| Bankalachi Toloim |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
al'-wut |
|
Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Yawdanchi ad'-dŏ-wut'; Yowlumne al'-lă-woot'r so showing cognacy in NimYokuts; this loan also in Takic |
WW |
%alwut |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
C. H. Merriam 72-77, 60-455 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Big Smokey Valley Shoshone |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
gak' (?)RV; kahk RM; Crapo 110 haih raven, crow; kaa”, kaa-cci crow |
|
Crow (Corvus americanus) |
inheritance |
*kak |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 584 (2008:117) (I think haih is Yokutsan, check! |
|
|
same |
underived |
sound imitative but throughout the family so not a neologistic sound-im, better simplex |
|
|
|
Merriam 61:73 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cahuilla |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
ʔálwet |
ʹɂalwet |
crow |
loan into protolanguage |
*ʔata-wɨ-ta |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
Yokuts |
S582 (Stubbs 2009:116); Loaned into Yokuts, or maybe from Yokuts?? Is it really NUA? |
WW |
%alwut |
same |
derived |
ʹɂal-wet mock-augmentative (probably, if this is of Takic origin) |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
Seiler&Hioki 1979:14 |
Crow is a Wildcat Moiety Animal (Strong 1929:109) |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
All Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| Central Sierra Miwok |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
ká:kulu- |
|
crow |
unique |
|
|
|
Note Mil kaakali, Callaghan Bodega Dic 33 thinks Mil might be loan from Costanoan |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Freeland & Broadbent 1960 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
ă-tăt'-tuts |
ɂatápɘtsI (JPH) |
Crow (Corvus americanus) |
inheritance |
*atta-wɨ-ta |
|
unknown |
Stubbs 582 (2009:116), this version with -ka in Southern Numic only: Southern Ute taq'o-ci (Givon); Southern Paiute 'ata-G, 'ataqwotsi “crow”; note Mojave 'atqaaq “type of crow” |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ɂatá-pɘ-tsI crow-?-ABS |
|
|
|
Merriam 59:527 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Barbareno |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
ʔaʔ |
|
crow |
inheritance |
*7a7 |
Proto-Chumash |
|
Obispeno t-a7 |
|
|
|
underived |
ʔaʔ-ʔiwaʃ crow-pejorative |
|
|
|
Beeler 1978:171 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ineseno |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
ah'-ă, ah'; ahk' |
|
crow |
inheritance |
*7a7 |
Proto-Chumash |
|
Obispeno t-a7 |
|
|
|
underived |
ʔaʔ-ʔiwaʃ crow-pejorative |
|
|
|
Merriam 55:9 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Obispeno |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
t-a7 |
|
crow |
inheritance |
*7a7 |
Proto-Chumash |
|
“ta7 means both crow and roble, you have to mention some other word to distinguish” |
|
|
|
other complex |
t- |
|
|
|
Harrington III:1:0049 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ventureno |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
7a7awash |
|
crow |
inheritance |
*7a7 |
Proto-Chumash |
|
Obispeno t-a7 |
|
|
|
other complex |
ʔaʔ-ʔiwaʃ crow-pejorative |
|
|
|
Merriam 55:41; JPH III:69:0080 from FL) |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cocopa |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
qa·q |
|
crow |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Yuman |
|
Sound-imitative but probably good as *qaaq |
|
|
same |
onomatopoeic |
but cognate |
|
|
|
Crawford 1989 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
tuwikaa? |
|
raven, crow, blackbird |
inheritance |
*kak |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Probably not a calque because it's in Rejon for “crow”; unique increment: Stubbs 584 (2008:117) |
|
|
broader (seems to be any old black bird) |
phrase |
tu- “black”??? -kaa is the “crow” cognate |
|
|
|
Robinson & Armagost 1990:163 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
alwet |
ˈʔalwət |
crow |
loan into protolanguage |
*ʔata-wɨ-ta |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
Yokuts |
S582 (Stubbs 2009:116); Loaned into Yokuts or maybe from Yokuts?? |
WW |
%alwut |
same |
derived |
ˈʔal-wə-t crow-augmentative-npn |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
mukikmal |
Hill & Nolasquez 1973:151 |
no info |
2 |
crow calls, raven calls as signal to give 3-day manit ceremony (Strong 1929:259) |
1 |
eggs surely eaten |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| Esselen |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
icka |
|
crow |
unique |
|
Esselen |
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Form from Henshaw in Shaul 1988:699; Turner & Shaul 1981:120 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
7aka:wkoc |
ʔaˈka:wkoʧ |
crow |
unique |
|
|
|
Perhaps ultimately from onomatopoeia but a more complex construction. This is more like the Yuman /qaq/ forms than the UA *atta forms. |
|
|
same |
underived |
ʔaˈka:wkoʧ: ʧ is not a Gabrielino NPN. Harrington also has 7awkot “crow” , so it seems likely there is some derivation here. Crow words are often loaned or sound-imitative. |
ʔaʧ “pet” |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
Harrington 541, 601 |
no info |
2 |
beaks, claws in Chingichngich figure (McC p. 28); but Harrington's Boscana notes caution may have been raven, not crow. crow danced hilariously at Wuyot's funeral, so people forgot themselves and laughed (Harrington 1978;121) |
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
if feathers were used in ceremonial regalia, they were traded |
