Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

near/close

Semantic Field: quality
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: cerca de
Meaning Portuguese: perto

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
Achagua	urúni	urúni		inheritance			See Language page
Aché		rɨpɨ-yã		unique			See Language page
Aguaruna	ijús	ixus		inheritance			See Language page
Akawaio	akoobee	a'kobe		inheritance			See Language page
Andoke	#NAME?	#NAME?		unique			See Language page
Apalai	tano	tano					See Language page
Arabana	itjarda			unique
Araona		hakʷepati, c̷awa				Also dawewe; wec̷iowe.	See Language page
Ashuar	yáamas	ja:mas					See Language page
Ayoreo		i'dogosiʔ				See 12.320.	See Language page
Baniwa	tsóome	tsóome		unique			See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	ahn'-chow 219			loan
Barasano	tɨ́-aka	tɨ́-aka					See Language page
Bardi	djamad	jamad		inheritance
Bará		ãdã-'ãhã, pɨto-'aha					See Language page
Barí		muungdani				Colombia: muŋdaninə.	See Language page
Baure	a'ne-kon	a'ne-kon		inheritance			See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	ty-kynna “near, narrow”			unknown
Bora	pɨɨ́hɨ, pɨɨ́hɨre (T98)	pɨɨ́ʔɨ, pɨɨ́ʔɨre		inheritance			See Language page
Bunuba	[missing]			missing
Burarra	ay-gurrepa			unknown
Cahuilla	sunchi			unknown			S&H 1979
Camsa	béko-ɲe	béko-ɲe					See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra	vátsiríita	vátsiɾíita		unique			See Language page
Canela		ii-put				Jê form is mut.	See Language page
Carapana	'ká-tɨ́-áka	'ká-tɨ́-áka					See Language page
Carijona	mɨhake			inheritance			See Language page
Cavineña	hapa-da-ma; re-wa; deke-ya (hapa-da-ma is literally "far-negative"; hapa-da means "far", and "-ma" is a negation, or no)	hapa-da-ma; re-wa; deke-ya		unique			See Language page
Cayuvava		ya'raama- ~ na'raama-					See Language page
Central Aymara	jak´a	xakˀa					See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	haje:/-			inheritance
Cha'palaa		'kale					See Language page
Chemehuevi	cagi/(a)			inheritance
Chipaya		xeeku				'Here' is tikʰu.	See Language page
Chiriguano		ko; kõ-ɲõ; kõi		unique			See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		xa-tofʷe				Lit. 'not-far' 12.440.	See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	mut'ej “to be near”			inheritance			Klar 1977:131
Chumash Cruzeno	kaham			unknown			JPH
Chumash Ineseno	mutey' “to be near”			inheritance			A 393, K1977:131
Chumash Obispeno	timete7 “to be near”			inheritance			Klar 1977:131
Chumash Ventureno	ne7e sijaxikyhy “ya estan cerca”			unknown			JPH
Chácobo	βasi-ma; βɨka-; ṣ̌oʔama (the first example is literally "far-negative", βasi is "far", -ma is a negation)	βasi-ma; βɨka-; ṣ̌oʔama (the first example is literally "far-negative", βasi is "far", -ma is a negation)		unique			See Language page
Cocopa	xrpay, xrpa:y “to be near”			inheritance
Cofán	pporotsse	phoɾotshɛ				phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	miitUtsi			inheritance
Cubeo	cadai; tʉcava	kadai; tɨkava		inheritance			See Language page
Cuiva		imoxójo	cerca, near				Huber & Reed 1992:333
Cupeño	'ami'an	[ɁamiɁən]		inheritance
Desano	pohro	poʔɾo		inheritance			See Language page
Dhangu	galki			inheritance
Dhuwal	galki			inheritance
Dhuwala	galki			inheritance
Diyari	karakara			inheritance
DiyariREU	karakara			inheritance
Djambarrpuyngu	galki
Djapu	galki			inheritance
Djeoromitxi	kapfütxe	kaɸøtʃe					See Language page
Djinang	ngidjirrgi			unknown
