Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

tongue

Semantic Field
body
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
lengua
Meaning Portuguese
lingua

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Bankalachi Toloim lal'-lang' 173; la-lant (K1907) inheritance
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone aikon, ekon inheritance
Cahuilla -nang-ily inheritance S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok ne/p:ity- inheritance
Chemehuevi ago/mp(i) inheritance
Chumash Barbareno 7e7lew inheritance Klar 1977:18
Chumash Cruzeno 7elew inheritance JPH
Chumash Ineseno 7elew inheritance Klar 1977:17
Chumash Obispeno 7eLhew(') (18, 113), 7eLhe' (p. 51) inheritance Klar 1977:18
Chumash Ventureno 7elew' inheritance Klar 1977:18
Cocopa mpaLy inheritance
Comanche eekO inheritance
Cupeño -neng'a [nəŋɁə] inheritance
Gabrielino 7ano:ngi-n inheritance
Iipay 'Aa enepall [ən̯əˈpaɫ] inheritance
Kawaiisu 7egu-by inheritance
Kiliwa ha7=pal inheritance
Kitanemuk nyngich inheritance
Lake Miwok le/ttip inheritance
Luiseño we:yi (possessed only) unique
Maidu 7e\ni/ inheritance
Mojave iipaly inheritance
Mutsun lasseh, lasse inheritance O77:50
Nisenan 7al inheritance
Northern Paiute ikO inheritance Thornes 03:37
Northern Sierra Miwok nep:it-y- inheritance
Plains Miwok nep:it inheritance
Salinan A epaL/l (A), inheritance
Salinan M I/paL first symbol is lower case I inheritance Mason 1918:126
Seri (Comcaac) ipl unknown
Serrano nang-ac inheritance
Southern Paiute ago-N agom-pi inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok nep:it- inheritance
Southern Ute ag'opI inheritance
Tübatulabal lalant inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone okon, ekon inheritance
Wappo na7ac'e unknown
Washo gitMa/:dut unknown J99
Western Mono e/go inheritance
Wintu tahal inheritance
Yavapai hi:pa/l, himpa/l, Hipa_l, Himpa\/l inheritance
Yokuts Palewyami talApis inheritance K 1963
Yokuts Yawdanchi tHatxaTH inheritance K07:241, G64
Yokuts Yowlumne tHalxaTH inheritance Golla 1964:65
Yuki na,mlat, na,mlap, nomlat inheritance S&S 1984
Yuma i:pa/ly H3:208 inheritance
Baniwa -eenéne -eenéne inheritance See Language page
Carijona iɲiko inheritance See Language page
Cubeo jemedo xɛmɛdo inheritance See Language page
Dâw nõrkeèd nɔ̃hkæ̂d inheritance See Language page
Desano nero nero inheritance See Language page
Eñepa -iɲo- -iɲo- inheritance See Language page
Hodï a nene loan Arawak See Language page
Waorani õdõ-gẽdẽwa unique See Language page
Hup nɔg'æ̌d ~dɔ-g'æ̌d inheritance See Language page
Kakua nɨ̌ʔ inheritance See Language page
Makushi u-nu (IDS) u-nu (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Nheengatu apeku apeku inheritance See Language page
Ninam pili aka pili aka inheritance See Language page
Nukak nɨik2 inheritance See Language page
Maihiki nemetoyo ja nemetojo xã inheritance See Language page
Pemon yanii (E1980); danito (M2000) ʎani (E1980) unknown See Language page
Resígaro e?héepé eʔhéepé doubtful loan Witoto See Language page
Sanumá aka (EM72) aka (EM72) inheritance See Language page
Sikuani ebarü (2), jume (1)(also means a word, and a sound) ebárɨ inheritance See Language page
Tariana énene énene inheritance See Language page
Tukano ñe'mérõ ñe'mérõ inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page
Kotiria ~ye'be ~jeʔbe inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page
Yanomam aka (EM72) aka (EM72) inheritance See Language page
Yanomami pei aka pei aka inheritance See Language page
Yukuna lenaji lenahi inheritance See Language page
Yuhup dɔ̃hk'æ̂d ~dɔh-k'æ̂d inheritance See Language page
Arabana thanganha unique
Bardi niyangal(a) niyangal(a) inheritance
Bunuba thalanyi loan
Burarra ngarl unknown
Dhangu matha inheritance
Dhuwal matha
Dhuwala matha inheritance
Diyari tharli inheritance
DiyariREU tanjana inheritance
Djambarrpuyngu matha unknown
Djapu matha unknown
Djinang yamana unknown
Gajirrabeng thalalang inheritance
Gooniyandi thalanyi loan
Gupapuyngu matha inheritance
Gurindji jalany inheritance
Jabirr-Jabirr niyangala niyangala inheritance
Jaru jalany inheritance
Jawi neeingalla niingalla inheritance
Karajarri djalanj inheritance
Kija tharlarla- inheritance
Malyangapa taia palpa y tharliji inheritance
Mangala jalany inheritance
Miriwung thalalang inheritance
Mithaka tharli inheritance
Mudburra jalanya
Mudburra jalanya inheritance
Ngamini tali inheritance
Ngandi gu-dhelng inheritance?
