Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Mangala

Family
Pama-Nyungan
Region
Australia
ISO 639-3
mem
Location
-19.49°, 123.84°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (186)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar -ngani inheritance
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar -la inheritance
1sg yo eu grammar jipangu inheritance
2pl ustedes vocês grammar nyurra inheritance
2sg xx xx grammar nyuntu inheritance
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar paniyarti inheritance
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar -na inheritance
above encima, arriba acima location kankarni inheritance
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar yalpara unknown
all todo todos other wakaj inheritance
and y e grammar kampaja
ankle tobillo tornozelo body putu loan
armpit axila, sobaco axila body kalnguny doubtful loan Nyulnyulan
ashamed xx xx mental talu inheritance
ashes xx xx environment pulkaru loan Nyulnyulan
at en, a em, a location -ngka inheritance
back espalda costas body mawurr unknown
bad mal mal quality yakurr inheritance
be alive xx xx body wanji inheritance
belly barriga barriga body purrma inheritance CHECK
below abajo, debajo abaixo location kaniny inheritance
big grande grande quality marraly unknown
bite morder morder body paca inheritance
black negro preto colour galoro inheritance
blood sangre sangue body kuluyuku loan CHECK
blow soplar soprar body turrpanarri unknown
blunt xx xx quality tumu inheritance
bone hueso osso body kuji inheritance
boomerang xx xx manufacture marnti inheritance
breast pecho, seno peito body ngamarna inheritance
breathe respirar respirar body rangku doubtful loan onomatopoeic
burn quemar queimar environment payipungarri unknown
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body janjunarri (1) inheritance
child niño, niña criança human kartu semantic shift
climb subir subir motion karnti inheritance
cloud nube nuvem environment pukarr unknown
cold frío frio quality piriya unknown
come venir vir motion kapanarri (?) unknown
cook cocinar cozinhar impact kampanyarri (3) unknown
count contar contar mental [missing] missing
cry llorar chorar mental ngaci inheritance
cut xx xx impact katipungarri (2) loan
die/be dead morir morrer state nari semantic shift
dig cavar cavar impact lajunarri (1) inheritance
dingo/wolf fauna wanapari inheritance
dirty sucio sujo quality puruly unknown
dream soñar sonhar mental pukarri-manarri (1)
drink beber, tomar beber body kurna
dry seco seco quality tararr unknown
dust polvo poeira environment kunturr unknown
ear oreja orelha body kuran (T), nilarba (McK) unknown
earth/soil tierra terra environment molnyi (T) unknown
eat comer comer body wulpa janarri (1) unique
egg huevo ovo fauna ngunma unique
eye ojo olho body mil inheritance
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body jala unknown
fall caer cair motion pungka inheritance
far lejos longe quality yulara unknown
fat/grease grasa gordura body ngakarl inheritance
father padre, papá pai kinship ngarrjiyanu unknown
fear miedo medo mental rayin loan Walmajarri
feather pluma pena fauna jimpirri doubtful loan Juwaliny
fire fuego fogo environment walu, wa:lu (T), warlu (C40) inheritance
fish xx xx fauna [missing] missing
flow fluir fluir motion wutanarri (1) unknown
flower flor flor environment milirrngu pupu loan
fly volar voar motion ngurita loan
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment winywiny inheritance
foot pie pé body kantijarr inheritance
fruit fruta fruta flora mayi loan areal
good bueno bom quality wulyu unknown
grow crecer crescer state baga na bulgari unknown
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body ral unknown
hand mano mão body kurrapa unique
head cabeza cabeça body marru unique
hear oír ouvir mental pina-ma inheritance
heavy pesado pesado quality tanji doubtful loan
hide esconder esconder motion wakuyanyarri? (3) unknown
hit golpear, pegar bater impact pungarri (2) inheritance
hit (with hand) xx xx impact kanti unknown
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other katimanarri (1) unknown
how? como como grammar jarrani unique
if si se grammar [missing] missing
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location [missing] missing
intestines intestinos intestinos body jaki unique
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body japjap unknown
kill matar matar impact puwa! inheritance
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental nila loan Nyulnyulan
lake lago lago environment [missing] missing
laugh reír rir mental yijinarri (1) unique
leaf hoja folha environment jalyjarr unknown
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body jampu inheritance
leg/foot pierna perna body kanjimanga inheritance
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion minyjikarri unknown
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment linku wirri nganjurring (T) unknown
liver hígado figado body mirliki inheritance
long largo comprido, longo quality yirtany unknown
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna manjal unknown
