Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

near/close

Semantic Field
quality
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
cerca de
Meaning Portuguese
perto

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Bankalachi Toloim ahn'-chow 219 loan
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ty-kynna “near, narrow” unknown
Cahuilla sunchi unknown S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok haje:/- inheritance
Chemehuevi cagi/(a) inheritance
Chumash Barbareno mut'ej “to be near” inheritance Klar 1977:131
Chumash Cruzeno kaham unknown JPH
Chumash Ineseno mutey' “to be near” inheritance A 393, K1977:131
Chumash Obispeno timete7 “to be near” inheritance Klar 1977:131
Chumash Ventureno ne7e sijaxikyhy “ya estan cerca” unknown JPH
Cocopa xrpay, xrpa:y “to be near” inheritance
Comanche miitUtsi inheritance
Cupeño 'ami'an [ɁamiɁən] inheritance
Gabrielino momoa: inheritance
Iipay 'Aa helyepay [xəʎəˈpai] inheritance
Kawaiisu chagici “nearness” inheritance
Kiliwa nyaa-m mat; p-yaa-m unknown
Kitanemuk pop unknown
Lake Miwok jo/le unknown
Luiseño neshkin (like kin?) unknown
Maidu hede/n inheritance
Mojave ipan= unknown
Mutsun Saanay, Saanay7a unknown NW (JPH)
Nisenan hoj, hojdi inheritance
Northern Paiute tsagi7i unknown thornes 03:166
Northern Sierra Miwok haj:e- inheritance
Plains Miwok haj:e- inheritance
Salinan A sk'a:m “close” (A) loan direction unknown Turner 1983:224)
Salinan M missing missing
Seri (Comcaac) iicx unknown
Serrano pi:pish inheritance
Southern Paiute tcagi-p:a inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok haj:e- inheritance
Southern Ute chag'achivI inheritance
Tübatulabal mii7ppil inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone tykynaa(ttsi) unknown
Wappo shi/k'a unknown
Washo -le/lew unknown J502
Western Mono -baa, inheritance
Wintu coki loan into protolanguage
Yavapai hipe/; tye/: unknown
Yokuts Yawdanchi penau unknown K07:245
Yuki 7i(:)ch, 7e(:)ch, -ich, -ech inheritance S&S1984
Yuma xi:pa/n “to be nearby” H4:21
Baniwa tsóome tsóome unique See Language page
Carijona mɨhake inheritance See Language page
Cubeo cadai; tʉcava kadai; tɨkava inheritance See Language page
Dâw tẽr, pej  tæ̃h, pæɟ unique; inheritance See Language page
Desano pohro poʔɾo inheritance See Language page
Eñepa ɲenča ehke (IDS) ɲentʃa ehke (IDS) unique See Language page
Hodï habẽilã unique See Language page
Waorani eye-ke-ĩ unique See Language page
Hup máh-yɨʔ ~báh-jɨʔ inheritance See Language page
Kakua pèbʔ [be.near] unique See Language page
Makushi aminke pra (IDS) aminke pra (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Nheengatu uaki (uá= rostro) uaki (ua= rostro) unique See Language page
Ninam ahati (EM72) ahati inheritance See Language page
Nukak dʒɨɨp2ka1 unique See Language page
Maihiki ɨajigo ɨajigo inheritance See Language page
Pemon piau, amincha mare, ako-pe (A1981); akkoopee (E1977); amincha ma're (M2000) piau, amintʃa maɾe, akope, (A1981); aʔope (E1977) unique; inheritance See Language page
Sanumá atepə (EM72) atepə inheritance See Language page
Sikuani imoxoyo (2), imoxoyota (2) (to bring something closer or nearer), itamata (3), itjamatja (3), kaejewa (3) imoxó:-jo: (káe-hawa: 'cercano' - 'close by') inheritance See Language page
Tariana dhiwéʃi dʰiwéʃi unique See Language page
Tukano pɨʔto-ákã pɨʔto-ákã inheritance See Language page
Kotiria to be close by: -ba'ro; to be nearby: du'tu; ka'a; thua; be next to: kha'a -baʰɾo; duʰʔtu; kaʔa; tʰúa; kʰaʔa inheritance See Language page
Yanomam ahate ahate inheritance See Language page
Yanomami aheti ha(mɨ) aheti ha(mɨ) inheritance See Language page
Yukuna núrupiji núrupihi unique See Language page
Yuhup mah-ãp ~bah-~ap unique See Language page
Arabana itjarda unique
Bardi djamad jamad inheritance
Bunuba [missing] missing
Burarra ay-gurrepa unknown
Dhangu galki inheritance
Dhuwal galki inheritance
Dhuwala galki inheritance
Diyari karakara inheritance
DiyariREU karakara inheritance
Djambarrpuyngu galki
Djapu galki inheritance
Djinang ngidjirrgi unknown
Gajirrabeng thangan unique
Gooniyandi yalawa
Gupapuyngu galki inheritance
Gurindji kajupari loan Jingulu
Jabirr-Jabirr yangan yangan inheritance
Jaru yardi semantic shift
Jawi ungana [angan] ungana [angan] inheritance
Karajarri lani unknown
Kija ngirripa- unique
Malyangapa [missing] missing
Mangala manpa unknown
Miriwung dhumbu-ga- unique
Mithaka [missing] missing
Mudburra kajubari
Mudburra kajubari loan
Ngamini kaRakaRa inheritance
Ngarluma murna
Ngumbarl Lannee mai yareera marrin <Lannee mai yareera marrin> unique Yawuru?
