Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Salinan M

Family
Isolate (NAM)
Region
North America
ISO 639-3
sln
Location
0.00°, 0.00°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (185)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location leM unknown Mason 1918:153
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar missing missing
all todo todos other (k)I:/sili'p 'all, every' I is umlaut I unknown Mason 1918:151
and y e grammar TA'xo unknown Mason 1918: 153
ankle tobillo tornozelo body missing missing
armpit axila, sobaco axila body missing missing
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment TapaiH, Top'ai' unknown Mason 1918:133
at en, a em, a location missing missing
back espalda costas body ti/tc'o/'m / acute accent, ' glottal, c is 'sh' unknown Mason 1918:128
bad mal mal quality missing missing
belly barriga barriga body T'e/pen T retro t unknown Mason 1918:128
below abajo, debajo abaixo location lak' unknown Mason 1918:153
big grande grande quality (k)etcHa:/' 'large, great' unknown Mason 1918:149
bite morder morder body missing missing
black negro preto colour cauwat unknown Mason 1918:149
blood sangre sangue body pa:/kata unknown Mason 1918:127
blow soplar soprar body xotk unknown Mason 1918:149
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body missing missing
bone hueso osso body paxa/k unknown Mason 1918:127
breast pecho, seno peito body icu/' unknown Mason 1918:127
breathe respirar respirar body missing missing
burn quemar queimar environment missing missing
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body missing missing
child niño, niña criança human sepxa:/ unknown Mason 1918:134
climb subir subir motion a/xap, axa:/ta 'climb, rise' unknown Mason 1918:139
cloud nube nuvem environment pa:/y' unknown Mason 1918:132
cold frío frio quality missing missing
come venir vir motion iAx, iex unknown Mason 1918:141
cook cocinar cozinhar impact nApH unknown Mason 1918:144
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality tse'e 'truly' unknown Mason 1918:153
count contar contar mental missing missing
cry llorar chorar mental xa:/ta 'weep' unknown Mason 1918:149
cut/hack cortar cortar impact missing missing
day día dia time To:/kan (To:/ken on p. 16) unknown Mason 1918:137
die/be dead morir morrer state ci/tip unknown Mason 1918:139
dig cavar cavar impact xA'pko' 'dig, excavate, climb' unknown Mason 1918:149
dingo/wolf fauna To:xo/' unknown Mason 1918:125
dirty sucio sujo quality missing missing
dream soñar sonhar mental missing missing
drink beber, tomar beber body missing missing
dry seco seco quality missing missing
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality missing missing
dust polvo poeira environment tApaiyeH unknown Mason 1918:133
ear oreja orelha body e/ntAt A is alpha unknown Mason 1918:126
earth/soil tierra terra environment la:k' 'country, land' unknown Mason 1918:132
eat comer comer body Icx , lam (143) unknown Mason 1918:141
egg huevo ovo fauna te:tekHEnel H aspiration unknown Mason 1918:128
eye ojo olho body coke/neTH unknown Mason 1918:126
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body pHxat 'excrement, intestines' unknown Mason 1918:127
fall caer cair motion tum' unknown Mason 1918:147
far lejos longe quality missing missing
fat/grease grasa gordura body upe/nt unknown Mason 1918:128
father padre, papá pai kinship pexk unknown Mason 1918:134
fear miedo medo mental cxa/lo 'be afraid, frighten' unknown Mason 1918:140
feather pluma pena fauna sie/tH unknown Mason 1918:127
fire fuego fogo environment Tha'a/uH unknown Mason 1918:133
fish xx xx fauna cat' 'bullhead' (no generic) unknown Mason 1918:122
flow fluir fluir motion missing missing
flower flor flor environment makewe/ unknown Mason 1918:129
fly volar voar motion maL unknown Mason 1918:143
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment sa/pa 'fog, frost' unknown Mason 1918:133
foot pie pé body icxe:/p unknown Mason 1918:126
fruit fruta fruta flora pamputen unknown Mason 1918:129
good bueno bom quality ts'ep unknown Mason 1918:151
grow crecer crescer state mopke:/ unknown Mason 1918:144
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body ko/nakiHt unknown Mason 1918:127
hand mano mão body me/nen unknown Mason 1918:127
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar heo' unknown Mason 1918:32
head cabeza cabeça body To/paka unknown Mason 1918: 16
hear oír ouvir mental pesno/xo' unknown Mason 1918:145
heavy pesado pesado quality cmo/T 'heavy, deep (snow)' unknown Mason 1918:150
hide esconder esconder motion missing missing
hit golpear, pegar bater impact *cme:'L 'beat, strike' unknown Mason 1918:139
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other missing missing
how? como como grammar missing missing
1sg yo eu grammar kHe' unknown Mason 1918:32
if si se grammar T(a)- unknown Mason 1918:43
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location missing missing
intestines intestinos intestinos body pHxat 'excrement, intestines' unknown Mason 1918:127