lung pulmón pulmão body ralyuralyu inheritance
man/male hombre homem human iliado
meat/flesh carne carne fauna kuyi inheritance
moon luna lua environment kirrirti unique
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship jula unknown
mouth boca boca body rirra semantic shift
name nombre nome human yini inheritance
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body mutuyangu unknown
near/close cerca de perto quality manpa unknown
neck cuello pescoço body piji unknown
new nuevo novo quality [missing] missing
night noche noite time yurra unique
no/not no não grammar jumbaly (T), ngaia (T) unknown
nose nariz nariz body milya inheritance
old viejo velho quality bulga loan Walmajarri
one uno um number wanyju unknown
open/uncover abrir abrir other lipurra unknown
other otro outro grammar wandjera doubtful loan
person/human being persona pessoa human jipi, jiibi (C40) inheritance
pimple xx xx body jalapina unknown
rain lluvia chuva environment jinmiri unknown
red rojo vermelho colour piḎpurr unknown
right/right hand derecha direita location/body junka unknown
road/path camino caminho manufacture makurr loan Nyulnyulan
roof xx xx manufacture [missing] missing
root raíz raiz flora wanal unknown
rotten podrido podre quality bīninj inheritance
sand arena areia environment mulnyi unknown
say decir dizer mental marrarra!, marra- unknown
scratch rascar rasgar impact rlacu
see ver ver mental mil ka- semantic shift
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality jaliny unknown
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact wiranja inheritance
short corto curto quality kunku loan
shoulder hombro ombro body kulpirli loan Nyulnyulan?
sick xx xx body warrara? unknown
sit sentar(se) sentar state kapa- inheritance
skin piel pele body nalaja unknown
sky cielo céu environment yirri unknown
sleep dormir dormir body lampu yarrinyarri (3) unique
small pequeño pequeno quality wipiti loan Nyulnyulan
smell (tr/intr) xx xx body parnti-ma inheritance
smoke humo fumaça environment lunturru unknown
spit escupir cuspir body janguly inheritance
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact rlaarr-pu inheritance
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact rtulypu loan Nyulnyulan
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact [missing] missing
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state karingkaka! inheritance
star estrella estrela environment wiriny loan Yawuru
steal robar roubar other nguru-manarri (1) inheritance
stone piedra pedra environment purli unknown
suck chupar chupar body kurna unknown
sun sol sol time ngulungulu unknown
sweat sudar suor, suar body jirrmil inheritance
swell hincharse inchar body rapu2arri
swim nadar nadar motion jawunarri (1) loan Nyikina
tail cola, rabo rabo body ngulpurru inheritance
that ese/esa esse grammar yalartu inheritance
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality walpura
thin delgado fino quality yakurrmata unknown
think pensar pensar mental pina-manarri (1) inheritance
this este/esta este grammar nyalartu, nyaltu inheritance
three tres tres number murrkun doubtful loan
throat garganta garganta body piji unknown
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact yarrka-, wira- unknown
thunder truenos trovão environment ilijarduju (T) unknown
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact kinma- inheritance
tongue lengua lingua body jalany inheritance
tooth diente dente body jawa inheritance
true xx xx quality niŋara doubtful loan Nyulnyulan
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other kurari kanarri (1) unique
two dos dois number nguyarra inheritance
vomit vomitar vomitar body kurrpuk kunarri (1) loan Nyulnyulan
walk caminar, andar andar motion wuna unknown
water agua agua environment kankinyjangka unknown
wet mojado molhado quality ngurrjal unknown
what? que, qué que grammar ngantu inheritance
when? cuando quando grammar nyangal-nga loan Nyulnyulan
where? donde onde grammar jani unknown
white blanco branco colour la:li inheritance
who? quien, quién quem grammar ngantu inheritance
wife esposa esposa kinship wangu unknown
wind viento vento environment wangal inheritance
wing ala asa body jimpirri inheritance
woman/female mujer mulher human marnin unknown
work trabajar trabalhar other [missing] missing
yawn bostezar bocejar body jawala pungarri (2) unique
yellow amarillo amarelo colour gandawara inheritance


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
agile wallaby, river wallaby flora-fauna Macropus agilis partkurru partkurru loan direction unknown Jingulu underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae lilkurla lilkurla unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Australian pelican flora-fauna Pelecanus conspicillatus mayarta mayarta loan WW WW %mayarta underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Australian snubfin dolphin flora-fauna Orcaella heinsohnii missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
baler shell flora-fauna Melo amphora missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
