Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Central Sierra Miwok

Family
Penutian
Region
North America
ISO 639-3
csm
Location
38.08°, -120.26°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (185)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location li/l:e-m:y7 inheritance Freeland & Broadbent 1960
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar 7icha/7 inheritance
all todo todos other shu/k:e-, sho/k:e- inheritance
and y e grammar -l:i- unknown
ankle tobillo tornozelo body ka/T:ala:la:- inheritance
armpit axila, sobaco axila body ka:/pusu- inheritance
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment jy/m:i- (hot ashes) inheritance
at en, a em, a location missing
back espalda costas body ke/:wy- inheritance
bad mal mal quality 7ysh:y- loan
belly barriga barriga body loto/- inheritance
below abajo, debajo abaixo location 7a:la- inheritance
big grande grande quality 7yT:y-T:i- loan into protolanguage
bite morder morder body jy/l:a- inheritance
black negro preto colour kulu/l:-i-7- inheritance
blood sangre sangue body ki/ch:awy- inheritance
blow soplar soprar body pushe:/l- inheritance
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body sike:/- inheritance
bone hueso osso body ky/ch:ychy- inheritance
breast pecho, seno peito body mu:/su- inheritance
breathe respirar respirar body he/n-si- inheritance
burn quemar queimar environment wy:/k- inheritance
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body chi/w:a- inheritance
child niño, niña criança human 7es:e- inheritance
climb subir subir motion chy:m-, chi:m- inheritance
cloud nube nuvem environment 7o:pa- inheritance
cold frío frio quality Tyn:a- unknown
come venir vir motion 7y/n:y- inheritance
cook cocinar cozinhar impact chy:/s-, shy:/s- unknown
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality missing
count contar contar mental missing
cry llorar chorar mental no/ch:u- inheritance
cut/hack cortar cortar impact Te:/p- inheritance
day día dia time hi7e:ma- inheritance
die/be dead morir morrer state cha/m-shy- inheritance
dig cavar cavar impact 7ol:u- inheritance
dingo/wolf fauna hung:u- loan into protolanguage
dirty sucio sujo quality ku/l:uTu- inheritance
dream soñar sonhar mental 7ukchu- inheritance
drink beber, tomar beber body 7u/sh:u- inheritance
dry seco seco quality hew:e- inheritance
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality missing
dust polvo poeira environment Tuk:e- inheritance
ear oreja orelha body To:koshu- inheritance
earth/soil tierra terra environment wal:i- inheritance
eat comer comer body 7y/w:y- inheritance
egg huevo ovo fauna hong:u- inheritance?
eye ojo olho body shy/nty- unknown
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body kyna:T- inheritance
fall caer cair motion pola:/-ng- unknown
far lejos longe quality ko:to-, kot:o inheritance
fat/grease grasa gordura body sy/m:ity- inheritance
father padre, papá pai kinship 7ypy:/- inheritance
fear miedo medo mental sheky/j-nge- unknown
feather pluma pena fauna shala:/- inheritance
fire fuego fogo environment wyke:/- inheritance
fish xx xx fauna 7e:/wy- inheritance
flow fluir fluir motion waka:/l- inheritance
flower flor flor environment missing
fly volar voar motion shyle:/t- inheritance
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment hynge/- inheritance
foot pie pé body ha/T:e:- inheritance
fruit fruta fruta flora missing
good bueno bom quality kuchi:/- inheritance
grow crecer crescer state 7ype/l-nge- inheritance
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body jushe- (head) inheritance
hand mano mão body tish:y- inheritance
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar 7is:ak-, his:ak- inheritance
head cabeza cabeça body han:a- inheritance
hear oír ouvir mental Tele:/j- inheritance?