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body missing missing
kill matar matar impact oko/T'o' unknown Mason 1918:145
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental ium unknown Mason 1918:141
lake lago lago environment missing missing
laugh reír rir mental (k)aite 'laugh, shout' unknown Mason 1918:143
leaf hoja folha environment sta unknown Mason 1918:17
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body la/pai, o'kel (150) unknown Mason 1918:150
leg/foot pierna perna body sa/nan 'leg' unknown Mason 1918:128
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion missing missing
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment missing missing
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body o/xoyo:ta'p 'live, exist' unknown Mason 1918:145
liver hígado figado body acx unknown Mason 1918:126
long largo comprido, longo quality missing missing
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna I/ke I is lower case I unknown Mason 1918:123
lung pulmón pulmão body to/hul 'lung, gizzard' unknown Mason 1918:128
man/male hombre homem human lu:wai/ unknown Mason 1918:134
meat/flesh carne carne fauna ma'TH 'meat, flesh, animal' unknown Mason 1918:127
moon luna lua environment Tats'o:/pe' loan Mason 1918:133
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship apa/i (exo', e/pex) unknown Mason 1918:133
mouth boca boca body elik unknown Mason 1918:126
name nombre nome human missing missing
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body la/k'ai 'neck' unknown Mason 1918:127
near/close cerca de perto quality missing missing
neck cuello pescoço body ei/tc'ai' 'neck' unknown Mason 1918:126
new nuevo novo quality stikwau 'young, new' unknown Mason 1918:150
night noche noite time cmAkHa:/i unknown Mason 1918:133
no/not no não grammar ha:/kse unknown Mason 1918:154
nose nariz nariz body e/nenAt A is alpha unknown Mason 1918:126
old viejo velho quality missing missing
one uno um number t'o/ixYU unknown Mason 1918:153
open/uncover abrir abrir other missing missing
other otro outro grammar missing missing
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body xu/tia, ku/tia 'sick, ill' unknown Mason 1918:151
person/human being persona pessoa human Tepo:/'T' 'Indian, native' unknown Mason 1918:135
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact *(k)a/nata 'pound, pulverize' unknown Mason 1918:138
rain lluvia chuva environment missing missing
red rojo vermelho colour tc'kA/ten' unknown Mason 1918:149
right/right hand derecha direita location/body lamai (sep 150) unknown Mason 1918:150
road/path camino caminho manufacture take/' unknown Mason 1918:133
root raíz raiz flora tepa/so unknown Mason 1918:129
rotten podrido podre quality missing missing
sand arena areia environment tsi/ntsin unknown Mason 1918:133
say decir dizer mental he/k'a' 'tell, say' unknown Mason 1918:140
scratch rascar rasgar impact missing missing
see ver ver mental ia:m unknown Mason 1918:141
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality missing missing
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact et'ene/ 'shoot with arrow' unknown Mason 1918:140
short corto curto quality missing missing
shoulder hombro ombro body e/taL L is Mason's symbol unknown Mason 1918:126
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental missing missing
sit sentar(se) sentar state a'cel' unknown Mason 1918:138
skin piel pele body spa/nAt 'skin, hide' A is alpha unknown Mason 1918:128
sky cielo céu environment leM unknown Mason 1918:133
sleep dormir dormir body missing missing
small pequeño pequeno quality sko/tAn unknown Mason 1918:150
smoke humo fumaça environment TatetH unknown Mason 1918:133
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body mi/slip unknown Mason 1918:144
spit escupir cuspir body missing missing
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact e/xtc'nop unknown Mason 1918:139
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact loxo/xo' 'seize, squeeze, grasp unknown Mason 1918:143
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact missing missing
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state eT'a/kox 'stand, remain, halt' unknown Mason 1918:140
star estrella estrela environment TatsuwA/n loan direction unknown Mason 1918:133
steal robar roubar other missing missing
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora Ta:/kATa 'wood' unknown Mason 1918:130
stone piedra pedra environment cxAp 'stone, pebble, rock' unknown Mason 1918:132
suck chupar chupar body *e:tc'o/i * I think means reconstructed from Sitjar transcription unknown Mason 1918:140
sweat sudar suor, suar body (k)eno/l unknown Mason 1918:140
swell hincharse inchar body missing missing
swim nadar nadar motion (k)La'patene unknown Mason 1918:143
tail cola, rabo rabo body itsHe/'p unknown Mason 1918:126
that ese/esa esse grammar he unknown Mason 1918:151
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar hewo/'t unknown Mason 1918:32