Nhirrpi [missing] missing
Nimanburru yaŋan yaŋan inheritance
Northern Mangarla marnpa
Northern Nyangumarta ngamparra martaji
Nyangumarta wangka unknown
Nyikina biliga bilika unique
Nyulnyul yangarn yangarn inheritance
Paakantyi ḏaljba unique
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta mungkatha inheritance
Rirratjingu galki inheritance
Ritharrngu galki inheritance
Walmajarri marnpa doubtful loan Mangarla?
Wangkayutyuru mungkatha inheritance
Warrwa jimara jimara unique
Yan-nhangu dhä-mindapuma
Yandruwandha kaka unique
Yarluyandi kathu-piri-piri unique
Yawarrawarrka kaka unique
Yawuru lani lani unique
Achagua urúni urúni inheritance See Language page
Piapoco núuwãi núuwãi See Language page
Kabiyari áriní áriní See Language page
Yavitero ka'ľehana kaʔľehana See Language page
Wapishana maunapʰa maunapʰa doubtful loan Carib; Pemon mare, Yukpa mana, but cf. Warekena See Language page
Wayuu pehe See Language page
Paresi owitene owitene unique See Language page
Trinitario #NAME? See Language page
Baure a'ne-kon a'ne-kon inheritance See Language page
Waurá -kanu; -pažutɨ -kanu; -pažutɨ inheritance See Language page
Cha'palaa 'kale See Language page
Bora pɨɨ́hɨ, pɨɨ́hɨre (T98) pɨɨ́ʔɨ, pɨɨ́ʔɨre inheritance See Language page
Muinane fíitɨhi (W97) (= 'to not be far') ɸíitɨʔi See Language page
Akawaio akoobee a'kobe inheritance See Language page
Apalai tano tano See Language page
Wayana akëlela (far-NEG) akǝlela (far-NEG) inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó ekata(ka) (close to (directional)) ekata(ka) inheritance See Language page
Makiritare amoinče-ʔdaɨ (IDS) amoinče-ʔdaɨ (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Wai Wai meye-hra meye-hra unknown See Language page
Waimiri Atroari kypy kɨpɨ See Language page
Yabarana teispoho'ɾama, koh'maŋsapɜ See Language page
Yukpa mana, manaran, manara See Language page
Kalapalo inde inde unknown See Language page
Barí muungdani Colombia: muŋdaninə. See Language page
Northern Emberá kaaíta-bɨ́ kaːíta-bɨ́ See Language page
Epena 'kʰaitʰa See Language page
Guayabero mox inheritance Central+Macaguan subgroup See Language page
Macaguan kéwa unique See Language page
Cuiva imoxójo cerca, near Huber & Reed 1992:333
Playero ké-hewa See Language page
Cofán pporotsse phoɾotshɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra vátsiríita vátsiɾíita unique See Language page
Páez cafind kafind See Language page
Tikuna ŋãikamã (adj.) ŋãikamã (adj.) unique See Language page
Urarina niʨa nitʃa unique See Language page
Camsa béko-ɲe béko-ɲe See Language page
Andoke #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page
Pumé kɛrĩ See Language page
Puinave [-nak] nak unique See Language page
Ashuar yáamas ja:mas See Language page
Huambisa ijus ixus See Language page
Aguaruna ijús ixus inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect pǝ: inheritance See Language page
Matses abi, ëna, nëbi, u, ubi abi, ɨna, nɨbi, u, ubi unknown See Language page
Katukina ora-ma See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo očoma See Language page
Yaminahua čai-mašta See Language page
Chácobo βasi-ma; βɨka-; ṣ̌oʔama (the first example is literally "far-negative", βasi is "far", -ma is a negation) βasi-ma; βɨka-; ṣ̌oʔama (the first example is literally "far-negative", βasi is "far", -ma is a negation) unique See Language page
Yagua di, nuji, tudi (adv); tivye, tiye (adj.) di, nuxi, tudi; tivje, tije unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua caylla, cuchu kayʎa, kutʃu See Language page
Ingá kailla kaiʎa See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua mayan majan See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano kaylla kajʎa See Language page