heavy pesado pesado quality lew:i- inheritance
hide esconder esconder motion 7oko:/j- inheritance
hit golpear, pegar bater impact To/k-la inheritance
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other lotu/:-k:u- inheritance
how? como como grammar missing
1sg yo eu grammar ka:n inheritance
if si se grammar missing
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location wa:ni- unknown
intestines intestinos intestinos body puTkaly- “gut”?? inheritance
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body missing
kill matar matar impact jy/n:a- inheritance
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental hy/j7y-k:y- inheritance
lake lago lago environment pol:uku- inheritance
laugh reír rir mental hyja:/k- inheritance
leaf hoja folha environment ta:ta- inheritance
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body cha/j:a-n inheritance
leg/foot pierna perna body ho:chonu- inheritance
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion ma/7:il:-y- (V), ma7i:/l- (EC) inheritance
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment wile:p- inheritance
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body hi7a:/-mu- (N) unknown
liver hígado figado body kyl:a- inheritance
long largo comprido, longo quality to/t:oto- inheritance
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna ket:y- inheritance
lung pulmón pulmão body po/shkaly- inheritance
man/male hombre homem human nang:a- inheritance
meat/flesh carne carne fauna 7och:uku- inheritance
moon luna lua environment kome/- inheritance
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship 7yta/:- inheritance
mouth boca boca body 7aw:o:- inheritance
name nombre nome human 7oja:she:- inheritance
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body missing
near/close cerca de perto quality haje:/- inheritance
neck cuello pescoço body no:no- unknown
new nuevo novo quality missing
night noche noite time kawy:/l- inheritance
no/not no não grammar 7e/w:yty- “No” inheritance
nose nariz nariz body nito/- loan into protolanguage
old viejo velho quality hoj:a-mu- inheritance
one uno um number keng:e- inheritance
open/uncover abrir abrir other po:haj-y-, poh:aj-y:- unknown
other otro outro grammar lu:Ti- inheritance
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body halu/j-nge- inheritance
person/human being persona pessoa human miw:y- inheritance
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact lo/pLa- unknown
rain lluvia chuva environment nyk:a- (to rain) inheritance
red rojo vermelho colour jolol:-i- unknown
right/right hand derecha direita location/body missing
road/path camino caminho manufacture muk:u- inheritance
root raíz raiz flora missing
rotten podrido podre quality missing
sand arena areia environment missing
say decir dizer mental ka/ch:y- inheritance
scratch rascar rasgar impact missing
see ver ver mental shyj-nge- inheritance
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality missing
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact Ty/w-ki- inheritance
short corto curto quality missing
shoulder hombro ombro body mej:ely- inheritance
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental missing
sit sentar(se) sentar state To/7:-uc:u- inheritance
skin piel pele body To/l:echa- inheritance
sky cielo céu environment wy:/che- inheritance
sleep dormir dormir body Tyj:e- inheritance
small pequeño pequeno quality Tu/:ni- unknown
smoke humo fumaça environment hak:isa- inheritance
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body huka:/-j- inheritance
spit escupir cuspir body ju:/pesy-, ju/pse- inheritance?
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact Ta/l-wa- (vt) inheritance
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact pi/ch-wa- inheritance
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact hy/l:a- inheritance
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state ha/ch:-ych:y- inheritance
star estrella estrela environment ho/sh:ok:o:na- inheritance
steal robar roubar other wyla:/ng- inheritance
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora chiki/l:a- inheritance
stone piedra pedra environment shawa:/- inheritance
suck chupar chupar body ko/j-pa- inheritance
sweat sudar suor, suar body cha:/p- inheritance
swell hincharse inchar body lop:o- (N) inheritance
swim nadar nadar motion my:/ng- inheritance
tail cola, rabo rabo body shu:ki- inheritance
that ese/esa esse grammar no- inheritance
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar 7i:-ko- inheritance
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality lew:i- inheritance
thin delgado fino quality se:si- inheritance
think pensar pensar mental howo:/sh- inheritance
this este/esta este grammar ne- inheritance
2sg xx xx grammar mi:ni- inheritance
three tres tres number tolo:/koshu- inheritance
throat garganta garganta body my/7:yTa- (EC) loan
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact ha:/j- unknown
thunder truenos trovão environment Time:/l- inheritance
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact sy:/ch- inheritance
tongue lengua lingua body ne/p:ity- inheritance
tooth diente dente body kyt:y- “teeth” inheritance
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other wi:/la- (vt) inheritance
two dos dois number 7oTi:/- inheritance
vomit vomitar vomitar body ho:/ne- inheritance
walk caminar, andar andar motion wy:/n- inheritance
water agua agua environment ki/k:y- inheritance
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar ma:sh inheritance
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar 7oTi:\-m inheritance
wet mojado molhado quality missing
what? que, qué que grammar ti/n:y- inheritance