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality missing missing
thin delgado fino quality sku/ntHui' 'small, thin, lesser' unknown Mason 1918:150
think pensar pensar mental a:ki'nyi' unknown Mason 1918:138
this este/esta este grammar *aswa unknown Mason 1918:151
2sg xx xx grammar mo' unknown Mason 1918:32
three tres tres number la/pai loan Mason 1918:153
throat garganta garganta body missing missing
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact *(e)T'etepai 'shoot, throw, cast' unknown Mason 1918:147
thunder truenos trovão environment T'eLxo' unknown Mason 1918:133
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact k'e:/lo'(p) 'tie, bind' unknown Mason 1918:142
tongue lengua lingua body I/paL first symbol is lower case I inheritance Mason 1918:126
tooth diente dente body oi/Lit unknown Mason 1918:128
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other missing missing
two dos dois number xA'kic unknown Mason 1918:153
vomit vomitar vomitar body missing missing
walk caminar, andar andar motion ica 'go, walk, wander' unknown Mason 1918:141
water agua agua environment Thca', tHca', tcHxa' unknown Mason 1918:132
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar kHa' unknown Mason 1918:32
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar kHa' unknown Mason 1918:32
wet mojado molhado quality missing missing
what? que, qué que grammar Taltom' unknown Mason 1918:36
when? cuando quando grammar prefix?? missing
where? donde onde grammar Ake:ton- (?) unknown Mason 1918:36
white blanco branco colour mA'THa:L unknown Mason 1918:150
who? quien, quién quem grammar tEkHa'- E is e umlaut unknown Mason 1918:36
wife esposa esposa kinship seN unknown Mason 1918: 134
wind viento vento environment ts'a:kai/H loan Mason a918:133
wing ala asa body T'ne/pukH 'arm, wing' unknown Mason 1918:128
woman/female mujer mulher human lene/' unknown Mason 1918:134
work trabajar trabalhar other missing missing
yawn bostezar bocejar body missing missing
yellow amarillo amarelo colour ThxauwAt unknown Mason 1918:150
2pl ustedes vocês grammar mom unknown Mason 1918:32


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
abalone flora-fauna Haliotis spp. cmaiyík' abalone unique Salinan M only Not in A (maybe) underived Mason 1918:123 2 1 0 0 1 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae sep-loo'-kan ant unique Salinan M only not in A underived Merriam 55:381 0 0 2 0 0 no
antelope flora-fauna Antilocapra americana múī' antelope unique Salinan Widespread Hokan antelope/bighorn word, see all the way to Seri haamoja; Cocopa mɂu·ł “antelope, probably related to proto-Yuman *?-mu(w) “bighorn sheep”, perhaps *ahat-m?u·ł ...?? An old arealism? WW %mo: underived Mason 1918:123 2 1 0 0 0 no
badger flora-fauna Taxidea taxus t<ó:io badger unique Salinan M only not in A underived Mason 1918:125 2 1 0 0 0 yes
bald eagle flora-fauna Haliaeetus leucocephalus missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 1 no
band-tail pigeon flora-fauna Patagioenas fasciata tik<mó<; tekmó (Turner 1983:228) pigeon (Merriam 55:371 confirms band-tail pigeon) unique Salinan M only not in A underived Mason 1918:125 0 1 0 0 0 no
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp tc'émtcem bat loan Yokuts reduplicated This is a loan, but surely the sense of reduplication carries over! Mason 1918:122 0 1 0 0 0 no
beaver flora-fauna Castor missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
beetle flora-fauna Coleoptera spp sum-tahn' beetle unique Salinan M only not in A underived Merriam 55:381 2 0 0 0 0 no
big round tule flora-fauna Schoenoplectus acutus k'ámta< tule (Merriam confirms as S. lacustris) unique Salinan M only not in A underived Mason 1918:129 2 1 2 0 0 no
big skunk flora-fauna Mephitis mephitis cowá skunk unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:123 2 2 0 0 0 no
big wolf (gray wolf) flora-fauna Canis lupus To:xó' wolf unique Salinan looks a bit like the tukut “wildcat” words, but usually wolf and mountain lion are similar, not wolf and wildcat underived Mason 1918:125 1 2 0 0 0 yes
bighorn sheep flora-fauna Ovis canadensis lă-wā'-sit Bighorn loan unknown Note similar forms as far east as Tub le:wshe:p “female spirit, perhaps otter”; Yowlumne lew-ā'-sip; le-wā'-sip; WW %lewasip underived Merriam 55:367 2 1 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna sa:xe Turner has initial š bird unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:122 0 0 0 0 0 no
black ant flora-fauna Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger santən black ant unique Salinan this is a plural underived Mason 1918:124 2 0 0 0 0 no
black bear flora-fauna Ursus americanus T<Axaí' bear unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:125 1 2 0 0 0 yes
black-tail Jackrabbit flora-fauna Lepus californicus koL hare (Merriam 55:369 confirms blak-tail jackrabbit) unique Salinan Compare Chumash *kun(V)7 ? Turner 1983:226 underived Mason 1918:123 2 1 0 0 0 no
