Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

turtle (generic)

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous
Bankalachi Toloim	Testudines	trah'-tah		Turtle	loan			Yokuts	Yowlumne traw-tah; Tinlinne tal'-to-loi; Palewyami trŏ'-tah (so Proto-Yokutsan)			same	underived					C. H. Merriam 72-79, 60-463		2		2		0					0	1				no
Bardi	(many species)	goorlil	goorlil		inheritance								underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	Testudines	an-not'-se (RM)	enna-tsi	turtle (not here)	inheritance	*ayaC	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2539 (2008:316), with na- increment like in Tumpisa Shoshone			same	other complex	has -tsi ABS				Merriam 61:49		2		2		0					0	1				no
Bunuba	(many species)	waywurru	waywurru		loan			Jarragan					underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Burarra	(many species)	missing			missing								missing							0		1		0					0	0				no
Cahuilla	Testudines	ʔáyilʸ	ˈʔajiʎ	turtle	inheritance	*ʔayaC	Uto-Aztecan		S2359 (Stubbs 2009:316)			narrower (this is land tortoise, not water turtle. Generally in UA it is Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)	other complex	ˈʔaji-ʎ	-7aʃ "pet"	possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably)		Seiler&Hioki 1979:200	no info	2	shells used for rattles	2		no info		hunted	All	roasted	0	1		Mojave Desert and Sonoran Desert	Strong preference for alluvial fans, washes, canyons where they can dig dens in soft soil	no
Central Sierra Miwok	Testudines	7awán:aTa-		turtle	inheritance	7awan:a-, 7aw:an(a)-	Eastern Miwokan		Callaghan 1997:60	WW	%awan		other complex	-Ta an unproductive suffix (Broadbent p. 114)				Freeland & Broadbent 1960		2		2		0					0	1				no
Chemehuevi	Testudines	i'; pah-i	ɂájA (JPH), paɂájA (JPH)	Turtle	inheritance	*ayaC	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2359 (2008:316)			narrower (tortoises only; with pa- prefix is water turtle)	underived					Merriam 59:535		2		2		0					0	1				no
Chumash Barbareno	Testudines	ʃaq		turtle	unique		Central Chumash only						underived					Beeler 1978:184		2		2		0					0	1				no
Chumash Ineseno	Testudines	shahk'-ă		turtle	inheritance		Central Chumash only		Central Chumash				underived					Merriam 55:17		2		2		0					0	1				no
Chumash Obispeno	Testudines	tsuwini		tortuga (NOT sea turtle)	unique								underived					Harrington III:1:0295		2		2		0					0	1				no
Chumash Ventureno	Testudines	ʃaq		turtle	inheritance		Central Chumash only		Central Chumash				underived					Mamet 2008:57		2		2		0					0	1				no
Cocopa	Testudines	xnya·r		turtle	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Kiliwa xnaal; Yuma axnaraxna/r Halpern 3:207			same	underived					Crawford 1989		2		2		0					0	1				no
Comanche	Testudines	wakarée; wakate?ee Charney 25		turtle	inheritance	*ayaC	Uto-Aztecan		the -ee is from ay! Stubbs 2539 (2008:316) The wakata part looks like the UA “frog” word Stubbs 940	WW	%wakat	same	underived	etymologicall a phrase, frog-turtle				Robinson & Armagost 1990:163		2		2		0					0	1				no
Cupeño	Testudines	ayily	ˈʔajiʎ	desert tortoise, turtle	inheritance	*ʔayaC	Uto-Aztecan		S2359 (Stubbs 2009:316)			broader (includes tortoise-shell rattle)	other complex	ˈʔaji-ʎ turtle-npn	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals; if rattle, no classifier		Hill & Nolasquez 1973:152	no info	2	tortoise shells used to make rattles	2		no info		hunted	all	shells retained (Lu. did not eat the animal, Cahuilla dia	0	1	ritual paraphernailia traded	California and Southwest	diverse habitats	no
Dhangu	(many species)	miyapunu	miyapunu		inheritance								simplex							0		1		0					0	0				no
Dhay’yi	(many species)	missing			missing															0		1		0					0	0				no
Dhuwal	(many species)	miyapunu	miyapunu		inheritance								simplex							0		1		0					0	0				no