when? cuando quando grammar mi-ta\-n inheritance
where? donde onde grammar mi/n:i- inheritance
white blanco branco colour kele/l:-i- inheritance
who? quien, quién quem grammar mana/:- inheritance
wife esposa esposa kinship 7o/sh:a- inheritance
wind viento vento environment hena:\- inheritance
wing ala asa body sala:/- inheritance
woman/female mujer mulher human 7o/sh:a- inheritance
work trabajar trabalhar other ta/whan-7e-, ta/whan:-e loan
yawn bostezar bocejar body missing
yellow amarillo amarelo colour TaTaT:-i- inheritance
2pl ustedes vocês grammar miko\7 inheritance


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
abalone flora-fauna Haliotis spp. hás:yny- abalone loan Costanoan Also in Miss; Mutsun haşʸşʸan (perhaps Utian?) WW %kys other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 1 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae Tisí:najy- ant inheritance Eastern Miwokan Also in Miss, Mip other complex -aj-y thematic and nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 0 0 2 0 0 no
antelope flora-fauna Antilocapra americana há:lušu- antelope inheritance Eastern Miwokan hal form in all Mis, Mip underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
badger flora-fauna Taxidea taxus tĕ-we-gah; tĕ'-we-gŭ badger inheritance Sierra Miwokan only In Merriam's Tuolumne and Mins underived Merriam 57:449 2 1 0 0 0 yes
bald eagle flora-fauna Haliaeetus leucocephalus missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 1 no
band-tail pigeon flora-fauna Patagioenas fasciata ly/ng:y:ti- pigeon inheritance *lyng:y:ti- Sierra Miwokan only Callaghan 1997:60 underived I suspect derivation frly lyng- “to flirt, caress”, but dictionary doesn't suggest it Freeland & Broadbent 1960 0 1 0 0 0 no
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp Tipí:sis:i- bat inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Miss reduplicated Freeland & Broadbent 1960 0 1 0 0 0 no
beaver flora-fauna Castor 7éč:ešy- beaver unique other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
beetle flora-fauna Coleoptera spp as'-se-nah'-te Elater beetle unique other complex -ti Merriam 57:465 2 0 0 0 0 no
big round tule flora-fauna Schoenoplectus acutus ling'-ah big round tule (S. lacustris) inheritance *lin ... Eastern Miwokan underived Merriam 57:473 2 1 2 0 0 no
big skunk flora-fauna Mephitis mephitis hís:iky- skunk (broad stripe) inheritance Eastern Miwokan In all Mis, Mip other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 0 0 0 no
big wolf (gray wolf) flora-fauna Canis lupus húng:u- wolf inheritance *hu:n Miwokan Note Ceb xu:n “wolf” (allaghan 1971:30); Pwintu *hul (Callaghan 2001:25 other complex -u nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 1 2 0 0 0 yes
bighorn sheep flora-fauna Ovis canadensis wangì:- mountain sheep unique Sierra Miwokan only In Miss underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna čička- bird inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Miss underived perhaps reduplicated etymologically Freeland & Broadbent 1960 0 0 0 0 0 no
black ant flora-fauna Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger homo'-kel-loo big black ant inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Mins phrase homo element widespread; meaning unknown Merriam 57:465 2 0 0 0 0 no
black bear flora-fauna Ursus americanus 7yšy:-maTi-, hyšy:mati- bear inheritance *7y$y-maTi7 Eastern Miwokan Callaghan 1971 phrase bad-creature Freeland & Broadbent 1960 1 2 0 0 0 yes
black-tail Jackrabbit flora-fauna Lepus californicus 7épla:li- jackrabbit inheritance *7epla:-li- Eastern Miwokan Callaghan 2001:325 other complex -:liH (Broadbent p. 120) Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
blackberry flora-fauna Rubus ursinus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
blue grouse flora-fauna Dendrogapus? múč:ama:šy- grouse inheritance Sierra Miwokan only In all Mis other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 0 1 0 0 0 no
bobcat, lynx flora-fauna Lynx rufus tol:om:a- lynx inheritance *tol:om:a Miwokan “Pco to:roma “wildcat” is probably a loan from Miwok” (Callaghan 1997:33) WW %talom underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 1 2 0 0 0 no
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera hól:ok:iTiwa- butterfly inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Mins; holo part shared with Mip phrase meaning of elements unknown Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 0 0 0 0 no
California condor flora-fauna Gymnogyps californianus mól:oku- condor inheritance Miwokan This form is also Proto-Wintun; Whistler (1977) thought it was of Miwokan origin. Word is in Mip and Misn, etc. WW %moloko underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 1 2 0 0 1 no
California jay flora-fauna Aphelocoma californica? Tajiš-mu- bluejay loan *Tajich Sierra Miwokan only unknown Callaghan 1997:58; Note Proto-General Yokuts *T'ayT'ay WW %chaj derived -mu- agentive Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
California woodpecker flora-fauna Melanerpes formicivorus? palát:ata- woodpecker, red breasted (Lewis?) NO JHH loan into protolanguage *palaT:a-? Miwokan unknown Note Pyokuts *pHala:tah; “There are peculiiar developments in both Miwok and Yokuts” (Callaghan 1997:61); see Troike ms for this very widespread form WW %palaka ~ %pana(k) reduplicated Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 1 no
chia flora-fauna Salvia columbariae missing missing missing 1 1 1 0 0 no
chipmunk flora-fauna Tamias spp. pisú:- chipmunk; Tahoe chipmunk inheritance Sierra Miwokan only In all Mis underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
