
|
|
|
/murrabal/ is Nyungkul dialect, not KYal, but is cognate w GYim /murrabal/ |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| bat |
murciélago |
morcego |
flora-fauna |
|
Chiroptera spp |
mali & jibul |
mali & jibul |
|
inheritance |
*mali |
pPaman |
|
Possibly, w semantic shifts, a PNy distribution |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| bindii, caltrop |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tribulus terrestris |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| bird |
pajaro, ave |
passaro |
flora-fauna |
|
|
dikal |
jiway |
|
semantic shift |
*tikal |
Local |
|
To GYim /digal/ 'bird sp whose call signals movement of people in scrub' |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| black-breasted buzzard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Hamirostra melanosternon |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| black-faced cuckoo-shrike |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Coracina novaehollandiae |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| black-headed python |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aspidites melanocephalus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| black-soil yam |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ipomoea diamantinensis |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| bloodwood |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eucalyptus (Corymbia) bleeseri |
babajaka & kawarr & kuji-kuji |
babajaka & kawarr & kuji-kuji |
|
loan direction unknown |
*papacaka |
local |
Guugu Yimidhirr |
To KYim /babatha/ |
|
|
|
underived |
? |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| blowfly maggots |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Diptera, Sarcophagidae |
kandal |
kandal |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| blue-tongue lizard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tiliqua species |
bajabaja |
bajabaja |
|
loan direction unknown |
*pacapaca |
local |
|
To Tjaapukay /badjabadja/ |
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| blue-winged kookaburra |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dacelo leachii |
wakuka & kururrungka |
wakuka & kururrungka |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| bluebone |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Choerodon cyanodus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| brolga |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Grus rubicunda |
kurrbal |
kurrbal |
|
inheritance |
*kurrpal |
Local |
|
To GYim and Flinders Island; poss. wider distribution. The /kurr/ part occurrs in a widespread reduplicative pattern imitative if the call. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| brown goshawk |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Accipiter fasciatus |
jinabiju |
jinabiju |
|
inheritance |
*picu |
local |
|
Second half to Tjaapukay /bidju(+)y/ 'fish hawk' and Yidiny /bijuu/, pYTj *picu+ |
|
|
|
compound |
/jina/ poss. < *cina ('foot'); /biju/ is cognate with part of Tjaapukay /bidjuy/ 'fish hawk' |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| brush-tailed possum |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Trichosurus vulpecula |
yawa |
yawa |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| bush cockroach |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
(many species) |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| bush stone-curlew |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Burhinus grallarius |
kuyir |
kuyir |
|
loan |
|
|
|
From GYim /guyiir/? or vice versa? |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| bush tobacco |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lobelia quadrangularis |
jika-birra |
jika-birra |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
compound |
/jika/ (food which when cooked is squishy, not hard'???) + /birra/ 'leaf' |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| bush turkey, Australian bustard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ardeotis australis |
jarruka |
jarruka |
|
semantic shift |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| bush yam |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Vigna lanceolata var. lanceolata |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| butterfly, moth |
mariposa |
borboleta |
flora-fauna |
|
Lepidoptera |
walbul-walbul |
walbul-walbul |
|
loan direction unknown |
*walbulV |
local |
Guugu Yimidhirr |
To GYim /walbuulbul/; poss loan, source not determined |
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| carpet snake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Morelia spilota |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| caterpillar |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Lepidoptera |
kinga & durra |
kinga & durra |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| catfish |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
(many species) |
kanyaji (Nyungkul) ~ julaji (Yalanji) & walarrji & kijukum |
kanyaji (Nyungkul) ~ julaji (Yalanji) & walarrji & kijukum |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
kanyali, julaji, and kijukum are simplex; walarrji is walarr 'whiskers, beard' + ji 'having' and is apparently generic for FW catfish |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| centipede |
ciempiés |
centopéia |
flora-fauna |
|
Chilopoda, Myriapoda |
birinjil |
birinjil |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| channel-billed cuckoo |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Scythops novaehollandiae |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| crested pigeon |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ocyphaps lophotes |
bakamu & kujuway & munungkul |
bakamu & kujuway & munungkul |
|
inheritance |
*pakamu |
local |
|
To pYTj *pakam; correspondence problematic |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| darter/cormorant |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Anhinga melanogaster, Phalacrocorax species |
buruku & kalmbangarr |
buruku & kalmbangarr |
|
semantic shift |
*puruku |
local |
|
To Yidiny /buru:gu/ 'black duck and Tjaap /buru:/ 'whistle duck' |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| death adder, five-minute snake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Acanthophis praelongus |
kundurr |