Dâw	tẽr, pej	tæ̃h, pæɟ		unique; inheritance			See Language page
Epena		'kʰaitʰa					See Language page
Ese Ejja		-čipi; wešaʔama		unique			See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	kia-čii-nee	kia-čii-nee					See Language page
Eñepa	ɲenča ehke (IDS)	ɲentʃa ehke (IDS)		unique			See Language page
Gabrielino	momoa:			inheritance
Gajirrabeng	thangan			unique
Gooniyandi	yalawa
Guayabero		mox		inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
Gupapuyngu	galki			inheritance
Gurindji	kajupari			loan	Jingulu
Hodï		habẽilã		unique			See Language page
Huambisa	ijus	ixus					See Language page
Hup	máh-yɨʔ	~báh-jɨʔ		inheritance			See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	helyepay	[xəʎəˈpai]		inheritance
Ingá	kailla	kaiʎa					See Language page
Itonama		makapalahna; makahtˀidiʔna					See Language page
Jabirr-Jabirr	yangan	yangan		inheritance
Jaru	yardi			semantic shift
Jawi	ungana [angan]	ungana [angan]		inheritance
Kabiyari	áriní	áriní					See Language page
Kaingang	kakò, rã	kakɔ; rã					See Language page
Kakua		pèbʔ [be.near]		unique			See Language page
Kalapalo	inde	inde		unknown			See Language page
Kamayurá	ɨpɨp	ɨpɨp		inheritance			See Language page
Karajarri	lani			unknown
Karajá		ɔtitɨ					See Language page
Kariña	rato	rato	near				Yamada 2010:799
Karitiana	mypi	mɨpi		unknown			See Language page
Katukina		ora-ma					See Language page
Kawaiisu	chagici “nearness”			inheritance
Kija	ngirripa-			unique
Kiliwa	nyaa-m mat; p-yaa-m			unknown
Kitanemuk	pop			unknown
Kokama	ari (suff.)	ari		unique			See Language page
Koreguaje	aikuerʉ	aikuerʉ		inheritance			See Language page
Kotiria	to be close by: -ba'ro; to be nearby: du'tu; ka'a; thua; be next to: kha'a	-baʰɾo; duʰʔtu; kaʔa; tʰúa; kʰaʔa		inheritance			See Language page
Kwazá	bo-, du-, kuro-, tãi-, tja?atje-, tsje-	bo-, du-, kuro-, tãi-, tja?atje-, tsje-					See Language page
Lake Miwok	jo/le			unknown
Lengua		kyito					See Language page
Lokono	bithi	bitʰi	near				Pet 1987:365
Luiseño	neshkin (like kin?)			unknown
Maca		met; -met-im				Also niteʔ toχii, 'not far'.	See Language page
Macaguan		kéwa		unique			See Language page
Maidu	hede/n			inheritance
Maihiki	ɨajigo	ɨajigo		inheritance			See Language page
Makiritare	amoinče-ʔdaɨ (IDS)	amoinče-ʔdaɨ (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Makuna	tɨ	tɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Makushi	aminke pra (IDS)	aminke pra (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Malyangapa	[missing]			missing
Mangala	manpa			unknown
Mapudungun		pɨlʸe				Ranquel form is pičiṭ͡ʀipale-.	See Language page
Matses	abi, ëna, nëbi, u, ubi	abi, ɨna, nɨbi, u, ubi		unknown			See Language page
Miriwung	dhumbu-ga-			unique
Mithaka	[missing]			missing
Mocoví		s-ḳoyoḳ-ake				Lit. 'negative-far-to'.	See Language page
Mojave	ipan=			unknown
Mosetén-Chimané		'tčei'ỹaʔ					See Language page
Movima	su-we	su-we					See Language page
Mudburra	kajubari
Mudburra	kajubari			loan
Muinane	fíitɨhi (W97) (= 'to not be far')	ɸíitɨʔi					See Language page
Murui Witoto	llaɨ́te, ianori	dʒaɯ́tɛ, janori (B83)		unknown; inheritance			See Language page
Mutsun	Saanay, Saanay7a			unknown			NW (JPH)
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		pǝ:		inheritance			See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	mayan	majan					See Language page
Ngamini	kaRakaRa			inheritance
Ngarluma	murna
Ngumbarl	Lannee mai yareera marrin	<Lannee mai yareera marrin>		unique	Yawuru?