cliff swallow flora-fauna Petrochelidon pyrrhonota šalíp:ip”i- swallow inheritance Eastern Miwokan In all Mis, Mip reduplicated Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
coot flora-fauna Fulica americana 7óp7iple- mudhen unique underived must be etymologically complex Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
cottontail rabbit flora-fauna Sylvilagus audobonii Tós:ewe- rabbit (Merriam confirms cottontail) loan Takic Note Cup. tisixat, Kit. tɨhokt, Ser. tiiyrhaqt??? Also In Miss as per Merriam); *tosa “white” in PUA other complex -we 2 1 0 0 0 no
cottonwood flora-fauna Populus spp. tah-tah'-kol-lă cottonwood inheritance Eastern Miwokan Also in Miss, Mip reduplicated Merriam 57:467 2 0 2 0 0 no
coyote flora-fauna Canis latrans 7ašé:li-; kátwa- coyote inheritance *7a$e:-li- Sierra Miwokan only “Pmis *7a$e:-li- “coyote” is probably a loanword from Pyn *ho:shu- < *hu:si- 'coyote' or some similar word” (Callaghan 2001:325) other complex -:li an unproductive suffix with animal names Freeland & Broadbent 1960 1 2 0 0 0 no
crow flora-fauna Corvus brachyrhynchos ká:kulu- crow unique Note Mil kaakali, Callaghan Bodega Dic 33 thinks Mil might be loan from Costanoan underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
datura flora-fauna Datura wrightii mó:nuja- jimsonweed loan Takic Also in Miss; probably from intermediate but unknown source, ultimately Takic WW %moji ~ %moni underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 1 1 1 1 0 yes
deer, mule flora-fauna Odocoileus hemionus 7ywy/:ja- deer, deer meat inheritance *7ywy-ja- Eastern Miwokan Callaghan 1971 other complex -jaH Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
digger pine flora-fauna Pinus sabiniana sák:y- digger pine inheritance *sa:k, *sak:y- Utian Callaghan 1997:18 underived here /y/ is not nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 2 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris čukú:- dog, pet inheritance *chuku- Sierra Miwokan only Callaghan 2001:325; In all Mis WW %suku underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 0 0 0 0 0 no
dogbane flora-fauna Apocynum cannabinum missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna Zenaida macrocoura húl:uw:i- dove inheritance Eastern Miwokan In all Mis, Mip underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae háTha:Ta- duck inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Miss reduplicated Freeland & Broadbent 1960 0 1 0 0 0 no
elder flora-fauna Sambucus an'-ti'-roo'-mah elder inheritance *7anTaj- Miwokan Callaghan 1971; Callaghan 1997;19 other complex -ma Merriam 57:467 2 1 1 0 0 no
elk flora-fauna Cervas elaphus hák:a:ja- elk inheritance *hak:a:ja- Eastern Miwokan Callaghan 1997;59 may be cog w/ Pyokutsan *sohkoy ??” WW %sok other complex -jaH Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna 7é:wy- fish (small) (usual cognate is “minnow” so this is right) unique Note Yukian-Wappo *həw other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 0 1 0 0 0 no
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna Siphonaptera koo'-gă-zah' flea inheritance *ky:ky$ Miwokan Callaghan 1971 other complex -:a Merriam 57:465 2 0 0 0 0 no
flicker flora-fauna Colaptes sp. Tíw:ajy- flicker inheritance *Tiw(:)a- Utian Callaghan 1986:62 other complex -aj thematic suffix, -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 1 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera homó:košu- fly unique First element homo: shared with Mip, Mins phrase meaning of elements unknown Freeland & Broadbent 1960 0 0 0 0 0 no
foothills yucca flora-fauna Yucca whipplei missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
fox flora-fauna Vulpes, Urocyon júw:ely- red fox inheritance *juw:el Eastern Miwokan Callaghan 1971 other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 0 0 0 no
frog (generic) flora-fauna waTăksa7ji- frog inheritance *waTa:k Miwokan Callaghan 2001:326; note Pwintu *wataq *; but onomatopoeic “susceptible to borrowing” WW %wakat other complex -sa7-ji is suffix complex Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 0 0 0 no
golden eagle flora-fauna Aquila chrysaetos wíp:aja:ky- eagle inheritance Eastern Miwokan In all Mis, Mip other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 1 2 0 0 1 no
gooseberry flora-fauna Ribes spp. kí:lili- gooseberry inheritance *kil:i- “horn, antler” Utian Bodega Dic; Mib has a cognate verb meaning “be hard, sharp” so Pmi may have included “thorn”. Note Misn kle'-de-de' “wild rose”, presumably from the same root. Utian:Callaghan 1997:33 reduplicated Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 1 0 0 no
gopher snake, bull snake flora-fauna Pituophis catenifer ló:paT:i gopher snake inheritance Sierra Miwokan only In Mins underived must be etymologically complex 2 2 0 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) čít:aky- (green, and green tree) green grass/tree inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Miss; from Pmie “green” other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 0 0 0 0 0 no
grasshopper flora-fauna Caelifera kó:čo- Grasshopper inheritance *ko:To- ? Miwokan Callaghan 1971 underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
gray ground squirrel flora-fauna Sphermophilus sp. Tičá:šy- California ground squirrel inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Miss as per Merriam other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
gray tree squirrel flora-fauna Sciurus spp. mé:we- squirrel inheritance Eastern Miwokan In all Mis, Mip underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
great horned owl flora-fauna Bubo virginianus šúk:umì- big owl unique Also in Merriam's Tuolomne 57:453 underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 1 2 2 0 1 no