kundurr |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| dingo |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Canis familiaris dingo |
murramu ~ ngamu-murramu |
murramu ~ ngamu-murramu |
|
unique |
|
|
|
/ngamu/ poss. a loan-semantic shift; see Word Structure Note. |
|
|
|
underived |
/ngamu-murramu/: /ngamu/ 'mother', but also (in GYim) 'plenty, much' and an honrific for old men. |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| dog (camp, domestic) |
perro |
cachorro |
flora-fauna |
|
Canis familiaris |
kaya |
kaya |
|
inheritance |
*kaya |
Local |
|
KYal to Yiningayi; identical forms in Dyirbal and Martuthunira sre kin terms (a plausible semantic shift) |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| duck |
pato |
pato, marreco |
flora-fauna |
|
Anatidae |
nili-nili |
nili-nili |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| dugong |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dugon dugong |
kirbaji |
kirbaji |
|
unique |
|
|
|
GYim /girrbathi/ is probably a loan from this |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| earthworm |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Annelida, Oligochaeta |
nganjamu & durra |
nganjamu & durra |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| emu |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dromaius novaehollandiae |
korundi |
korundi |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| fish (generic) |
pez |
peixe |
flora-fauna |
|
|
kuyu |
kuyu |
|
inheritance |
*kuyu |
pPama-Nyungan |
|
Reflexes in some languages suggest *kuya. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
N/A |
|
|
|
| flower |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
nganka |
nganka |
|
loan direction unknown |
*nganka |
pGYim-KYal |
|
To GYim /ngan-ga/ 'flower, feather' |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| blowfly/housefly |
mosca |
mosca |
flora-fauna |
|
Diptera |
burul-burul |
burul-burul |
|
unique |
|
|
|
Resembles Tjaapukay /barabara/. |
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| flying-fox (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
(many species) |
kambi |
kambi |
|
inheritance |
*kaampi |
Local |
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| freshwater crocodile |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Crocodylus johnstoni |
ngawurr-ngawun |
ngawurr-ngawun |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
reduplicated |
? |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| freshwater mussel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Velesunio wilsoni |
mukirr |
mukirr |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| freshwater prawn |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Macrobrachium rosenbergii |
wukuju & wakal |
wukuju & wakal |
|
unique |
|
|
|
/wukuju/ is unique; /wakal/ < pPNy *wakal |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| frill-necked lizard |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Chlamydosaurus kingii |
binanjal |
binanjal |
|
loan direction unknown |
*pinañcal |
local |
|
To Tjaapukay /binandjal/ |
|
|
|
derived |
With *bina 'ear' (in KYal otherwise surviving only in the verb binal 'to know'); see the Tjaapukay cognate. |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| frog (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
(many species) |
yirku-yirku & karrkurr & yuday |
yirku-yirku & karrkurr & yuday |
|
unique |
|
|
|
yirku-yirku & yuday are unique, but karrkurr 'green frog' is cognate with GYim garrgurr 'sand frog' |
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| galah |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eolophus roseicapilla |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| turtle (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
(many species) |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| ghost gum |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eucalyptus papuana (Corymbia bella) |
kayjurr |
kayjurr |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| goanna (generic) or sand goanna |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Varanus spp |
jadi & wangku & walkarr & bulbuji & kalajarr |
jadi & wangku & walkarr & bulbuji & kalajarr |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| grass |
hierba, pasto |
capim, grama |
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
karrara |
karrara |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
/jumul-jumul/ 'grass seed' poss. defines a 'grass' class. |
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| grasshopper |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Orthoptera |
jimu & yiljun |
jimu & yiljun |
|
unique |
|
|
|
/yiljun/ is cognate w GYim /yiijin/. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| great bowerbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Chlamydera nuchalis |
bajal & jurriyan |
bajal & jurriyan |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| green ant |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Oecophylla smaragdina |
buyil-buyil |
buyil-buyil |
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| green sea turtle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Chelonia mydas |
ngawiya & yalnga |
ngawiya & yalnga |
|
unique |
*ngawiya |
|
|
To GYim /ngawiya/ ~ /ngawuya/ 'green-backed sea turtle', which is a probable loan from this |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| green tree snake |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dendrelaphis punctulata |
kalkamuku |
kalkamuku |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
compound |
No analysis given in source, but /kalka/ 'spear', /muku/ 'back' |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| head/body lice |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pediculus capitis, Pediculus humanus |
bungun |
bungun |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| horse |
caballo |
cavalho |
flora-fauna |
|
Equus caballus |
yarraman |
yarraman |
|
loan |
|
|
|
|
WW |
%yarraman |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
languages to the south |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| hummingbird |
colibrí, picaflor (Peru) |
beija-flor |
flora-fauna |
|
Trochilidae |
binjurrbinjurr |
binjurrbinjurr |
honeyeater |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| humpback whale |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Megaptera novaeangliae |
yalmburrajaka |