bandicoot flora-fauna Peramelemorphia yata unique 0 0 0 0 0
barn owl flora-fauna Tyto alba milmankatyi unique missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
barramundi flora-fauna Lates calcarifer matinyanu matinyanu unique underived 1 1 0 0 0 no
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp cati cati loan Pilbara WW 0 1 0 0 0 no
bindii, caltrop flora-fauna Tribulus terrestris missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna cimpiriyartu cimpiriyartu unique derived 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-breasted buzzard flora-fauna Hamirostra melanosternon missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-faced cuckoo-shrike flora-fauna Coracina novaehollandiae missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-headed python flora-fauna Aspidites melanocephalus missing missing 0 2 0 0 0 no
black-soil yam flora-fauna Ipomoea diamantinensis munkarliny inheritance missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bloodwood flora-fauna Eucalyptus (Corymbia) bleeseri pilawal pilawal loan Nyulnyulan WW %pilawal underived 0 1 1 0 0 no
blowfly maggots flora-fauna Diptera, Sarcophagidae munurrmurr; munumurr; munurrunurru munurrmurr; munumurr; munurrunurru unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
blue-tongue lizard flora-fauna Tiliqua species lumiŋka lumiŋka unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
blue-winged kookaburra flora-fauna Dacelo leachii kalkarrurru kalkarrurru loan direction unknown Nyikina underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
bluebone flora-fauna Choerodon cyanodus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
brolga flora-fauna Grus rubicunda kurarak (McK) kurarak (McK) unique underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
brown goshawk flora-fauna Accipiter fasciatus missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
brush-tailed possum flora-fauna Trichosurus vulpecula cinapapi cinapapi unique unknown 0 1 0 0 0 no
bush cockroach flora-fauna (many species) mirbolol mirbolol loan direction unknown Yawuru 0 0 0 0 0 no
bush stone-curlew flora-fauna Burhinus grallarius wintiku wintiku loan into protolanguage WW %wintuku underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
bush tobacco flora-fauna Lobelia quadrangularis kilala kilala unique underived 0 0 0 1 0 no
bush turkey, Australian bustard flora-fauna Ardeotis australis kurramarrka kurramarrka loan direction unknown 0 1 0 0 0 no
bush yam flora-fauna Vigna lanceolata var. lanceolata missing missing 0 1 2 0 1 no
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
carpet snake flora-fauna Morelia spilota kumirirri kumirirri loan direction unknown 0 1 0 0 0
caterpillar flora-fauna Lepidoptera marlurlartu marlurlartu loan Yulparija underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
catfish flora-fauna (many species) parrulu parrulu loan Nyikina underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna Chilopoda, Myriapoda kanparr kanparr inheritance WW %kanparr underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
channel-billed cuckoo flora-fauna Scythops novaehollandiae nyarrapartpart unique 0 0 0 0 0 no
crested pigeon flora-fauna Ocyphaps lophotes nyarrapartpart nyarrapartpart unique reduplicated partial 0 0 0 0 0 no
darter/cormorant flora-fauna Anhinga melanogaster, Phalacrocorax species missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
death adder, five-minute snake flora-fauna Acanthophis praelongus yulurriny inheritance also in Gurindji 0 0 0 0 0 yes
dingo flora-fauna Canis familiaris dingo kurita kurita loan Nyulnyulan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris kunyarr kunyarr loan Walmajarri underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
dugong flora-fauna Dugon dugong missing missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
emu flora-fauna Dromaius novaehollandiae kalaŋanyca kalaŋanyca unique underived 2 1 2 0 0 no
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 N/A
flower flora-fauna (NA) malarti malarti unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera ŋurita ŋurita unique rel to %NGURRINY? underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
flying-fox (generic) flora-fauna (many species) ngarnakarri ngarnakarri loan direction unknown Mangala derived 0 0 0 0 0 no
freshwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus johnstoni kwanirr kwanirr inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
freshwater mussel flora-fauna Velesunio wilsoni missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
freshwater prawn flora-fauna Macrobrachium rosenbergii missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
frill-necked lizard flora-fauna Chlamydosaurus kingii caparra (T) caparra (T) loan with meaning change Nyulnyulan lizard sp underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
frog (generic) flora-fauna (many species) purru-karraŋu purru-karraŋu unique derived 0 0 0 0 0 no
galah flora-fauna Eolophus roseicapilla piyarrku piyarrku loan WW %pilyaku 0 0 0 0 0
turtle (generic) flora-fauna (many species) missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