grizzly bear flora-fauna Ursus arctos horribilis hopá7-mu- grizzly bear loan unknown WW %paha other complex -mu Freeland & Broadbent 1960 1 2 0 0 0 yes
horned toad flora-fauna Phrynosomatidae 7et:ek:iliwa- horned toad inheritance Eastern Miwokan Also in Mins, Mip underived must be etymologically complex Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 2 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus kawá:ju- horse loan Spanish WW %caballo underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae líč:ič:i- hummingbird inheritance Sierra Miwokan only In all Mis and Nisenan reduplicated Freeland & Broadbent 1960 0 0 0 0 0 no
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana spp. hú:Tija- tobacco unique other complex -ja Freeland & Broadbent 1960 1 1 1 1 0 yes
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic missing missing missing 0 0 2 0 0 variable
junco flora-fauna Junco sppp too-moo-no-no junco unique reduplicated Merriam 57:457 0 1 0 0 0 no
juniper flora-fauna Juniperus californica wi'-yow-wel Juniper unique underived must be etymologically complex Merriam 57:465 2 1 1 0 0 no
louse flora-fauna order Phtiraptera két:y- louse inheritance *keT:- Miwokan Callaghan 1971:24 other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 0 0 0 0 no
mallard flora-fauna Anas platyrhynchos háTha:Ta- mallard (Merriam confirms) inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Miss reduplicated Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
manzanita flora-fauna Arctostaphylos spp. 7ej:e- manzanita inheritance Miwokan In Mil, Mip, all Mis JHH underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 1 0 0 no
milkweed, broad leaf flora-fauna Asclepias eriocarpa missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
milkweed, narrow leaf flora-fauna Asclepias fascicularis missing missing missing 0 1 1 0 0 no
mission tule flora-fauna Juncus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
mockingbird flora-fauna Mimus polyglottos missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera 7yjy:kyšy- mosquito inheritance *7yjy:ky$ Eastern Miwokan source? other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 0 0 0 0 0 no
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna Heterocera wahlah-poo-den-nah sphynx moth inheritance Sierra Miwokan only In Miss phrase meaning of elements unknown Merriam 57:465 2 0 0 0 0 no
mountain lion flora-fauna Puma concolor hí:liča- mountain lion inheritance Eastern Miwokan In all Mis, Mip underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 1 2 0 0 0 yes
mountain quail flora-fauna Oreortyx pictus kúj:ak:a- mountain quail inheritance Eastern Miwokan In all Mis, Mip underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
mussel flora-fauna Mytilus spp. so-paw'-noi-yu mussels (fresh water, big kind, good) unique Cognate in Miss compound Merriam 57:463 2 1 0 0 1 no
olivella (olive snail) flora-fauna Callianax biplicata lúk:u- shell beads inheritance Sierra Miwokan only In all Mis underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 0 0 1 no
pinyon jay flora-fauna Cyanocitta stelleri? čóp:ata- crested bluejay unique Note Mins copuk:aTi- underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
pinyon pine flora-fauna Pinus monophylla missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 1 no
pismo clam flora-fauna Tivella stultorum missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
pocket gopher flora-fauna Thomomys sy/w:yty- gopher inheritance *sykw:ot Utian Callaghan 1986:57 other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
poison oak flora-fauna Toxicodendron diversilobum nŭ'-kŭ-soo poison oak inheritance *nykys Utian Callaghan 1986:57 other complex -y nominalizer Merriam 57:471 2 2 2 0 0 yes
rattlesnake flora-fauna Crotalus spp. wák:a:lì rattlesnake inheritance Miwokan Bodega Dic other complex -:li an unproductive suffix with animal names Freeland & Broadbent 1960 1 2 0 0 0 yes
red ant flora-fauna Solenopsis spp missing missing missing 1 0 1 0 0 no
red-shouldered blackbird flora-fauna Agelaius phoeniceus 7onglili:wy- redwing blackbird unique other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
red-tailed hawk flora-fauna Buteo jamaicensis súj:u- chicken hawk inheritance *suj:u- Miwokan Callaghanphonloy2222 underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 0 0 0 no
roadrunner flora-fauna Geococcyx californianus 7új7uju- roadrunner inheritance *uj:uj:u- Eastern Miwokan Callaghan 1997:60; note also Pyokuts *oj7uy from 7u:j7uj WW %uji reduplicated Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
ruddy duck flora-fauna Oxyura jamaicensis missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
sage herb flora-fauna Artemisia californica hukú7me- sage inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Misn huk:u:me- “wild tea” (CHM's Pycnanthemum), tea for health; probably not the right word underived must be etymologically complex Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 1 0 0 no
salmon/steelhead flora-fauna Oncorhynchus mykiss kó:somu- salmon inheritance Miwokan Must go with Pmiw *kas:i, *ka:si (Callaghan 1997:42) other complex -mu or -u Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
scaly lizard flora-fauna Pygopus lepidopodus? šák:aTi- lizard inheritance Eastern Miwokan In all Mis and Mip underived 2 2 0 0 0 no
small bird flora-fauna cheech'-kah-te small bird unique Sierra Miwokan only From Merriam's “Tuolumne” list so same source as in Miss base; obviously chichka with diminutive other complex -ti diminutive Merriam 57:461 2 1 0 0 0 no