blackberry flora-fauna Rubus ursinus elpónə blackberries (Merriam confirms 55:387) unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:129 2 1 2 0 0 no
blue grouse flora-fauna Dendrogapus? missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bobcat, lynx flora-fauna Lynx rufus snam wildcat unique Salinan note n- infixing as in “eagle”. Cute. other complex s- animal prefix (or maybe /n/ infix? Antoniano is sam' Mason 1918:124 1 2 0 0 0 no
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera sokóko butterfly unique Salinan reduplicated Mason 1918:124 2 0 0 0 0 no
California condor flora-fauna Gymnogyps californianus te'tc' great California vulture unique Salinan Note Pmie chy:$y- “buzzard” (JHH from Callaghan 2001:325 #111 underived Mason 1918:125 1 2 0 0 1 no
California jay flora-fauna Aphelocoma californica? Tahi bluejay (Merriam 55:371 confirms California Jay) loan unknown areal form; Miwokan *T'ayT'ay, Yokutsan similar, etc. WW %chaj underived Mason 1918:125 2 1 0 0 0 no
California woodpecker flora-fauna Melanerpes formicivorus? palá:kak' California woodpecker loan Salinan unknown widespread areal form of unknown origin WW %palaka ~ %pana(k) underived Mason 1918:124 2 1 0 0 1 no
chia flora-fauna Salvia columbariae pásiL Chia loan Takic Proto-Californian(Takic & Tubatulabal) *pasa/i WW %pasv underived Mason 1918:129 1 1 1 0 0 no
chipmunk flora-fauna Tamias spp. mats'éko' chipmunk (Merriam confirms Eutamius) unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:123 2 1 0 0 0 no
cliff swallow flora-fauna Petrochelidon pyrrhonota siatánil swallow (Merriam confirms 55:373) unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:124 2 1 0 0 0 no
coot flora-fauna Fulica americana shum'-shum coot unique Salinan reduplicated Merriam 55:377 2 1 0 0 0 no
cottontail rabbit flora-fauna Sylvilagus audobonii map' rabbit (Merriam 55:369 confirms cottontail) loan Chumash Turner 1983:226; Chumashan *ma7 “jackrabbit” underived Mason 1918:123 2 1 0 0 0 no
cottonwood flora-fauna Populus spp. pă'-chŏl Cottonwood unique Salinan Merriam has pahtah'-pah al'-way for Mil (57:533); Yuki ; pątme7; Wappo pah-to (CHM) underived Merriam 55:385 2 0 2 0 0 no
coyote flora-fauna Canis latrans helk'á Coyote unique Salinan other complex hel- must be prefix Mason 1918:123 1 2 0 0 0 no
crow flora-fauna Corvus brachyrhynchos cka:k' crow unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:123 2 1 0 0 0 no
datura flora-fauna Datura wrightii mo:noí'YI toloache loan Chumash underived Mason 1918:129 1 1 1 1 0 yes
deer, mule flora-fauna Odocoileus hemionus Taá'p deer (Merriam 55:367 confirms mule deer) unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:125 2 1 0 0 0 no
digger pine flora-fauna Pinus sabiniana cho' digger pine unique Salinan underived Merriam 55:383 2 1 2 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris xutca:i dog unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:126 0 0 0 0 0 no
dogbane flora-fauna Apocynum cannabinum t'mahn' Indian hemp unique not recorded in A; perhaps same as “Yucca root” in 59??; note Yukian mah, Pomo *mahxwa WW %mah other complex t- is articular prefix (should be /T/, on mah, areal form Merriam 55:393 2 1 2 0 0 no
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna Zenaida macrocoura T<a:xwén' turtledove (Merriam 55:371 confirms) unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:125 2 1 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae helpáT' duck loan Salinan M only Obispeño Chumash O.C. tpatpa; note paat words in Yuman underived Mason 1918:123 0 1 0 0 0 no
elder flora-fauna Sambucus tetáp<ko:L elderberries (Merriam 55:385 confirms as Sambucus glauca, the plant) unique Salinan reduplicated Mason 1918:129 2 1 1 0 0 no
elk flora-fauna Cervas elaphus p'ac elk unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:124 2 1 0 0 0 no
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna cwá'N fish unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:123 0 1 0 0 0 no
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna Siphonaptera TaiyeL' flea unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:125 2 0 0 0 0 no
flicker flora-fauna Colaptes sp. wut'-tuk Flicker unique Salinan M only not in A underived Merriam 55:373 2 1 0 0 1 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera a:we:té< fly unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:122 0 0 0 0 0 no
foothills yucca flora-fauna Yucca whipplei t<Ma (this is the root); tri-yahs' Y. whipplei unique Salinan other complex t- is articular prefix (should be /T/ Mason 1918:129; Merriam 55:397 0 1 0 0 0 no
fox flora-fauna Vulpes, Urocyon sto' fox (Merriam Gray Fox (Urocyon) 55:365) unique Salinan other complex s- animal prefix Mason 1918:124 2 2 0 0 0 no
frog (generic) flora-fauna wákaT' frog unique Salinan very widespread frog word of unknown origin; e.g. PUA *wakaC-ta; WW %wakat underived Mason 1918:125 2 2 0 0 0 no
golden eagle flora-fauna Aquila chrysaetos snai eagle unique Salinan other complex -n- is some kind of infix here; Turner doesn't discuss Mason 1918:124 1 2 0 0 1 no