Djapu	(many species)		miyapunu		inheritance															0		1		0					0	0
Djinang	(many species)	gargiṉingi	gargirniŋi		unknown								simplex							0		1		0					0	0				no
Esselen	Testudines	missing			missing								missing							2		2		0					0	1				no
Gabrielino	Testudines	pah'-ar” 72-79, 60-429	ˈpa:ʔa:r (?)	turtle	inheritance	pa:-ʔayaC	Uto-Aztecan		S2359 (Stubbs 2009:316)			same	derived	ˈpa:-ʔa:-r water-turtle-npn (is this synchronically productive?)	-ʔaʧ “pet	possessive classifier for animals		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429	no info	2	couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony; shells used for rattles	2	McC p. 116	1	broth for aging (of a mud turtle)	hunted	all	shells saved for rattles	0	1		Western North America	Diverse habitats	no
Gajirrabeng	(many species)	moonggoong	mungkung		unique								underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Gooniyandi	(many species)	wilarrabi	wilarrabi		inheritance	wilarrapi	Bunuban						underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Gumatj	(many species)	miyapunu	ma:ṯala		unique								underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Gupapuyngu	(many species)	miyapunu	ganawuyma		unknown								simplex				collective for all sea mammals			0		1		0					0	0				no
Gurindji	(many species)	narrinytyila	narrinytyila		unknown								underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Guugu Yimidhirr	(many species)	missing			missing								missing			/buunhtha/ 'male turtle' and /maamiingu/ 'female' poss. define a taxon.				0		1		0					0	0				no
Iipay 'Aa	Testudines	ɂehnaally		turtle, turtle rattle	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Kiliwa xnaal; Yuma axnaraxna/r Halpern 3:207			broader (turtle and shell rattle)	underived					Couro & Hutcheson 1973		2		2		0					0	1				no
Jaru	(many species)	barlaan	barlaan		inheritance	parlawan	Ngumpin						uncoded							0		1		0					0	0				no
Jingulu	(many species)	warttyayi	warttyayi		unknown								underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Karajarri	(many species)	jalayapulu	jalayapulu		unique								derived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Kawaiisu	Testudines	Ɂaya		turtle (not water turtle)	inheritance	*ayaC	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2359 (2008:316)			broader (includes tortoises)	underived					Zigmond et al.		2		2		0					0	1				no
Kija	(many species)	tarntal	tarntal		unknown								underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Kiliwa	Testudines	xnaal		Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizi), rattle	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Cocopa xnya.r; Yuma axnaraxna/r Halpern 3:207			broader (tortoise and tortoise shell rattle)	underived					Mixco 1985		2		2		0					0	1				no
Kitanemuk	Testudines	kopotat	ˈkopotat	turtle	loan			Yuman	see Stubbs 2360 (Stubbs 2009:317). These forms are ONLY in Serrano, Kitanemuk (which is same language, really). Possibly the ko- element is related to ko in “back, shell”. But note Yavapai kpít, Mojave kapet “tortoise, turtle”			broader (includes tortoises)	other complex	kopota-t turtle-npn	-ʔacit "pet"	possessive classifier for animals		Anderton 1988:361	no info	2	shells often used for rattles, but the rattle of this area may be cocoons or deer hooves	2		no info		no info	no info	no info	0	1		Western North America	Diverse habitats	no
Koko-Bera	(many species)	pángarr; mim-	mim-pángarr	turtle (sp. undetermined)	inheritance	*pangVrr	pSWPaman		KThaay to Kurrtjar along the coast; not inland			Poss. prototypical, but definitely one sp. among several; wárrvñ 'turtle shell' is poss. criterial for turtles as a taxon	simplex
Kuku-Thaypan	(many species)	missing			missing								missing							0		1		0					0	0				no