yalmburrajaka |
|
loan direction unknown |
*yalmpu+ |
Local |
|
To GYim /yalmbunyja/ |
|
|
|
derived |
Etymologicalically yalmbu + rrajaka |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| insect (generic) |
insecto |
insecto |
flora-fauna |
|
generic |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| jabiru |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| jungle-fowl (scrub-fowl) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Megapodius freycinet |
jarruka & diwan |
jarruka & diwan |
|
inheritance |
*carruka(n) |
Local |
|
To Tjaapukay and Yidiny; resembles *currkan. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| kangaroo (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Macropodidae |
julmbanu |
julmbanu |
|
unique |
*culmpanu |
|
|
GYim /thulmbanu/ is a loan from this |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| land snail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Gastropoda |
kaduy & balungkul & karraway |
kaduy & balungkul & karraway |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| magpie goose |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Anseranas semipalmata |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| military dragon |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ctenophorus isolepis, Diporiphora spp., Lophognathus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| mosquito |
mosquito, zancudo |
mosquito, carapana |
flora-fauna |
|
Anopheles spp, Isoptera |
kumu |
kumu |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| mud wasp, hornet |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
(many species) |
wawurr-wawurr |
wawurr-wawurr |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| native bee |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
(many species) |
walarr & nakawarra & mawal & kuja & kalburiji |
walarr & nakawarra & mawal & kuja & kalburiji |
|
loan direction unknown |
*walarr |
local |
|
To GYim /walarr/ 'yellow bee sp and its honet' |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| native cat |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Dasyurus |
waykal ~ jungarr |
waykal ~ jungarr |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| northern brown bandicoot |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Isoodon macrourus |
kulngu & ngumbi |
kulngu & ngumbi |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| northern kurrajong |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Brachychiton diversifolius |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
no? |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| nut tree |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Terminalia grandifolia |
jalnji |
jalnji |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| octopus |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Octopus australis |
kurrija |
kurrija |
|
loan |
*kurrica |
pGYim-KYal |
Guugu Yimidhirr |
Source of GYim gurri(i)tha |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| pandanus palm |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pandanus spiralis |
jajikal |
jajikal |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| paperbark |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Melaleuca sericea, Melaleuca stenostachya |
buyku |
buyku |
|
inheritance |
*puyku |
pPama-Nyungan |
|
pPNy *yk continues as /c/ in most languages. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| peaceful dove |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Geopelia placida |
jukujuku & munwingkul [almost certainly /munungkul/ = ground pigeon] & mulumu |
jukujuku & munwingkul [almost certainly /munungkul/ = ground pigeon] & mulumu |
|
inheritance |
*cukucuku |
Local |
|
To GYim thuguthugu 'brown dove'; borrowing cannot be ruled out |
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| pearlshell |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pinctada spp |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| peewee |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Gryllina cyanoleuca |
bayil-bayil |
bayil-bayil |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| pied butcherbird |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cracticus nigrogularis |
kurkunbay |
kurkunbay |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| pike eel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Muraenesox arabicus |
mawul & yaba & dandarrbina & kubarr |
mawul & yaba & dandarrbina & kubarr |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| praying mantis, stick insects |
mantis religiosa |
louva-a-deus |
flora-fauna |
|
Mantodea |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| prickle bush |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sclerolaena bicornis |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| quail (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Coturnix species, Turnix species |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| red river gum |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eucalyptus camaldulensis |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| red-tailed black-cockatoo |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Calyptorhynchus banksi |
kadanji |
kadanji |
|
unique |
|
|
|
Resembles pPaman *karana reflexes: poss "d" written for [rd] /r/? |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| riflefish, archerfish |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Toxotes chatareus |
mujarrka |
mujarrka |
|
unique |
|
|
|
Nyungkul dialect has /dalku/. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| river mangrove |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aegicera corniculatum |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| rock fig |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ficus brachypoda |
ngurrku & yinkunji & jarrangkal & jilanji |
ngurrku & yinkunji & jarrangkal & jilanji |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| sacred kingfisher |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Todiramphus sancta |
milman & yindili & dabuy |
milman & yindili & dabuy |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| saltwater crocodile |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Crocodylus porosus |
bilngkumu |
bilngkumu |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| saltwater mussel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Mytilidae |