gooseberry flora-fauna Ribes spp. toipen gooseberries unique Salinan M only underived Mason 1918:130 2 1 1 0 0 no
gopher snake, bull snake flora-fauna Pituophis catenifer sha-num'-kul, shă-num'-kŭs gopher or bull snake unique Salinan other complex probably prhasal but translation impossible Merriam 55:377 2 2 0 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) kat; hay, grass; unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:129 0 0 0 0 0 no
grasshopper flora-fauna Caelifera kaculó grasshopper unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:123 2 1 0 0 0 no
gray ground squirrel flora-fauna Sphermophilus sp. samkó'm squirrel (Merriam confirms Gray Ground squirrel 55:367) unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:125 2 1 0 0 0 no
gray tree squirrel flora-fauna Sciurus spp. To:lóc gray squirrel (Merriam confirms Sciurus fossor 55:369) unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:123 2 1 0 0 0 no
great horned owl flora-fauna Bubo virginianus cokonoí' horned-owl unique Salinan Note Proto-Miwokan *tuk:úli- WW %(hu)tukul underived Mason 1918:123 1 2 2 0 1 no
grizzly bear flora-fauna Ursus arctos horribilis T<Axaí' grizzly bear (Merriam confirms 55:365 unique Salinan underived 1 2 0 0 0 yes
horned toad flora-fauna Phrynosomatidae swah'-kah-kah' horned toad unique Salinan reduplicated Merriam 55:379 2 2 2 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae pé:lts'e humming bird loan Serran not in A; Compare Kitanemuk pituru7; Serrano piti:dhi7 (from a UA form) underived Mason 1918:124 0 0 0 0 0 no
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana spp. Toelám tobacco unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:130 1 1 1 1 0 yes
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic missing missing missing 0 0 2 0 0 variable
junco flora-fauna Junco sppp skō'-tot; to'-sil Junco unique Salinan M only not in A other complex s- animal prefix Merriam 55:375 0 1 0 0 0 no
juniper flora-fauna Juniperus californica trah-nem' Juniper unique Salinan underived Merriam 55:383 2 1 1 0 0 no
louse flora-fauna order Phtiraptera íke louse unique Salinan Chumash has seke; somewhere is dike, where? Maidu? underived Mason 1918:123 2 0 0 0 0 no
mallard flora-fauna Anas platyrhynchos slă-ăt Mallard unique Salinan other complex s- animal prefix on la7at Merriam 55:377 2 1 0 0 0 no
manzanita flora-fauna Arctostaphylos spp. pă-trahk'; pă' Arctostaphylos glauca unique Salinan underived Merriam 55:387 2 1 1 0 0 no
milkweed, broad leaf flora-fauna Asclepias eriocarpa mataí'YI milkweed (Merriam confirms 55:393) unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:129 2 1 1 0 0 no
milkweed, narrow leaf flora-fauna Asclepias fascicularis təmá:l milkweed (Merriam has as broad-leaf 55:393) unique not recorded in A ; probably same word as 58, 59 with n-l sound simbolism other complex t- is articular prefix (should be /T/ Mason 1918:130 0 1 1 0 0 no
mission tule flora-fauna Juncus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
mockingbird flora-fauna Mimus polyglottos missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera kacáp mosquito loan Yokuts Nim-Yokuts k'asup'; Salinan A seems to have metathesis: k7epts7íjin (Harrington); kopts7En (Jacobson) underived Mason 1918:123 0 0 0 0 0 no
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna Heterocera lapé tarantula-hawk unique Salinan M only not in A underived Mason 1918:123 2 0 0 0 0 no
mountain lion flora-fauna Puma concolor T<a'muL puma loan Salinan unknown widespread areal form of unknown origin WW %talom underived Mason 1918:125 1 2 0 0 0 yes
mountain quail flora-fauna Oreortyx pictus k'aiyák< mountain-quail (Merriam confirms) unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:123 2 1 0 0 0 no
mussel flora-fauna Mytilus spp. xaiík mussel unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:126 2 1 0 0 1 no
olivella (olive snail) flora-fauna Callianax biplicata missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 1 no
pinyon jay flora-fauna Cyanocitta stelleri? chă-lā'-o Crested Jay (Cyanocitta) unique Salinan underived Merriam 55:371 2 1 0 0 0 no
pinyon pine flora-fauna Pinus monophylla t<o< pine nuts unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:130 2 1 2 0 1 no
pismo clam flora-fauna Tivella stultorum čkóya:m clams loan Obispeño Chumash Turner 1983:226 underived Mason 1918:123; Turner 1983:226 2 1 0 0 1 no
pocket gopher flora-fauna Thomomys ee'cesi gopher unique Salinan M only underived Mason 1918:123 2 1 0 0 0 no
poison oak flora-fauna Toxicodendron diversilobum mosh-sCH we'-lit Poison oak unique Salinan In A as “Ivy” phrase meaning unknown Merriam 55:389 2 2 2 0 0 yes
rattlesnake flora-fauna Crotalus spp. smekoí rattlesnake unique Salinan other complex s- animal prefix Mason 1918:124 1 2 0 0 0 yes
red ant flora-fauna Solenopsis spp ilkát ant (Merriam “red ant, hairy” 55:381 unique Salinan other complex l- probably prefix Mason 1918:123 1 0 1 0 0 no