Ngarluma yalhuru
Ngumbarl nengul, neungala nengul, neungala inheritance
Nhirrpi mimi unique
Nimanburru ningal ningal inheritance
Northern Mangarla jalany
Northern Nyangumarta jalany inheritance
Nyangumarta jarliny inheritance
Nyikina niyangalany; jalany niyangalany; jalany inheritance
Nyulnyul -(a)ngarl -(a)ngarl inheritance
Paakantyi therlunnia inheritance
Pirriya tharli inheritance
Pitta-Pitta tharli inheritance
Rirratjingu ŋa:ṉarr
Ritharrngu dhiilng loan
Walmajarri jalany inheritance
Wangkayutyuru tharli inheritance
Warrwa jalan XXngl note in kerr that it's archaic. jalan loan into protolanguage Pama-Nyungan
Wubuy X missing
Yan-nhangu yan inheritance
Yandruwandha thanhani unique
Yarluyandi tharli inheritance
Yawarrawarrka padpa unique
Yawuru jalany jalany loan into protolanguage Pama-Nyungan
Achagua núinane núinane inheritance See Language page
Piapoco nène nène See Language page
Kabiyari nenipá nenipá See Language page
Yavitero tate tate See Language page
Bare nene nene See Language page
Wapishana -ninuˀba -ninuˀba inheritance Proto-Arawak See Language page
Mandawaka néne néne See Language page
Wayuu ta-yee See Language page
Yine nnɨ 'Tip of the tongue' is ptonˑɨ. *Piro-Apuriná form is *'nɨnɨ. See Language page
Ignaciano #NAME? See Language page
Trinitario #NAME? See Language page
Baure -pe-n; epenene pe-n; epenene inheritance See Language page
Waurá #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page
Arutani takõhã (possibly morphologically complex?) takõhã (possibly morphologically complex?) See Language page
Sape matu matu See Language page
Cha'palaa 'ɲihka See Language page
Bora nɨ́ɨ́xɨ-kwa, mé-ʔnɨ́xɨ-kwa nɨ́ɨ́xɨ-kwa, mέ-ʔnɨ́xɨ-kwa inheritance See Language page
Muinane néxe-ba nέxɛ-ba See Language page
Akawaio anii ani inheritance Proto-Carib? See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect ani ani See Language page
Apalai omi, omiry omi, omirɨ inheritance See Language page
Wayana nu nu inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó nore nore inheritance See Language page
Makiritare ɲūdu (IDS); ñu:du (KH) ɲu:du inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo nuru; nda punu-'bë (lit. skin of the outh) nuru; nda punu-'bɛ (lit. skin of the outh) See Language page
Wai Wai ∅-ɲu-ru ∅-ɲu-ru inheritance See Language page
Waimiri Atroari kynyry kɨnɨrɨ See Language page
Yabarana nuru See Language page
Yukpa jökónatre, kunetriko dʒipota See Language page
Kalapalo iŋugu iŋugu inheritance See Language page
Muisca pqua pkua See Language page
Barí kobẽ Colombia: kobɨnə; kobɨɨnə. *Chibchan form is *pkuʔ or *'pkua. See Language page
Northern Emberá kẽráme kẽráme See Language page
Epena kʰĩ'ra-me ~ kʰĩra-'me Lit. 'face-protuberance' 04.204; 04.492. See Language page
Guayabero katʃiéʔ-t unique See Language page
Macaguan -brat -brat inheritance Central+Macaguan subgroup See Language page
Cofán menzanza´fa mɛndzandzaʔɸa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra nĩaporich nĩapoɾitʃ unique See Language page
Taushiro a´quehe´ aʔkɨhɨʔ See Language page
Páez tone tone See Language page
Tikuna conü [2, 3] konɨ unique See Language page
Urarina lele lele unique See Language page
Camsa bitʃtá-xa bitʃtá-xa See Language page
Andoke #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page
Pumé tjǫpõnõ See Language page
Tinigua tinutsa See Language page
Puinave #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page
Máku du:te du:te See Language page
Ashuar inái, injái inãĩ, inxãĩ See Language page
Huambisa inai inai See Language page
Aguaruna idái idái inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect naga̰ːd inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect naga̰ːd See Language page
Matses ana, anusudte ana, anusudte inheritance See Language page
Kakataibo ana *Panoan *ana. See Language page
Katukina hana See Language page