Kuku-Yalanji	(many species)	missing			missing								missing							0		1		0					0	0				no
Kurtjar	(many species)	yaangirr	yaangirr		loan direction unknown	*pangarr			Loan status (to pangarr words) is a guess				underived		eeny					0		1		0					0	0				no
Kuuk Thaayorre	(many species)	paangarr; minh-	paangarr; minh-		loan	*pangVrr		Yir-Yoront	pSWPaman (?) YYoront pengvrr or KKaper pangvrr poss.			Species not given	underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Lake Miwok	Testudines	meléeja		turtle	unique		Pmiw only		Bodega Dic; Callaghan 1997:60				underived					Callaghan 1965		2		2		0					0	1				no
Luiseño	Testudines	páa'ila	ʹpa:Ɂila	turtle	inheritance	ʔayaC (with pa:-	Uto-Aztecan		S2359 (Stubbs 2009:316)			narrower (California Terrapin)	derived	ʹpa:-Ɂi-la where Ɂi is what's left of Ɂaji; water/big-turtle-non.possessed.noun	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999 661	Old family name (Harrington)	2	couplet: paa'ila, tamya$ut (the ritual mortar?); rattle made of shell of land tortoise	2	not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652)	no info		hunted	all	collected for shell, used as rattles	0	1	ceremonial regalia bought and sold	Western North America	diverse habitats	no
Maidu	Testudines	7ó 7opánoky		turtle	unique								relative clause	one who carries rock on the back				Shipley 1963		2		2		0					0	1				no
Mbabaram	(many species)	missing	missing		missing															0		1		0					0	0				no
Miriwung	(many species)	ngulurrng	ngulurrng		unknown								underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Mojave	Testudines	kapet		turtle; primarily, desert turtle	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Yavapai kpít; and note Serrano/Kitanemuk krprtt, kopotat; Yuma axnaraxna/r “turtle” Halpern 3:207 is cognate in Proto-Yuman; Yuma kwape/T “land turtle” Halpern 3:208			broader (turtles and tortoises)	underived					Munro et al.1992		2		2		0					0	1				no
Mutsun	Testudines	7awničmin		tortoise (Mason 1916;427 turtle	inheritance	*7aw...	Utian		Callaghan 1962:106, compares Pmie 7aw:an(a); Possibly Yok-Utian cf. Pyn $awa-xitH Callaghan 1997:60	WW	%awan		relative clause	-min "one who is/has"				Okrand 1977:138		2		2		0					0	1				no
Ngandi	(many species)	missing			missing								missing							0		1		0					0	0				no
Ngarinyin	(many species)	gonyorri	gonyorri		inheritance	*kantyorri	proto-Worrorran						uncoded							0		1		0					0	0				no
Ngarluma	(many species)		thatharruka		inheritance															0		1		0					0	0
Ngumbarl	(many species)	koolibel	koolibel		inheritance								underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Nimanburru	(many species)	gulibil	gulibil		inheritance								underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Nisenan	Testudines	7awan		turtle	loan			Sierra Miwok	Miwokan 7awan:a, 7aw:an(a) Callaghan 1997:609 and Bodega Dic	WW	%awan		underived					Uldall & Shipley 1966		2		2		0					0	1				no
Northern Paiute	Testudines	missing			missing								missing							2		2		0					0	1				no
Northern Sierra Miwok	Testudines	7awan:aTa-		turtle	inheritance	7awan:a-, 7aw:an(a)-	Eastern Miwokan		Bodega Dic, Callaghan 1997:60	WW	%awan		other complex	-Ta				Callaghan 1987		2		2		0					0	1				no
Nyikina	(many species)	kularrabulu	kularrabulu		semantic shift				‘western’				derived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Nyulnyul	(many species)	gurlibil	gurlibil		inheritance								underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Pakanh	(many species)	kuypuke; minha-	minha-kuypuke		unique								underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Plains Miwok	Testudines	7awan:aj, 7aw:anata-		turtle	inheritance	7awan:a-, 7aw:an(a)-	Eastern Miwokan		Bodega Dic., Callaghan 1997:609	WW	%awan		other complex	-:aj is derivational suffix				Callaghan 1984		2		2		0					0	1				no