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| Iipay 'Aa |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
ɂehtaay |
|
crow |
loan |
|
|
Californian |
?ata widespread in California -- but -taay could be “big” (in which case “raven”??? |
|
|
same |
underived |
Note that /taay/ “big” is not synchronic in 'Iipay Aa |
|
|
|
Couro & Hutcheson 1973 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
Ɂataka-zi |
|
crow |
inheritance |
*ʔata-wɨ-ta |
Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 582 (2009:116), this version with -ka in Southern Numic only: Southern Ute taq'o-ci (Givon); Southern Paiute 'ata-G, 'ataqwotsi “crow”; note Mojave 'atqaaq “type of crow” |
|
|
same |
other complex |
Ɂataka-zi |
|
|
|
Zigmond et al. |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kiliwa |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
?+qhaaq |
|
Crow |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Yuman |
|
Sound-im but probably good as *qaaq |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ɂ- “dummy nominal prefix”; qaaq onomatopoeia |
|
|
|
Mixco 1985 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
ʔaʔaʔ |
ˈʔaʔaʔ |
crow |
loan |
|
|
Chumash |
Ventureno ʔaʔa-ʔiwaʃ “crow-pejorative” > ʔaʔawaʃ |
|
|
same |
reduplicated |
|
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:262 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| Lake Miwok |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
káakali |
|
crow |
loan |
|
|
unknown |
might be loan from Costanoan Callaghan Bodega Dic 33, but note Mics ka:kulu- |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1965 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
alwut |
ʹɁalwut |
crow |
loan into protolanguage |
*ʔata-wɨ-ta |
Uto-Aztecan |
Yok-Utian |
S582 (Stubbs 2009:116); Loaned into Yokuts |
WW |
%alwut |
same |
derived |
ʹɁal-wu-t crow-augmentative-non.possessed.noun |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
7ehéngmal |
Elliott 1999:112 |
no info |
2 |
feathers for headdress (Sparkman 1908:208); has ceremonial couplet, muuta, qeweewish, mixeel, mixeevawut (Y1134); crow danced hilariously at Wuyot's funeral, so people forgot themselves and laughed (Harrington 1978:122) |
1 |
eggs at least must have been eaten |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
feathers |
0 |
|
0 |
dance regalia often bought and sold, but crow-feather items not mentioned |
global |
diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| Maidu |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
k'ákk'a, 7á7a |
|
crow |
loan |
|
|
unknown |
both are widespread areal forms |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Shipley 1963 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mojave |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
ɂaqaaq |
|
crow |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Yuman |
|
Sound-imitative but probably good as *qaaq |
|
|
same |
onomatopoeic |
|
|
|
|
Munro et al.1992 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mutsun |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
sa:ray |
|
crow (Merriam confirms Merriam 55:409 |
inheritance |
|
Costanoan |
|
Pinart has in Co II, III, IV |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Okrand 1977;150 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Nisenan |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
7a:k' |
|
crow |
loan |
|
|
unknown |
widespread similar areal forms |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Uldall & Shipley 1966 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
kwē' ar'-rah' (arrah is “Raven”) |
ada “crow” (Y) |
Crow (Corvus americanus) |
inheritance |
*atta-wɨ-ta |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 582 (2009:116), without the increment |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 61:139 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Sierra Miwok |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
7a:wyc-y- |
|
crow |
inheritance |
*a:wy(ch) |
Miwokan |
|
Callaghan 1997:28 |
WW |
%alwut |
|
other complex |
-y nominalizer |
|
|
|
Callaghan 1987 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Plains Miwok |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
7awic:i-, 7awyc:i- |
|
smaller crow |
inheritance |
*7a:wy(ch) |
Miwokan |
|
Callaghan 1997:28 |
WW |
%alwut |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1984 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan A |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
ška:k' |
|
crow |
unique |
|
Salinan |
|
|
|
|
|
other complex |
s- animal prefix (with sound symbolic variant?) |
|
|
|
Mason 1918:123; Turner 1980:71 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan M |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
cka:k' |
|
crow |
unique |
|
Salinan |
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Mason 1918:123 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Seri (Comcaac) |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
hanaj |
j is /x/ |
common raven |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (probably raven and crow) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Comcaac Dictionary 324 |
|
2 |
belongs to the devil and goes around killing with a bow. A person who kills a raven will be killed with a gun, perhpas by one of his own children. |
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
arTaw-t |
r is retroflexion/pharyngealization on preceding vowel; T is retroflex |
crow |
loan into protolanguage |
*atawɨ-t |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
Yokuts |
S582b (Stubbs 2008:116) |
WW |
%alwut |
|
other complex |