Pacahuara 'hana d'Orb xana. Heath xána, {já-na}. See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo hana See Language page
Yaminahua ana See Language page
Chácobo ha-; ha-na ha-; ha-na inheritance See Language page
Yagua niquejada nikexanda unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua callu kaʎu See Language page
Ingá kallu kaʎu See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua callu kaʎu See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano qallu qaʎu See Language page
Piaroa chine tʃine unknown See Language page
Sáliva anene anene loan Arawak See Language page
Bará jẽ'bẽro See Language page
Barasano ~jebe-ro ~jebe-ro See Language page
Carapana ñemerõ ɲɛmɛɾɔ̃ See Language page
Makuna ~jebe-ro ~jebe-ro inheritance See Language page
Yuruti jẽ́bẽ-rõ jẽ́bẽ-rõ See Language page
Waikhana jẽʔ 'bẽ-dõ jẽʔ 'bẽ-dõ See Language page
Siriano needíru needíru See Language page
Tanimuca rẽ'rõ ka'ka rẽ'rõ ka'ka inheritance See Language page
Tatuyo jẽ'bẽ-'rõ jẽ'bẽ-'rõ See Language page
Tuyuka yẽ'bẽ-rõ jẽʔbẽ-rõ See Language page
Waimaja yɛ́mɛ̃́ňõ̀ jɛ́mɛ̃́rõ̀ See Language page
Koreguaje chemeño dʒemeɲo inheritance See Language page
Siona sˀemeyo sˀemejo inheritance See Language page
Secoya semeyo sæmæ'jo See Language page
Karitiana koromopi´yp koɾomopiʔɨp unknown See Language page
Wayampi apɛkũ apɛkũ inheritance See Language page
Aché kbere unknown See Language page
Chiriguano (čẽ-)ku; kũu inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní kũ See Language page
Sirionó eekõ eekõ inheritance See Language page
Kamayurá nekõ (K12) nekõ (K12) inheritance See Language page
Ocaina jinñóónhfu hĩɲṍṍʔɸɯ unknown See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto i.ḯpe i.ɯ́pɛ See Language page
Minica Witoto i.ḯɸe i.ɯ́ɸɛ See Language page
Murui Witoto i.ïɸe i.ɯɸɛ inheritance/Witoto See Language page
Iquito nɨ'ɨti nɨ'ɨti unknown See Language page
Záparo riricha ɾiɾiʧa See Language page
Wari petehwet nešiʔ (petehwet) petehwet neʃiʔ (petehwet) See Language page
Araona e-ana *Tacn form is e-yana. See Language page
Ese Ejja e-(y)ana inheritance/Panoan? See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-yana e-yana See Language page
Tacana yana See Language page
Cavineña yana (Also means "language, law, an order, custom") yana inheritance/Panoan? See Language page
Central Aymara lajjra laχra See Language page
Cayuvava 'iiɲi ~ iɲe ~ eɲe See Language page
Itonama oh-počosnila See Language page
Kwazá -tuku -tuku See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané 'nem See Language page
Movima ruɬ-kʷa ruɬ-kʷa See Language page
Trumai (ha) ano (ha) ano unique See Language page
Kaingang nũnẽ, vĩ nũnɛ̃ See Language page
Karajá dɔrɔtɔ (?) See Language page
Djeoromitxi piro piro See Language page
Chipaya las Uru-J form is natsi. See Language page
Mocoví l-oʔleg-aʁan-aʁat Lit. '3rd poss-?-intrans-instr.(masc)'. See Language page
Pilagá l-a'čaʁat See Language page
Toba l-ačaʁat See Language page
Lengua #NAME? See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité aɬkok See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet eŋaɬkok See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay -kˀah-ɬe'čˀe Lit. 'mouth-egg' 05.970. See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -kax ~ -kyax (f.) See Language page
Maca #NAME? Cf. 'lick' 04.590. See Language page
Nivaclé -čˀakleč tongue https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo a'reei See Language page
Mapudungun kewɨn̯ Ranquel formis kewɨn. See Language page
Qawasqar ḳalaḳtes Sk, Bo, Be, Co, Fe, Se, Lu record lekel for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record loken for South QWS. See Language page
Selknam čal See Language page
Tehuelche 'tˀal See Language page
Lokono yje(-hy) ɨje(-hɨ) tongue Pet 1987:374
Kariña nuru nuru tongue Yamada 2010:782