Rembarrnga	(many species)	missing			missing								missing							0		1		0					0	0				no
Ritharrngu	(many species)	missing			missing								missing							0		1		0					0	0				no
Salinan A	Testudines	Ta:wó:y		turtle	unique		Salinan		If /T/ is articular prefix, may be related to Miwokan “turtle” words like Mie *7awan:a-,	WW	%awan		other complex	t- (articular prefix) on vowel-initial stem, probablyl Turner 1987 says should be /T/				Mason 1918:125; Turner 1980:86		2		2		0					0	1				no
Salinan M	Testudines	Tawə/		turtle	loan			Miwokan	e.g. Pmie *7awan:a-	WW	%awan		other complex	probably /T-/ on vowe initial				Mason 1918:125		2		2		0					0	1				no
Seri (Comcaac)	Testudines	xtamóosni		desert tortoise	unique							narrower (desert tortoise only; mud turtle is a different word)	underived	but note moosni (caguama)				Comcaac Dictionary 599		2		2		0					0	1				no
Serrano	Testudines	qorport-t		turtle	loan			Yuman	see Stubbs 2360 (Stubbs 2008:317). These forms are ONLY in Serrano, Kitanemuk (which is same language, really). Possibly the ko- element is related to ko in “back, shell”. But note Yavapai kpít, Mojave kapet				other complex	-t NPN				KCHill ms 2001:50		2		2		0					0	1				no
Southern Paiute	Testudines	ɂayA		Turtle	inheritance	*ayaC	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2359 (2008:316)			same	underived					Sapir 1930:554		2		2		0					0	1				no
Southern Sierra Miwok	Testudines	7aw:anta-		turtle	inheritance	7awan:a-, 7aw:an(a)-			Callaghan 1997:60	WW	%awan		underived	etymologically the -ta comes off				Broadbent 1964:		2		2		0					0	1				no
Southern Ute	Testudines	?ayá-pų-cI		turtle	inheritance	*ayaC	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2359 (2008:316)			same	other complex	has -pɨci ABS (Givon splits, Sapir doesn't)				Givon 1979		2		2		0					0	1				no
Tjaapukay	(many species)	badjigal	pacikal	turtle	inheritance	*pacikal	pYTj		To Yidiny /bajigal/ 'FW turtle' (Elseya latisternum)				underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Tübatulabal	Testudines	kōyōt	ko:ˈjo:t	turtle	unique				Probably from *ko-ya-wɨ (or something like that); needs work. cf. koikoyoT, in several forms of Yokuts, but does not reconstruct to Yokutsan or Yok-Utian			same	other complex	ko:ˈjo:-t turtle-npn				Hill 2010:35	no info	2		2	“A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12)	no info		hunted	all	no info	0	1		Western North America	Diverse habitats	no
Tümpisa Shoshone	Testudines	ainna, enna		turtle, tortoise	inheritance	*ayaC	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2539 (2008:316)			broader (includes water turtles and land tortoises)	other complex	ai-nna tortoise -ING ???				Dayley 1989:312		2		2		0					0	1				no
Uw-Olkol	(many species)	missing	missing		missing															0		1		0					0	0				no
Uw-Oykangand	(many species)	missing	missing		missing															0		1		0					0	0				no
Walmajarri	(many species)	jangkurr	jangkurr		unknown				cf. Marrngu tyangkurr 'hat'				underived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Wappo	Testudines	míče		turtle (CHM confirms 52:577)	unique								underived					Sawyer 1965		2		2		0					0	1				no
Wardaman	(many species)	gornorrong	gornorrong		unknown								uncoded							0		1		0					0	0				no
Washo	Testudines	gawánda7li7		turtle (CHM), desert turtle (WPD	loan			Northern Sierra Miwok	Mins 7awan:aTa-; Pmie 7awan:a-, 7aw:an(a)-	WW	%awan		other complex	has a suffix -li7 on the loan, and a prefix g-				Merriam 55:311; WPD		2		2		0					0	1				no
Western Mono	Testudines	ooGa		clam shell, coin purse, padlock, turtle	loan			Yokuts	Note Chukchansi o>k “freshwater mussel”			broader (lots of metaphoric extension, see gloss)	underived			Note that this has no classifier, but “freshwater mussels”, from same source, has it		Bethel et al.:117	no info	2		2		no info		no info	no info	no info	0	1				no