red-shouldered blackbird flora-fauna Agelaius phoeniceus tcal Brewer's blackbird unique Salinan forms with chak, etc. quite common underived Mason 1918:125 2 1 0 0 0 no
red-tailed hawk flora-fauna Buteo jamaicensis spi:k' red-tailed hawk unique Salinan other complex s- animal prefix Mason 1918:124 2 2 0 0 0 no
roadrunner flora-fauna Geococcyx californianus xó:'mI roadrunner, ground cuckoo unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:126 2 1 0 0 0 no
ruddy duck flora-fauna Oxyura jamaicensis missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
sage herb flora-fauna Artemisia californica stah-lah', stah'-lit' stah'-lut sageherb (A. ludoviciana) unique Salinan underived Merriam 55:391 2 2 1 0 0 no
salmon/steelhead flora-fauna Oncorhynchus mykiss T<etēyau salmon unique underived 2 1 0 0 0 no
scaly lizard flora-fauna Pygopus lepidopodus? xapailə/' lizard (Merriam confirms scaly lizard 55:379) loan Salinan unknown note Note Pmiw *pet:el:li, Mip pit:e:le-, WW %petel underived Mason 1918:123 2 2 0 0 0 no
small bird flora-fauna missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
small brown lizard flora-fauna missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna ck'ot snake, worm, grub; (Merriam's “snake, any” 55”379) unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:123 0 1 0 0 0 no
soaproot flora-fauna Chlorogalum ck'alə/<; tetaí large soap-root; small soaproot 129 (Merriam confirms first as Chlorogalum) unique not recorded in in A WW %svkv underived Mason 1918:128 2 1 1 0 0 no
sour berry flora-fauna Rhus trilobata missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
sparrow hawk flora-fauna Falco skelé:le sparrow hawk loan Salinan unknown This is a widespread form; e.g. Chumash B xelex “hawk sp.”, Maidu ke'-lik-lik'-kim; Proto-UA *kɨlɨ-. This is the sound of this hawk. WW %kili other complex s- animal prefix Mason 1918:124 2 2 0 0 0 no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae sopnét spider unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:125 0 0 2 0 0 variable
spotted skunk flora-fauna Spilogale gracilis smo-hel' little spotted skunk unique Salinan other complex s- animal prefix Merriam 55:367 2 2 0 0 0 no
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna Bufonidae hah-yoCH toad unique Salinan underived Merriam 55:379 2 2 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) te-kah'-tit, te-kaht-nil a tree unique Salinan M only IN Salinan A only as “Valley Oak” underived Merriam 55:397 0 0 2 0 0 no
tree yucca flora-fauna Yucca schidegera missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
turkey buzzard flora-fauna Cathartes aura xo:pNéL red-headed vulture unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:126 2 2 0 0 0 no
turtle (generic) flora-fauna Testudines Tawə/ turtle loan Miwokan e.g. Pmie *7awan:a- WW %awan other complex probably /T-/ on vowe initial Mason 1918:125 2 2 0 0 1 no
valley live oak flora-fauna Quercus agrifolia s'ow'-wut Valley live oak unique Salinan underived Merriam 55:385 2 1 2 0 1 no
valley oak flora-fauna Quercus lobata p<á:<t (p'at Turner 1983:230) white oak (Merriam confirms Q. lobata 55:385) unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:129 2 1 2 0 1 no
valley quail flora-fauna Callipepla californica smaté:xan; quail (Merriam confirms valley quail) unique Salinan M only not in A other complex s- animal prefix Mason 1918:124 2 1 0 0 0 no
Washington clam flora-fauna Saxidomus nuttalli missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
Western Canada goose flora-fauna Branta canadensis t'lai Canada Goose unique Salinan Probably same root as Salinan A loiná other complex t- is articular prefix (should be /T/ Mason 1918:123 0 1 0 0 0 no
whale flora-fauna Eschrichtius robustus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 1 no
white pelican flora-fauna Pelicanus erythrorhynchos tewé pelican (Merriam has as Brown Pelican) loan Chumash Central Chumash *hew; t- in Salinan is a prefix WW %hew other complex t- is articular prefix on Chumash loan (should be /T/ Mason 1918:125 0 2 0 0 0 no
wild grapevine flora-fauna Vitis californica o:pIs wild grape (Merriam has as “grapes”, in which case < uvas) loan Spanish surely from uvas underived Mason 1918:129 2 1 2 0 0 no
wild oats flora-fauna Avena (introduction) atLó:'s wild oats loan Spanish Spanish /arroz/ WW %arroz underived Mason 1918:128 2 1 2 0 0 no
wild rose flora-fauna Rosa californica stuk'-kil wild rose unique Salinan underived Merriam 55:387 0 1 2 0 0 no
wild sunflower flora-fauna Helianthus (and other genera) k'á:ciL sunflower unique not recorded in in A underived Mason 1918:129 0 1 0 0 0 no
willow flora-fauna Salix spp. pəsxét willow loan Takic saxat; perhaps by way of Yokuts WW %saka other complex p- is articular prefix on loan Mason 1918:129 2 2 1 0 0 no
wood rat, round-tail flora-fauna Neotoma spp. mákel; rat (Merriam 55:369 confirms round-tailed woodrat) unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:123 2 1 0 0 0 no
worm, hairy caterpillar flora-fauna Arctiidae (many species) Taaú caterpillar unique Salinan Not in A (maybe) underived Mason 1918:125 2 2 0 0 0 no