ghost gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus papuana (Corymbia bella) missing missing 2 0 1 0 0 no
goanna (generic) or sand goanna flora-fauna Varanus spp wilka wilka unique underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) calkarr calkarr unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
grasshopper flora-fauna Orthoptera carrcun carrcun unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
great bowerbird flora-fauna Chlamydera nuchalis kulyiwan kulyiwan loan Eastern Nyulnyulan underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
green ant flora-fauna Oecophylla smaragdina missing missing 0 2 2 0 0 no
green sea turtle flora-fauna Chelonia mydas missing missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
green tree snake flora-fauna Dendrelaphis punctulata missing missing 0 2 0 0 0 no
head/body lice flora-fauna Pediculus capitis, Pediculus humanus marntu marntu loan direction unknown underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus yawarta yawarta loan WW %yawarta underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae wirunywiruny wirunywiruny inheritance reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae tirrpincarr wirunywiruny inheritance reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
humpback whale flora-fauna Megaptera novaeangliae yari inheritance missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
jabiru flora-fauna Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus missing 0 0 0 0 0
jungle-fowl (scrub-fowl) flora-fauna Megapodius freycinet missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna Macropodidae badgaraŋo inheritance 2 1 0 0 0 no
land snail flora-fauna Gastropoda missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
magpie goose flora-fauna Anseranas semipalmata missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
military dragon flora-fauna Ctenophorus isolepis, Diporiphora spp., Lophognathus spp. cawarrkurru cawarrkurru unique unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera kiwiny kiwiny inheritance rel to %KIWINY? WW %kiwiny underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
mud wasp, hornet flora-fauna (many species) missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
native bee flora-fauna (many species) mawukarra mawukarra loan Walmajarri mawu 'hum' = -karra underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
native cat flora-fauna Dasyurus kiŋkin kiŋkin unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
northern brown bandicoot flora-fauna Isoodon macrourus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
northern kurrajong flora-fauna Brachychiton diversifolius missing missing 0 1 no? 0 0 no
nut tree flora-fauna Terminalia grandifolia missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
octopus flora-fauna Octopus australis missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
pandanus palm flora-fauna Pandanus spiralis missing missing 1 1 0 0 1 no
paperbark flora-fauna Melaleuca sericea, Melaleuca stenostachya pantiral pantiral unique underived 0 0 1 0 0 no
peaceful dove flora-fauna Geopelia placida kurluruku kurluruku loan direction unknown WW %kurutuk underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
pearlshell flora-fauna Pinctada spp missing missing 1 1 0 0 1 no
peewee flora-fauna Gryllina cyanoleuca dariel dariel loan with meaning change 0 0 0 0 0 no
pied butcherbird flora-fauna Cracticus nigrogularis ngakayalya unique 0 0 0 0 0 no
pike eel flora-fauna Muraenesox arabicus patyalparra patyalparra loan Nyikina missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna Mantodea missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
prickle bush flora-fauna Sclerolaena bicornis missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
quail (generic) flora-fauna Coturnix species, Turnix species waŋutakuta unique 0 0 0 0 0 no
red river gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus camaldulensis missing missing 2 0 1 0 1 no
red-tailed black-cockatoo flora-fauna Calyptorhynchus banksi tarri:l tarri:l loan Nyulnyulan underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
riflefish, archerfish flora-fauna Toxotes chatareus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
river mangrove flora-fauna Aegicera corniculatum missing missing 0 0 2 0 1 no
rock fig flora-fauna Ficus brachypoda larrkaru larrkaru unique cf. %LARRKARTI boab underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
sacred kingfisher flora-fauna Todiramphus sancta missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
saltwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus porosus liŋurra liŋurra loan Nyulnyulan WW %linykurra missing 2 2 0 0 0 yes
saltwater mussel flora-fauna Mytilidae missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
sawfish flora-fauna Pristis pectinata missing missing 1 0 0 0 0 yes
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna Arachnida, Scorpiones nyaŋarrarrin nyaŋarrarrin unique unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