Nheengatu	uaki (uá= rostro)	uaki (ua= rostro)		unique			See Language page
Nhirrpi	[missing]			missing
Nimanburru	yaŋan	yaŋan		inheritance
Ninam	ahati (EM72)	ahati		inheritance			See Language page
Nisenan	hoj, hojdi			inheritance
Nivaclé		šaɬa	near (adv)				https://ids.clld.org/
Northern Emberá	kaaíta-bɨ́	kaːíta-bɨ́					See Language page
Northern Mangarla	marnpa
Northern Nyangumarta	ngamparra martaji
Northern Paiute	tsagi7i			unknown			thornes 03:166
Northern Sierra Miwok	haj:e-			inheritance
Nukak		dʒɨɨp2ka1		unique			See Language page
Nyangumarta	wangka			unknown
Nyikina	biliga	bilika		unique
Nyulnyul	yangarn	yangarn		inheritance
Ocaina	áán̈urah	ã́ã́n:ɯraʔ		inheritance			See Language page
Paakantyi	ḏaljba			unique
Paraguayan Guaraní		aɣʷĩ					See Language page
Paresi	owitene	owitene		unique			See Language page
Pemon	piau, amincha mare, ako-pe (A1981); akkoopee (E1977); amincha ma're (M2000)	piau, amintʃa maɾe, akope, (A1981); aʔope (E1977)		unique; inheritance			See Language page
Piapoco	núuwãi	núuwãi					See Language page
Piaroa	tɨk'ɨh	tɨkɁɨh		unique			See Language page
Pilagá		sa ḳa'ya-ake				Lit. 'not far-desire (?)'.	See Language page
Pirriya	[missing]			missing
Pitta-Pitta	mungkatha			inheritance
Plains Miwok	haj:e-			inheritance
Playero		ké-hewa					See Language page
Puinave	[-nak]	nak		unique			See Language page
Pumé	kɛrĩ						See Language page
Páez	cafind	kafind					See Language page
Qawasqar		ḳwaḳyaḳ					See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	kaylla	kajʎa					See Language page
Rirratjingu	galki			inheritance
Ritharrngu	galki			inheritance
Salinan A	sk'a:m “close” (A)			loan direction unknown			Turner 1983:224)
Salinan M	missing			missing
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		ankitoi					See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		neŋaʔtooʔ					See Language page
Sanumá	atepə (EM72)	atepə		inheritance			See Language page
Secoya	ja'ye	haʔjɛ					See Language page
Selknam		manek					See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	iicx			unknown
Serrano	pi:pish			inheritance
Shipibo-Konibo		očoma					See Language page
Sikuani	imoxoyo (2), imoxoyota (2) (to bring something closer or nearer), itamata (3), itjamatja (3), kaejewa (3)	imoxó:-jo: (káe-hawa: 'cercano' - 'close by')		inheritance			See Language page
Siona	kwe'jẽ	kwe'jẽ		inheritance			See Language page
Siriano	pɨʔ'ró-gã	pɨʔ'ró-gã					See Language page
Sirionó	rɨɨ̃; aɨčɨ; ehii	rɨɨ̃; aɨčɨ; ehii		unique			See Language page
Southern Paiute	tcagi-p:a			inheritance
Southern Pastaza Quechua	caylla, cuchu	kayʎa, kutʃu					See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	haj:e-			inheritance
Southern Ute	chag'achivI			inheritance
Suyá	kená	kená					See Language page
Sáliva	llene	dʒene		unique			See Language page
Tacana		nari; weðoe; e-naha-so					See Language page
Tanimuca	wãʔ'tãrã	wãʔ'tãrã		unknown			See Language page
Tariana	dhiwéʃi	dʰiwéʃi		unique			See Language page
Tatuyo	ka-tɨ-ãkã	ka-tɨ-ãkã					See Language page
Tehuelche		'ekˀl; 'ene-kˀ; '-or ~ 'orh					See Language page
Tikuna	ŋãikamã (adj.)	ŋãikamã (adj.)		unique			See Language page
Tiriyó	ekata(ka) (close to (directional))	ekata(ka)		inheritance			See Language page
Toba		sa ḳaya-pke					See Language page
Trinitario		#NAME?					See Language page
Trumai	fuik; fuik-man	fuik; fuik-man		unique			See Language page