small brown lizard flora-fauna píč:ak:a- lizard inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Miss underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna lah'-wah-te snake (any) inheritance Sierra Miwokan only In Miss underived must be etymologically complex Merriam 57:463 0 1 0 0 0 no
soaproot flora-fauna Chlorogalum missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
sour berry flora-fauna Rhus trilobata missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
sparrow hawk flora-fauna Falco tét:ete- sparrow hawk inheritance *te:ete- Eastern Miwokan I think this is probably the wrong hawk,same word is “Cooper's Hawk” in CHM's Misn and Mip. Recon is Callaghan 1962:104 reduplicated Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 0 0 0 no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae 7Ačá:ja:ji- spider unique Similar in Mins other complex -ji Freeland & Broadbent 1960 0 0 2 0 0 variable
spotted skunk flora-fauna Spilogale gracilis ty/nkywe- skunk inheritance Eastern Miwokan In Mins, Mip other complex -we; I think there is "critter" cognate for the other part Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 0 0 0 no
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna Bufonidae 7ól:o7ša:ji- toad inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Miss other complex ša-ji; 7ol:o7 is root (Broadbent p. 104) Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) lah-mah a tree inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Miss other complex -ma Merriam 57:475 0 0 2 0 0 no
tree yucca flora-fauna Yucca schidegera missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
turkey buzzard flora-fauna Cathartes aura čy/:šywitna-; hú:šuwija- y/ is acute accent on /y/ buzzard inheritance *chy:-$y- Eastern Miwokan Callaghan 2001:32, may be same as Pmis *hu:$u- compound Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 0 0 0 no
turtle (generic) flora-fauna Testudines 7awán:aTa- turtle inheritance *7awan:a-, *7aw:an(a)- Eastern Miwokan Callaghan 1997:60 WW %awan other complex -Ta an unproductive suffix (Broadbent p. 114) Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 0 0 1 no
valley live oak flora-fauna Quercus agrifolia sá:sa- live oak (Q. agrifolia) inheritance *sa:Ta Miwokan Callaghan 1997:19 reduplicated Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 2 0 1 no
valley oak flora-fauna Quercus lobata wíl:išy- oak (Quercus lobata) inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Mins other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 2 0 1 no
valley quail flora-fauna Callipepla californica hék:e:ke- valley quail inheritance Utian In all Mis; Perhaps Utian, see Mutsun heksen reduplicated Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
Washington clam flora-fauna Saxidomus nuttalli missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
Western Canada goose flora-fauna Branta canadensis lo'-wah-too Western canada goose inheritance Sierra Miwokan only In all Mis other complex -u nominalizer Merriam 57:459 0 1 0 0 0 no
whale flora-fauna Eschrichtius robustus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 1 no
white pelican flora-fauna Pelicanus erythrorhynchos missing missing missing 0 2 0 0 0 no
wild grapevine flora-fauna Vitis californica pe-pe'-lah wild grapevine unique Possibly a Takic or Tub loan of the *pi “berry” word reduplicated Merriam 57:475 2 1 2 0 0 no
wild oats flora-fauna Avena (introduction) missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
wild rose flora-fauna Rosa californica missing missing missing 0 1 2 0 0 no
wild sunflower flora-fauna Helianthus (and other genera) missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
willow flora-fauna Salix spp. sakál:y- willow loan Mono? Gabrielino Jhh other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 1 0 0 no
wood rat, round-tail flora-fauna Neotoma spp. pús:i:na-, púT:e:se- rat unique Sierra Miwokan only This looks like the Miss “mouse” word, probably wrong form other complex -Hna Broadbent 123 Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 0 0 0 no
worm, hairy caterpillar flora-fauna Arctiidae (many species) missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
worm, smooth caterpillar flora-fauna Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper 7uč:umu- worm inheritance Sierra Miwokan only See Miss 7uc:um- “fly” other complex -mu or -u Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 0 0 0 no
yellow jacket flora-fauna Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. mélngaly- yellowjacket inheritance Miwokan Pmiw meenani (Bodega Dic) underived Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 0 0 0 0 no
yellowbird flora-fauna Dendroica petechia loo-too'-loo-te yellowbird (Astragalinus) unique From Merriam's “Tuolumne” list so same source as in Miss base reduplicated -ti diminutive Merriam 57:457 0 1 0 0 0 no
yerba santa flora-fauna Eriodictyon californicum missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Tisi/:najy- inheritance
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna chi/chka- loan into protolanguage
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna homo/:koshu- inheritance
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna chuku:/- loan direction unknown
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna cit:aky- inheritance
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna 7ywy:ja- inheritance
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna lo:paT:i- inheritance
spider araña aranha flora-fauna 7acha:/ja:ji- inheritance


Cultural Vocabulary (116)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
acorn mush food nyp:a- acorn mush inheritance *nyp:a- Proto-Sierra Miwok simplex Callaghan 1971