worm, smooth caterpillar flora-fauna Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper ck'ot; teméhai; T'iopé' snake, worm, grub; worm; grubs, worms loan Salinan M only Yokuts not in A (except for ck'ot) WW %kes underived Mason 1918:123 2 2 0 0 0 no
yellow jacket flora-fauna Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. lemé'm wasps, bees (Merriam “yellowjacket wasp” 55:381) unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:123 2 0 0 0 0 no
yellowbird flora-fauna Dendroica petechia kŭ-too'-lik-kah, skah-to'-le-kah Yellowbird (Astragalinus) unique Salinan M only not in A phrase probably prhasal but translation impossible Merriam 55:375 0 1 0 0 0 no
yerba santa flora-fauna Eriodictyon californicum t'cha-luk, trā-pul-trah'-hi Yerba Santa (E. glutinosum) unique not recorded in in A other complex t- is articular prefix (should be /T/ Merriam 55:389 2 1 1 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna ilka/t unknown Mason 1918:123
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna sa:xe unknown Mason 1918:122
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna a:we:te/H 'fly' unknown Mason 1918:122
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna xutca:i unknown Mason 1918:126
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna petL unknown Mason 1918:129
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna Taa/'p unknown Mason 1918:125
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna Tinele/' 'serpent' loan direction unknown Mason 1918:125
spider araña aranha flora-fauna sopne/t unknown Mason 1918:125


Cultural Vocabulary (115)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
acorn mush food nα/siL acorn atole unknown Proto-Salinan simplex Mason 1918
ball game food missing missing
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology Tuxtine hells unknown Proto-Salinan only plural given other complex Mason 1918
feather headband dress cotolë/ ë is schwa feather headdress unknown simplex Mason 1918
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool etei'yini/' arrow loan Yokuts simplex Mason 1918
arrow straightener other pomnawe/' a squiggle after final ' arrow straightener unknown awi element shared with Salinan A (derivation?) simplex probably derived but insufficient info Mason 1918
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool missing missing
school escuela escola acculturation missing missing
stone bowl culture-material missing missing
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material cla/ coil basket unknown Proto-Salinan teca/< 'basket' p 131, topë/š 'twined basket' 132 simplex Mason 1918
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material missing missing
basketry hat culture-material missing missing
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material xe/nes beads unknown Takic WW %xene simplex Mason 1918
ochre culture-mythology missing missing
bow arco arco subsistence tool paxuwe/ bow unknown note Esselen simplex Mason 1918
canoe canoa canoa transport missing missing
carrying net subsistence tool missing missing
bottle botella garrafa acculturation missing missing
paper papel papel acculturation missing missing
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology missing missing
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool missing missing
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress e/tapalapei breechcloth unknown reduplicated Mason 1918
cook food food nαp< cook unknown simplex Mason 1918
corpse food missing missing
dance (generic) culture-mythology sawine/ dance unknown Proto-Salinan simplex Mason 1918
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology missing missing
digging stick subsistence tool missing missing
dipper subsistence tool si-mil gourd cup or dipper unknown simplex Merriam 38:397
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology missing missing
drone pipe culture-mythology missing missing
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology missing missing
chicken gallina galinha acculturation missing missing
earring other missing missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology Samt'iL diablo unknown Harrington lists as "M.", from Rosario Cooper simplex Harrington
fire drill subsistence tool missing missing
fire-tender culture-mythology missing missing
fireplace hogar lareira other missing missing
firewood leña lenha other Ta:/kaTa wood unknown Proto-Salinan other complex Mason 1918
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food missing missing
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool missing missing
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool missing missing
fish hook subsistence tool missing missing
acorn bread food k'one/< acorn bread unknown Proto-Salinan other complex Mason 1918
wheat food missing unknown
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology missing missing
gambling sticks other pēu:/< bones for game unknown simplex Mason 1918