shark (generic) flora-fauna Selachimorpha missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 variable
shell (generic) flora-fauna missing missing 0 1 0 0 1 no
short-beaked echidna flora-fauna Tachyglossus aculeatus cawakarraci cawakarraci unique unknown 0 2 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 N/A
snappy gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus brevifolia missing missing 0 0 1 0 0 no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae wangkararra wangkararra inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
spinifex flora-fauna Triodia species mutun mutun unique underived 0 0 2 0 0 no
spoonbills (yellow-billed spoonbill, black-billed spoonbill) flora-fauna Platalea flavipes, Platalea regia missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Dasyatidae paya paya unknown WW %paya underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
stripe-faced dunnart flora-fauna Sminthopsis macroura mini:lka mini:lka loan direction unknown missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
sugarbag wax flora-fauna rlimirri rlimirri loan direction unknown 1 1 0 0 0 no
sulphur-crested cockatoo flora-fauna Cacatua galerita ŋakayalya ŋakayalya inheritance unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
swamp eel flora-fauna Ophisternon gutturale missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
swamp leech flora-fauna Annelida, Hirudinea djindjol unique 0 0 0 0 0 no
tawny frogmouth flora-fauna Podargus strigoides miwa miwa loan direction unknown underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
termite mounds, ant hills flora-fauna Isoptera mungku inheritance 0 0 0 0 0 no
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna (many species) pīna pīna loan Nyikina underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
ti-tree flora-fauna Melaleuca bracteata missing missing 0 0 1 0 0 no
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna Arachnida, Acarina micin micin unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
tiger shark flora-fauna Galeocerdo cuvier missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 yes
torresian crow flora-fauna Corvus orru maiada maiada loan CF %MAYARTA 'PELICAN'? 0 0 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) ŋamparr puŋarri (2) ŋamparr puŋarri (2) unique phrase 0 0 0 0 0 no
waterlily flora-fauna Nymphaea macrosperma missing missing 0 1 2 0 0 no
wattle flora-fauna Acacia difficilis garbina garbina loan Nyulnyulan WW wattle/shield WW %karrpin underived 0 0 1 0 1 no
wedge-tailed eagle flora-fauna Aquila audax gunduru gunduru unique underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
willie wagtail flora-fauna Rhipidura leucophrys cintikirriny cintikirriny loan into protolanguage WW %tyintipirri underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
witchetty grub flora-fauna (many species) pina (T) pina (T) inheritance cf. NGY pirna termite eggs underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
woma flora-fauna Aspidites ramsayii missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna ngamparr pungarri (2) unknown
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna lilkurla unknown
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna cimpirriyartu semantic shift
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna purrmuru inheritance CHECK
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna kunyarr unknown
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna yuka unknown
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna padguru (McK), wanjirri (C40) loan Nyikina
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna kalakata (T) unknown
spider araña aranha flora-fauna wangkararra loan into protolanguage Nyulnyulan


Cultural Vocabulary (111)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology ŋūrra semantic shift
armband dress wila loan Walmajarri
awl subsistence tool warraŋkatyi loan Nyulnyulan WW %warankatyi
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool yiwana; yiwana loan direction unknown areal Pilbara word but also found in Marrngu and Nyikina
bag (string) culture-material tyampulu inheritance
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool missing
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material missing
body feather decorations culture-mythology missing
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool parralyi inheritance
boomerang (number 7) subsistence tool warraka loan direction unknown
boomerang (small) subsistence tool missing
bowl (coolamon) culture-material malpulu loan Nyikina
broom escoba vassoura culture-material missing
canoe canoa canoa transport manytyarta loan direction unknown Kurrama with semantic shift? Also used for coolamon for carrying water
cicatrice culture-mythology limi loan direction unknown
clapsticks culture-mythology missing
club (nulla-nulla) subsistence tool puntal loan direction unknown areal also kurnti, which is a loan
cook food food tyayini mana unique
cook in earth oven food missing
damper food yampal loan direction unknown Western Desert in Yulparija and Warnman too.