ball game food čikí:-l- to play shinny unique other complex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology missing missing
feather headband dress missing missing
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool pájpu- arrow inheritance Proto-Eastern Miwok see Mip 'hunt'; see pajuk in SSM, looks like the %pa arrow words simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
arrow straightener other haky/n:a- arrow straightener unique other complex has suffix -:a Freeland & Broadbent 1960
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool missing missing
school escuela escola acculturation missing missing
stone bowl culture-material missing missing
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material 7alu:ma- basket inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok JHH simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material himà- mush basket unique simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
basketry hat culture-material kačú:če- cap loan Spanish simplex kačú(č)- V 'to put on a cap Freeland & Broadbent 1960
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material lúk:u- shell beads inheritance Proto-Eastern Miwok Note Mie luk:u- 'piece of abalone shell'; hów:out- 'disk beads' simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
ochre culture-mythology missing missing
bow arco arco subsistence tool šól:oku- bow (for shooting) unique maybe same as Mins sol:ok:u 'hazel tree, Corylus californica, is this used for bows? simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
canoe canoa canoa transport missing missing
carrying net subsistence tool láš:a- carrying net, rabbit net inheritance *laš: Proto-Miwok-Mutsun Callaghan 1962:105 other complex suffix -:a Freeland & Broadbent 1960
bottle botella garrafa acculturation missing missing
paper papel papel acculturation missing missing
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology hajá:po- chief inheritance Proto-Miwok While Callaghan 1971:18 does not propose a Pmi reconstruction, note Pmiw hójpuş 'chief' (Callaghan 1970:24), perhaps from *hoj 'first'?? JHH); má:jyngy- woman chief, chief's wife or daughter; this also in Nisenan simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool Tak-ja- to club inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok see Misn other complex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress péh:una- breechclout unique simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
cook food food čy/:s, šy/:s- to cook unique simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
corpse food missing missing
dance (generic) culture-mythology kalá:-ng- to dance inheritance *kala(?) Proto-Utian Callaghan 1997:50 other complex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology tín:y-T:i- supernatural being, "a great something" unique tin:y Pmis 'something' other complex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
digging stick subsistence tool missing missing
dipper subsistence tool missing missing
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology 7ukču- to dream, dream about inheritance *7ektu Proto-Utian Callaghan 1997:48 simplex Freeland & Broadbent
drone pipe culture-mythology missing missing
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology Tym:a- drum inheritance *Tum:a- Proto-Eastern Miwok Callaghan 1971:19 simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
chicken gallina galinha acculturation missing missing
earring other kíw:a- earrings unique simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology missing missing
fire drill subsistence tool missing missing
fire-tender culture-mythology missing missing
fireplace hogar lareira other missing missing
firewood leña lenha other šy/š:y- wood inheritance *şyş:-y- Proto-Sierra Miwok Callaghan 1971:31; maybe Yok-Utian Callaghan 1997:59 simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food kosú:m- to fish unique hyné:ma- to go fishing simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool missing missing
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool missing missing
fish hook subsistence tool missing missing
acorn bread food 7ylé- acorn bread inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok JHH simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
wheat food missing missing
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology lúl:a- flute inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok but very widespread form; probably onomatopoeia simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
gambling sticks other ha:na-, pát:y- gambling bones inheritance Proto-Miwok PMi *hela!! ha:na-; 'handgame bone'; pat:y is 'handgame' in Mins simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food missing missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology lé:ši-ško-, šu:le-ško- ghost inheritance *şu:les- Proto-Sierra Miwok Callaghan 1971:19 other complex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
glue subsistence tool missing missing
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology missing missing
alcohol food missing missing
Datura wrightii narcotics mó:nuja- jimsonweed loan Salinan? WW %moji ~ %moni Takic or Chumash, probably through some intermediate language, this is an areal form simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology husík-pe shaman inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok Pmis *husik 'to doctor'; also túj:uku- 'poison doctor', 7ál:ini 'dreamer shaman' other complex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
honey miel mel food missing missing
house other 7ú:ču- house inheritance *uč:u Proto-Sierra Miwok Callaghan 2001:321 simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