Piaroa tɨk'ɨh tɨkɁɨh unique See Language page
Sáliva llene dʒene unique See Language page
Bará ãdã-'ãhã, pɨto-'aha See Language page
Barasano tɨ́-aka tɨ́-aka See Language page
Carapana 'ká-tɨ́-áka 'ká-tɨ́-áka See Language page
Makuna tɨ tɨ inheritance See Language page
Yuruti ã'dṍ-gã, pɨ'tṍ-gã ã'dṍ-gã, pɨ'tṍ-gã See Language page
Waikhana kaʔ'aga kaʔ'aga See Language page
Siriano pɨʔ'ró-gã pɨʔ'ró-gã See Language page
Tanimuca wãʔ'tãrã wãʔ'tãrã unknown See Language page
Tatuyo ka-tɨ-ãkã ka-tɨ-ãkã See Language page
Tuyuka ã'dṍ-gã, pɨ'tó-gã ã'dṍ-gã, pɨ'tó-gã See Language page
Waimaja ã́dõ-ã́kã, pɨ'tó-pɨ ã́dõ-ã́kã, pɨ'tó-pɨ See Language page
Koreguaje aikuerʉ aikuerʉ inheritance See Language page
Siona kwe'jẽ kwe'jẽ inheritance See Language page
Secoya ja'ye haʔjɛ See Language page
Karitiana mypi mɨpi unknown See Language page
Kokama ari (suff.) ari unique See Language page
Wayampi pɨi pɨi inheritance See Language page
Aché rɨpɨ-yã unique See Language page
Chiriguano ko; kõ-ɲõ; kõi unique See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní aɣʷĩ See Language page
Sirionó rɨɨ̃; aɨčɨ; ehii rɨɨ̃; aɨčɨ; ehii unique See Language page
Kamayurá ɨpɨp ɨpɨp inheritance See Language page
Ocaina áán̈urah ã́ã́n:ɯraʔ inheritance See Language page
Murui Witoto llaɨ́te, ianori dʒaɯ́tɛ, janori (B83) unknown; inheritance See Language page
Wari wixicam pin (lit. completely small; E&K97) wiʃikam pin (lit. completely small; E&K97) 'Here (this)' is i kaʔ. ka om hwarao wa 'to be not far'. See Language page
Araona hakʷepati, c̷awa Also dawewe; wec̷iowe. See Language page
Ese Ejja -čipi; wešaʔama unique See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo kia-čii-nee kia-čii-nee See Language page
Tacana nari; weðoe; e-naha-so See Language page
Cavineña hapa-da-ma; re-wa; deke-ya (hapa-da-ma is literally "far-negative"; hapa-da means "far", and "-ma" is a negation, or no) hapa-da-ma; re-wa; deke-ya unique See Language page
Central Aymara jak´a xakˀa See Language page
Cayuvava ya'raama- ~ na'raama- See Language page
Itonama makapalahna; makahtˀidiʔna See Language page
Kwazá bo-, du-, kuro-, tãi-, tja?atje-, tsje- bo-, du-, kuro-, tãi-, tja?atje-, tsje- See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané 'tčei'ỹaʔ See Language page
Movima su-we su-we See Language page
Trumai fuik; fuik-man fuik; fuik-man unique See Language page
Kaingang kakò, rã kakɔ; rã See Language page
Canela ii-put *Jê form is *mut. See Language page
Suyá kená kená See Language page
Karajá ɔtitɨ See Language page
Djeoromitxi kapfütxe kaɸøtʃe See Language page
Chipaya xeeku 'Here' is tikʰu. See Language page
Mocoví s-ḳoyoḳ-ake Lit. 'negative-far-to'. See Language page
Pilagá sa ḳa'ya-ake Lit. 'not far-desire (?)'. See Language page
Toba sa ḳaya-pke See Language page
Lengua kyito See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité ankitoi See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet neŋaʔtooʔ See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay niʔ'tuhʷaya Negative form of 'far' 12.440. See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja xa-tofʷe Lit. 'not-far' 12.440. See Language page
Maca met; -met-im Also niteʔ toχii, 'not far'. See Language page
Nivaclé šaɬa near (adv) https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo i'dogosiʔ See 12.320. See Language page
Mapudungun pɨlʸe Ranquel form is pičiṭ͡ʀipale-. See Language page
Qawasqar ḳwaḳyaḳ See Language page
Selknam manek See Language page
Tehuelche 'ekˀl; 'ene-kˀ; '-or ~ 'orh See Language page
Lokono bithi bitʰi near Pet 1987:365
Kariña rato rato near Yamada 2010:799