dance (generic) culture-mythology kawilya loan direction unknown Walmajarri
digging stick subsistence tool gananj inheritance
dipper (small coolamon) subsistence tool missing
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology karrpukarri-manarri (1) inheritance
dreaming culture-mythology tyalŋka loan WW %jalngga
drone pipe culture-mythology missing
fire drill subsistence tool tyimarri loan
fire-saw other kurru loan direction unknown WW %kurrwa
fireplace hogar lareira other tyurra loan direction unknown
firewood leña lenha other murimuri loan direction unknown Yulparija
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool limarra loan direction unknown
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food missing
fish (with spear) food missing
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool missing
fishtrap (permanent) subsistence tool missing
fishtrap (woven) subsistence tool missing
flour (European) food miluŋu unique
flour (bush) food ŋurrkata loan direction unknown Yulparija
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food wilka semantic shift? goanna?
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology palaŋan inheritance
glue subsistence tool missing
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology kantiliny loan direction unknown Yulparija
grog food kari semantic shift WW %kari
hair belt dress nyimpan unique
headband dress walpi unique
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology mapan loan direction unknown WW %maparn
honey miel mel food walatya inheritance
house (European) other mayarru loan WW %mayaru
hunt cazar caçar food kalakalanarri unique
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology unique
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology winil loan direction unknown Walmajarri
knife cuchillo faca culture-material kuwipinti unique
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress mintyil inheritance
love song culture-mythology tyutyu unknown onomatopoeic
mangrove raft transport missing
message stick culture-mythology tirrptirrp inheritance
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool pipinyanu unique semantic shift? mother?
nosepeg other nyirnka loan Western Desert ‘initiate’ (n)
paddle/oar remo remo transport missing
ochre culture-mythology papakuna inheritance
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology missing
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool tyuŋari inheritance
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other missing
public song cycle culture-mythology missing
red paint culture-mythology pilypurr inheritance
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool missing
salt sal sal food rlaŋa loan with semantic shift Warnman < dirt
shelter (native) other missing
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology tyapi loan direction unknown WW %tyapi
song (for entertainment) culture-mythology missing
spear lanza lança subsistence tool tyinal loan direction unknown WW %jinal
spear (fighting) subsistence tool maŋul loan direction unknown
spear (fishing) subsistence tool missing
spearthrower subsistence tool walparra loan direction unknown WW %walparra
speartip subsistence tool missing
string (from hair) culture-material purrurru inheritance
string (from vine) culture-material missing
sugar acculturation rampala loan Nyikina
tea food wantyal loan with semantic shift
tobacco (European) narcotics tyalŋa semantic shift?
tobacco (native) narcotics kilala loan Gooniyandi
spirit child culture-mythology murruŋkurr unique
wax cera cera other rlimirri loan direction unknown
white paint culture-mythology mawunti loan direction unknown WW %mawuntu
windbreak other wuŋku loan
yandy (n) culture-material missing
school escuela escola acculturation missing
net subsistence tool missing
bottle botella garrafa acculturation missing
paper papel papel acculturation milimili loan English WW %milimili
corpse food karrikan inheritance
chicken gallina galinha acculturation pawurl loan English
tree coffin culture-mythology missing
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology missing
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material missing
shoes zapatos sapatos dress tyina putu inheritance
medicine narcotics tyalŋka loan WW %jalngga
earth oven food tampal inheritance
policeman polícia policía acculturation rlinytyu loan Nyulnyulan
cat gato gato acculturation minyawu loan Kriol WW %minyaw
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation tulkurru loan with semantic shift ‘heavy’ in Gurindji?
hat sombero chapéu dress maru semantic shift ‘shade’
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture rupu loan
bottom grinding stone manufacture pipinyanu unknown
digging stick subsistence tool kana inheritance
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture yapina inheritance
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture jungari inheritance
spearthrower subsistence tool walbara (T) unknown
spear lanza lança subsistence tool mulja unknown
house other mayarru loan areal


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
small HG medium mobile no