hunt cazar caçar food lém-ngi- to hunt unique also hót-šu-, wyn-ty- other complex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
initiate boy culture-mythology missing missing
initiate girl culture-mythology missing missing
knife cuchillo faca culture-material ku:či- knife loan Spanish WW %cuchillo simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
mat culture-material missing missing
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool 7y/m:e- mortar inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok Mins 7ym:e 'portable mortar' simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
necklace other hy/:ly- necklace inheritance Proto-Miwok note Pmiw helék:I 'neck' simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
needle/awl subsistence tool čy/l:a:- awl inheritance *Cy1la1s (1 subscript) Proto-Utian Callaghan 1962:102 simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
paddle/oar remo remo transport missing missing
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool kawá:či- pestle inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok Mins kawa:ci- 'stone mortar about 6 inches long' simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
pinole food túj:u- mush of seeds inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other káw:ači- CHECK pipe inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok also lyky/č:a- simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
pitch food šá:kine- pitch inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok Mins sak:ine 'pitchy pinewood' simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool missing missing
quiver subsistence tool šutá:šy- quiver (for arrows) inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok cognate with Miss huta: simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology šokóš:a- cocoon rattle inheritance *şokoş:a- Proto-Miwok WW %soko Callaghan 1971:18 simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
red paint culture-mythology missing missing
salt sal sal food missing missing
seed beater subsistence tool čá:majy- acorn or seed basket (with long handle) inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok JHH, see Miss simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology 7yká:py- clothes, garments unique perhaps related to Mins 7ykpa 'to adorn'?? simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
sinew-backed bow subsistence tool missing missing
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material na:wasy- skirt loan Spanish WW %enaguas simplex Freedland & Broadbent 1960
snare subsistence tool šíl:e- trap inheritance Proto-Eastern Miwok see Mip simplex Freedland & Broadbent 1960
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology my:li- song inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok simplex Freedland & Broadbent 1960
spear lanza lança subsistence tool wimá:- spear unique also hylá-, hyl:ylá- simplex Freedland & Broadbent 1960
stirring stick food šawá:-ja- mush stirrer unique other complex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture kúš:ily- string unique simplex Freedland & Broadbent 1960
bag, sack culture-material missing missing
string of shell money other missing missing
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation missing missing
sweathouse other čapy/:j:a- sweathouse inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok JHH other complex suffix -:a Freedland & Broadbent 1960
tell history culture-mythology missing missing
cremate culture-mythology missing missing
tobacco (native) narcotics hú:tija- tobacco unique simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
tule boat transport missing missing
white paint culture-mythology missing missing
winnowing basket culture-material hét:aly- winnowing basket inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok see Mins simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
wood tray subsistence tool missing missing
shoes zapatos sapatos dress mómko- moccasin inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok WW %moko see Miss momko simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
medicine narcotics missing missing
cradleboard culture-material hikí- cradle basket inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok JHH simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
policeman polícia policía acculturation missing missing
soldier soldado soldado acculturation missing missing
corn food missing missing
beans food missing missing
cat gato gato acculturation missing missing
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation missing missing
hat sombero chapéu dress missing missing
clapper acculturation TakáT:a- clapper (split-stick rattle inheritance Proto-Eastern Miwok same as Mins; maybe metathesis re Miss?? other complex suffix -:a, surely Freeland & Broadbent 1960
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture kush:ily- unknown
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture kush:ily- unknown
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material missing
bottom grinding stone manufacture 7ym:e- inheritance
digging stick subsistence tool missing
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture pik:a- inheritance
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture pa/T:a- loan
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool missing
spearthrower subsistence tool sho/l:uku- “bow” unknown
spear lanza lança subsistence tool pa/jpu- “arrow” loan direction unknown
house other 7umu:cha- inheritance


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
large HG medium seasonal no