mukirr |
mukirr |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| sawfish |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Pristis pectinata |
yubuji |
yubuji |
|
unique |
*yupa/uci |
Local |
|
Source of GYim yupathi 'sawfish' |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| scorpion |
escorpión; alacran |
escorpião |
flora-fauna |
|
Arachnida, Scorpiones |
munukurru ~ munudumbun |
munukurru ~ munudumbun |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
compound |
/munu/ (not defined); /kurru-kurru/ 'crooked, wrong'; /dumbun/ not defined |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| shark (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Selachimorpha |
yaburr & bilmbin |
yaburr & bilmbin |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
variable |
|
|
|
| shell (generic) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
bungun |
bungun |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| short-beaked echidna |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Tachyglossus aculeatus |
ngangkin |
ngangkin |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| snake (generic) |
culebra, serpiente |
cobra |
flora-fauna |
|
|
jarba |
jarba |
|
loan |
|
|
Guugu Yimidhirr |
To GYim /thaarba/ 'snake'; judged a loan from GYim because of loss of vowel length distinction. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
N/A |
|
|
|
| snappy gum |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Eucalyptus brevifolia |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| spider |
araña |
aranha |
flora-fauna |
|
Arachnida, Araneae |
malal |
malal |
|
inheritance |
*mala+ |
local |
|
To Tjaapukay /malara/ 'spiderweb'; phonological history probematic |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| spinifex |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Triodia species |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| spoonbills (yellow-billed spoonbill, black-billed spoonbill) |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Platalea flavipes, Platalea regia |
bilu-warra |
bilu-warra |
|
loan |
|
|
Guugu Yimidhirr |
Gyim /bilu+warra/ 'pelican'; biluwarra has no analysis in KYal; KYal 'spoonbill' is likely a mistranslation. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| stingray (generic) |
rayas látigo, raya |
arraia |
flora-fauna |
|
Dasyatidae |
yawu |
yawu |
|
inheritance |
*yawu |
Local |
|
To GYim yawu 'small shark sp' and perhaps more widely (CYP E & W) to stingray terms in *ya(:)wa(ra) |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
variable |
|
|
|
| stripe-faced dunnart |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Sminthopsis macroura |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| sugarbag wax |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
|
nyumbirr |
nyumbirr |
|
inheritance |
*ñuumbirr |
local |
|
Poss. loan from GYim into KYal |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| sulphur-crested cockatoo |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Cacatua galerita |
birmba |
birmba |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| swamp eel |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Ophisternon gutturale |
mawul & yaba & dandarrbina & kubarr |
mawul & yaba & dandarrbina & kubarr |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| swamp leech |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Annelida, Hirudinea |
nyumbil |
nyumbil |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| tawny frogmouth |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Podargus strigoides |
bulnja |
bulnja |
|
inheritance |
*pulñca |
pPaman |
|
Variant *pulñci in west. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| termite mounds, ant hills |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Isoptera |
jawurraji & kabay |
jawurraji & kabay |
|
unique |
|
|
|
/kapay/ < local *kapay, to Tjaapukay /gabay/ 'antbed' |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| termites, white-ants |
comején (Peru), termitas |
cupim |
flora-fauna |
|
(many species) |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| ti-tree |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Melaleuca bracteata |
bijin & marngkil & marrabal & wanjakan |
bijin & marngkil & marrabal & wanjakan |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| tick |
garrapata |
carrapato |
flora-fauna |
|
Arachnida, Acarina |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| tiger shark |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Galeocerdo cuvier |
kilkirr |
kilkirr |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| torresian crow |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Corvus orru |
waja & kalbu |
waja & kalbu |
|
inheritance |
*waaca |
pNortheast |
|
From Cape York to Wangkumarra; Dyirbal etc. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| tree |
árbol |
arvore |
flora-fauna |
|
(NA) |
juku |
juku |
|
inheritance |
*yuku |
pPaman |
|
Poss. pPama-Nyungan. Development of initial *y > /j/ problematic but also in Yidiny. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| waterlily |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Nymphaea macrosperma |
kababina |
kababina |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
compound |
/kaba/ 'rain' + *bina (ear)??? |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| wattle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Acacia difficilis |
yarun & yalngkal & yumba |
yarun & yalngkal & yumba |
|
loan |
|
|
Guugu Yimidhirr |
KYim /yaarunh/ 'wattle sp'; presumed as source because of KYal loss of length and /n/ < /nh/ |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| wedge-tailed eagle |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aquila audax |
yalngkurr |
yalngkurr |
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| willie wagtail |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Rhipidura leucophrys |
dijarr-dijin |
dijarr-dijin |
|
inheritance |
*cicarr+ |
pPaman |
|
|
|
|
|
compound |
? |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| witchetty grub |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
(many species) |
mujurr |
mujurr |
|
loan direction unknown |
*mucurr |
pGYim-KYal |
|
To GYim muthurr |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| woma |
|
|
flora-fauna |
|
Aspidites ramsayii |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