Wik Ngathan	(many species)	missing	missing		missing															0		1		0					0	0				no
Wintu	Testudines	xokohas		mud turtle	unique								underived	probably complex but no root given even by Pitkin, -as has wrong suffix vowel				Schlichter 1981		2		2		0					0	1				no
Worrorra	(many species)	diyagurri			unique		proto-Worrorran						uncoded							0		1		0					0	0				no
Wunambal	(many species)		man.guru (V)		unique		proto-Worrorran													0		1		0					0	0				no
Yan-nhangu	(many species)	ḏopun	garriwa		unique				also ‘miyapunu’				simplex							0		1		0					0	0				no
Yavapai	Testudines	kpít		turtle	inheritance				Note Mojave kapet				unknown					Shaterian 1983		2		2		0					0	1				no
Yawuru	(many species)	minydyinyngurru XXgl 'big head turtle'	minydyinyngurru XXgl 'big head turtle'		unique								derived							0		1		0					0	0				no
Yidiny	(many species)	missing	missing		missing				/bajigal/ 'FW turtle (sp: Elseya latisternum) (TC)' is cognate w Tjaap /badjigal/, the generic term for turtles											0		1		0					0	0				no
Yir-Yoront	(many species)	pengrr; minh- & loql; minh-	minh-pengrr & minh-loql		inheritance	*pangVrr	pSWPaman		KThaay to Kurrtjar along the coast; not inland			There is no generic term for turtles/tortoises, but /minh-penrr/ is poss. prototypical.	underived							0		1		0		Dug from mud with yamstick; post-Wet, Dry, & pre-wet. Eggs post-Wet & Dry	women; also men	cooked in ashes	0	0				no
Yokuts Palewyami	Testudines	trŏ'-tah		turtle	loan			Yowlumne Yokuts	Yawelmani T'od/to', Yawdanchi Toto is only similar form in Kroeber; presumably a Nim-Yokuts form borrowed into Palewyami (perhaps a nonce borrowing by this late generation speaker)			same	underived					Merriam 58:529		2		2		0					0	1				no
Yokuts Yawdanchi	Testudines	Toto		turtle	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		also in Yawel, Palew is probably bilingual nonce loan			same	underived					Kroeber 1961:205		2		2		0					0	1				no
Yokuts Yowlumne	Testudines	T'OdO:'		turtle	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		In Yowl, Yawd in Kroeber			same	underived					Newman 1944:132		2		2		0					0	1				no
Yuki	Testudines	só-pŭ Cs, sop B, so-pah' MWO		turtle	inheritance	*sop'(a7)	Yukian		Schlichter 1985				other complex	-a7 animate in 2 of 3 forms				Sawyer & Schlichter 1984		2		2		0					0	1				no
Yuma	Testudines	kwape/T “		Desert turtle	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Note Yavapai kpít; and note Serrano/Kitanemuk krprtt, kopotat; Yuma axnaraxna/r “turtle” Halpern 3:207 is cognate in Proto-Yuman				unknown					Merriam 61:463, Halpern 3:208		2		2		0					0	1				no


Bankalachi Toloim
Bardi
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Comanche
Cupeño
Dhangu
Dhay’yi
Dhuwal
Djapu
Djinang
Esselen
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Gumatj
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Guugu Yimidhirr
Iipay 'Aa
Jaru
Jingulu
Karajarri
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Koko-Bera
Kuku-Thaypan
Kuku-Yalanji
Kurtjar
Kuuk Thaayorre
Lake Miwok
Luiseño
Maidu
Mbabaram
Miriwung
Mojave
Mutsun
Ngandi
Ngarinyin
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nimanburru
Nisenan
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Pakanh
Plains Miwok
Rembarrnga
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Tjaapukay
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Uw-Olkol
Uw-Oykangand
Walmajarri
Wappo
Wardaman
Washo
Western Mono
Wik Ngathan
Wintu
Worrorra
Wunambal
Yan-nhangu
Yavapai
Yawuru
Yidiny
Yir-Yoront
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuki
Yuma

Showing 1 to 93 of 93 entries