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food missing missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology missing missing
glue subsistence tool missing missing
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology t'kama/tl' shallow grave unknown derived Mason 1918
alcohol food tepintca whiskey unknown unknown Mason 1918
Datura wrightii narcotics monoi'->YI toloache loan Chumash WW %moji ~ %moni simplex Mason 1918
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology tα/ken shaman unknown simplex Mason 1918
honey miel mel food missing missing
house other (T<)a:M house unknown Proto-Salinan other complex Mason 1918
hunt cazar caçar food a'mTi' hunt unknown Proto-Salinan derived
initiate boy culture-mythology missing missing Mason 1918
initiate girl culture-mythology missing missing
knife cuchillo faca culture-material tca:k knife unknown Proto-Salinan simplex Mason 1918
mat culture-material teki/wi bed unknown note Mutsun toko simplex Mason 1918
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool T<oxo/L mortar unknown Proto-Salinan may be loan from Yokutsan into ProtoSalinan, note Yokutsan *k'ojwos 'portable mortar' other complex Mason 1918
necklace other apenik necklace unknown simplex Mason 1918
needle/awl subsistence tool (T)eta/xk awl unknown other complex Mason 1918
paddle/oar remo remo transport missing missing
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool pane/, p'αnE' pestle unknown note the pa- element simplex Mason 1918
pinole food missing missing
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other T<anõ final o has subdot pipe unknown Proto-Salinan other complex Mason 1918
pitch food missing missing
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool missing missing
quiver subsistence tool pana/me quiver unknown Merriam recorded this for A simplex Mason 1918
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology tet'aut'onë/' rattles inheritance Proto-Salinan tc'oxo/k 'cocoon rattle' 132 unknown Mason 1918
red paint culture-mythology missing missing
salt sal sal food Takai/ salt unknown Proto-Salinan other complex Mason 1918
seed beater subsistence tool To:na/L seed beater unknown other complex Mason 1918
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology missing missing
sinew-backed bow subsistence tool missing missing
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material o:ni/su' skirt unknown Proto-Salinan simplex Mason 1918
snare subsistence tool t<a/iL trap unknown simplex Mason 1918
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology ka:/keL song unknown Proto-Salinan simplex Mason 1918
spear lanza lança subsistence tool cik<Enai/ fish-spear unknown simplex Mason 1918
stirring stick food missing missing
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture missing missing
bag, sack culture-material missing missing
string of shell money other missing missing
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation missing missing
sweathouse other k<Uwap< sweathouse unknown Proto-Salinan simplex Mason 1918
tell history culture-mythology he/k'a' tell, say unknown also T<e' 'tell, say to' p 147 simplex Mason 1918
cremate culture-mythology missing missing
tobacco (native) narcotics toela/m tobacco unknown Proto-Salinan simplex Mason 1918
tule boat transport tuwipe/ boat, raft unknown Proto-Salinan simplex Mason 1918
white paint culture-mythology missing missing
winnowing basket culture-material sa:ma/k< winnowing tray unknown simplex Mason 1918
wood tray subsistence tool missing missing
shoes zapatos sapatos dress missing missing
medicine narcotics tihoni/ mediicine unknown Proto-Salinan simplex Mason 1918
cradleboard culture-material tc'αname/' baby carrier unknown derived Mason 1918
policeman polícia policía acculturation missing missing
soldier soldado soldado acculturation missing missing
corn food missing missing
beans food missing missing
cat gato gato acculturation missing missing
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation missing missing
hat sombero chapéu dress ts'wa:ke:te/' hat unknown Proto-Salinan derived Mason 1918
clapper acculturation missing missing
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material missing missing
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture missing missing
bottom grinding stone manufacture tTHoxo/L 'mortar' unknown Mason 1918:132
digging stick subsistence tool missing missing
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture missing missing
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture pane/, p'An'E 'pestle' loan direction unknown Mason 1918:133
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool missing missing
spearthrower subsistence tool paxuwe/ 'bow' loan direction unknown Mason 1918:131
spear lanza lança subsistence tool et'eyini/' 'arrow' unknown Mason 1918:130
house other (TH)a:M loan Mason 1918:130


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
medium HG medium seasonal no