-t NPN |
|
|
|
KCHill ms 2001:6 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
atapɨtsI |
|
Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) (may be raven) |
inheritance |
*atta-wɨ-ta |
Proto-Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 582 (2009:116), this version with -ka in Southern Numic only: Southern Ute taq'o-ci (Givon); Southern Paiute 'ata-G, 'ataqwotsi “crow”; note Mojave 'atqaaq “type of crow” |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ata-pɨtsI crow-ABS (Sapir says it's not clear that -tsI here is the -tsi ABS) |
|
|
|
Sapir 1930:553 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Sierra Miwok |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
7a7:yt- |
|
Crow |
unique |
|
|
|
This is an areal form, but what is it most like?It's missing the /w/ that's in Mics, Mins. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Broadbent 1964: |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
táq?o-cI |
|
crow, raven |
inheritance |
*atta-wɨ-ta |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 582 (2009:116), this version with -ka in Southern Numic only: Southern Ute taq'o-ci (Givon); Southern Paiute 'ata-G, 'ataqwotsi “crow”; note Mojave 'atqaaq “type of crow”; this form is strange |
|
|
broader (includes ravens) |
other complex |
has -ci ABS |
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Tübatulabal |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
akkapīppitt |
ʔakabi:ˈpit |
“little crow”, possibly a reference to the common crow, as distinguished from the raven |
unique |
|
|
|
This doesn't match any “crow” words; may be part of S584 *kak (Stubbs 2007:117), but not a good match. Nobody collected the Sierra Miwok word for “Raven”, might be a source |
|
|
same |
derived |
ʔaka-bi:ˈ-pi-t raven-deriv.suffix-diminutive-npn |
|
|
chikkīt |
Hill 2010:4 |
no info |
2 |
usually Raven feathers show up in ritual paraphernalia, but Crow doesn't |
1 |
Voegelin 1938:12 |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
Diverse habitats |
no |
|
|
|
| Tümpisa Shoshone |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
kaakki |
|
crow, raven |
inheritance |
*kak |
Proto-Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 584 (2008:117) |
|
|
same |
onomatopoeic |
this according to Crapo Big Smokey Valley |
|
|
|
Dayley 1989:39 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wappo |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
ká7 |
|
crow (CHM confirms 52:569) |
unique |
|
|
|
Miwokan, Costanoan forms similar |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Sawyer 1965 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Washo |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
7á:7a |
|
crow |
unique |
|
|
|
areal, but in this case source is impossible to determine because sound-imitation repeatedly comes up |
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:303; WPD |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
sibitɨmɨ |
final voiceless |
crow |
unique |
|
|
|
This one is REALLY out of line -- a mistake? A euphemism? Gifford gives kaka “crow” p. 37 |
|
|
same |
underived |
must be derived somehow, too long for real simplex |
|
|
tsiipa “bird” |
Bethel et al. |
a totem animal in Moiety I (Kroeber 1925:588) |
2 |
totem animal |
1 |
some totems not eaten |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wintu |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
7a:L, 7alal (P) |
|
crow |
inheritance |
*7a:l |
Wintun |
|
Shepherd 2005 |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Schlichter 1981 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yavapai |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
qsăq |
a has hachek |
crow |
loan |
|
|
Other Yuman? |
Not PY *qaaq |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Shaterian 1983 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Palewyami |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
xotai |
|
crow, raven |
inheritance |
|
Yokutsan |
|
unique in Kroeber for “crow”, and NOT alwuT! But all but one of Kroeber's “raven” words (1961:202) look like this. |
|
|
broader (probably raven and crow) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:203, confirmed Merriam 58:521 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yawdanchi |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
áduuT, adwutc (220) |
|
crow |
inheritance |
*ɂalwuT' |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Callaghan 1997:28, probably loan into this proto-language from UA *ata-wɨ-ta, hence Callaghan's resemblance to Pmi *ɂa:wy(č) is spurious |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:203 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yowlumne |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
alwut |
|
crow |
inheritance |
*ɂalwuT' |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Callaghan 1997:28, surely a loan into Proto-Nim-Yokuts from UA *ata-wɨ-ta “crow-aug-NPN”; hence Callaghan's resemblance to Pmi *ɂa:wy(č) is spurious |
WW |
%alwut |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:203 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuki |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
hančam A |
|
crow |
inheritance |
*hənčam |
Yukian |
|
Schlichter 1985 |
|
|
|
phrase |
han -X?? |
|
|
|
Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuma |
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
ah-kahk |
|
Raven (Corvus corax) |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Yuman |
|
Sound imitative but probably good as *qaaq |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 61:455 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