Tukano	pɨʔto-ákã	pɨʔto-ákã		inheritance			See Language page
Tuyuka	ã'dṍ-gã, pɨ'tó-gã	ã'dṍ-gã, pɨ'tó-gã					See Language page
Tübatulabal	mii7ppil			inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone	tykynaa(ttsi)			unknown
Urarina	niʨa	nitʃa		unique			See Language page
Wai Wai	meye-hra	meye-hra		unknown			See Language page
Waikhana	kaʔ'aga	kaʔ'aga					See Language page
Waimaja	ã́dõ-ã́kã, pɨ'tó-pɨ	ã́dõ-ã́kã, pɨ'tó-pɨ					See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	kypy	kɨpɨ					See Language page
Walmajarri	marnpa			doubtful loan	Mangarla?
Wangkayutyuru	mungkatha			inheritance
Waorani	eye-ke-ĩ			unique			See Language page
Wapishana	maunapʰa	maunapʰa		doubtful loan	Carib; Pemon mare, Yukpa mana, but cf. Warekena		See Language page
Wappo	shi/k'a			unknown
Wari	wixicam pin (lit. completely small; E&K97)	wiʃikam pin (lit. completely small; E&K97)				'Here (this)' is i kaʔ. ka om hwarao wa 'to be not far'.	See Language page
Warrwa	jimara	jimara		unique
Washo	-le/lew			unknown			J502
Waurá	-kanu; -pažutɨ	-kanu; -pažutɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Wayampi	pɨi	pɨi		inheritance			See Language page
Wayana	akëlela (far-NEG)	akǝlela (far-NEG)		inheritance			See Language page
Wayuu		pehe					See Language page
Western Mono	-baa,			inheritance
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		niʔ'tuhʷaya				Negative form of 'far' 12.440.	See Language page
Wintu	coki			loan into protolanguage
Yabarana		teispoho'ɾama, koh'maŋsapɜ					See Language page
Yagua	di, nuji, tudi (adv); tivye, tiye (adj.)	di, nuxi, tudi; tivje, tije		unique			See Language page
Yaminahua		čai-mašta					See Language page
Yan-nhangu	dhä-mindapuma
Yandruwandha	kaka			unique
Yanomam	ahate	ahate		inheritance			See Language page
Yanomami	aheti ha(mɨ)	aheti ha(mɨ)		inheritance			See Language page
Yarluyandi	kathu-piri-piri			unique
Yavapai	hipe/; tye/:			unknown
Yavitero	ka'ľehana	kaʔľehana					See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	kaka			unique
Yawuru	lani	lani		unique
Yokuts Yawdanchi	penau			unknown			K07:245
Yuhup	mah-ãp	~bah-~ap		unique			See Language page
Yuki	7i(:)ch, 7e(:)ch, -ich, -ech			inheritance			S&S1984
Yukpa	mana, manaran, manara						See Language page
Yukuna	núrupiji	núrupihi		unique			See Language page
Yuma	xi:pa/n “to be nearby” H4:21
Yuruti	ã'dṍ-gã, pɨ'tṍ-gã	ã'dṍ-gã, pɨ'tṍ-gã					See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Arabana
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bardi
Bará
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Canela
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Cruzeno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Itonama
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jaru
Jawi
Kabiyari
Kaingang
Kakua
Kalapalo
Kamayurá
Karajarri
Karajá
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Malyangapa
Mangala
Mapudungun
Matses
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Playero
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Secoya
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Suyá
Sáliva
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wari
Warrwa
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yuhup
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuma
Yuruti

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