Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Tacana

Family
Tacanan
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
tna
Location
-13.39°, -68.04°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Key, Mary Ritchie. 2007. Tacana. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location e-ba-ke-so See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment e-timo See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body biši See Language page
bad mal mal quality ḳawem; sa y-ayamaʁa-ɲi See Language page
belly barriga barriga body moesomo; eðe The former also means 'heart' 04.440. Also e-to. See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location e-ma-so; e-ma-he See Language page
big grande grande quality aida; aða; boc̷ama See Language page
black negro preto colour ðewe-na; ðabi-da See Language page
blood sangre sangue body ami See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body See Language page
bone hueso osso body e-c̷ao See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body See Language page
child niño, niña criança human yanana See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment hodo; boðo The former also means 'smoke' 01.830. 'To be cloudy' is soro-a-. See Language page
cold frío frio quality atom See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality yataḳ-ta; y-ayamaḳ-či-giɲi See Language page
day día dia time c̷ine See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality n-šipaʁan See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality e-sara; mori-da See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment epamo See 'flour' 05.550. See Language page
ear oreja orelha body e-iď̶aha See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna eha See Language page
eye ojo olho body e-toa See Language page
far lejos longe quality oke-da See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body e-c̷ei See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship tata See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna e-ina Also means 'hair' 04.140; 'leaf' 08.560. See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment #NAME? See Language page
flower flor flor environment šaša See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora ehaha Also means 'seed' 08.311; 'testicle' 04.490. See Language page
good bueno bom quality no-ʔon See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body e-čoa e-ina; ečoaina Lit, 'head-covering'; cf. 'feather' 04.393; 'leaf' 08.560. See Language page
hand mano mão body eme See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar toeda; toaweda Intransitive and transitive, respectively. See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body e-čoa See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality bike-da See Language page
how? como como grammar 'ʔ-ee-t-ek Lit. '3p actor-do-direct-obj.'. See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar ema; yama Intransitive and transitive, respectively. See Language page
if si se grammar da See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location e-dome-he dobiď̶i so means 'in the center of'. See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body e-c̷ama See Language page
lake lago lago environment bai See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment e-ina Also means 'hair' 04.140; 'feather' 04.393. See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body ď̶ani bai bene See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body e-tidada 'Shin-bone' is eta; e-taboc̷e. See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment c̷ero-c̷ero- See Language page
liver hígado figado body e-takʷa See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality bao-da Also means 'tall'. See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna bia Also means 'wasp' 03.823. See Language page
man/male hombre homem human deha See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna aiča; yami Cf. Quechua. The latter now means 'flesh'; obsolete meaning also included animal meat. See Language page
moon luna lua environment badi Also means 'month' 14.710. See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship kʷara; mama See Language page
mouth boca boca body e-kʷac̷a See Language page
name nombre nome human See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality nari; weðoe; e-naha-so See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body ehorotiani See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body e-naha See Language page
new nuevo novo quality eičakʷa; e-nana See Language page
night noche noite time ðiða apo-daso 'by night'; apo-apo 'dusk'. See Language page
no/not no não grammar See Language page
nose nariz nariz body ewi See Language page
old viejo velho quality eði See Language page
one uno um number piada See Language page
other otro outro grammar See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body čiki; neda See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment nai See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour ðere-na; hoti-da See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body ď̶ani bai eni bene bai is 'arm'. See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture ediď̶i See Language page
root raíz raiz flora eď̶ao See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality iwi-da-; horo-horo The latter refers to such things as wood or cloth. See Language page
sand arena areia environment hoto-hoto See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality keho-da 'To sharpen' is rakʷa-. See Language page
short corto curto quality o-bao-čidi Lit. 'this side of-tall-diminutive'. See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body yarapa See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental See Language page
skin piel pele body e-biti See Language page
sky cielo céu environment boepa See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality konini; čidi; waičidi čidi is an affectionate term. See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment hodo Also means 'cloud' 01.730. See Language page
star estrella estrela environment atohai See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment tomo See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body e-tiða; e-tima Respectively, animal tail; bird's tail. The former also refers to the long hair of a woman. See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar toneda See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality ma(ʔ)aida; pamoda A thick liquid is -beba-. See Language page
thin delgado fino quality ma wai-čidi; wiri-wiri; ošori Also kese-da; kese-kese, as in cloth, transparent. Also sete-sete. See Language page
this este/esta este grammar See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar mida; miada Intransitive and transitive, respectively. See Language page
throat garganta garganta body e-c̷oi-hani Lit. 'poss.-voice-hole'. *Tacn *xani is 'hole'. Also moi, which also means 'flute'18.710. See Language page
three tres tres number kimiša Cf. Quechua, Aymara. See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment tiri-tia See Language page
bite morder morder body c̷oi- See Language page
blow soplar soprar body ho-; hoho- Also -bia-ho-, to blow on someone. See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body haanata- See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment tio-; kʷati-toro-; čotepe-; oc̷oa- Also hakʷawi-ti-; ha-hodi-ti-. See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body kačo- See Language page
climb subir subir motion c̷oa-; sikʷa- See Language page
come venir vir motion poe- See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact hana-a-; hana po-; sina-me- See Language page
count contar contar mental idada- See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact ðaða-; raha-; siki-, boď̶eď̶e- Respectively: with machete, scissors/knife; to cut something soft; to slice; to chop. Also rihi-; and čaðeo- 'prune'. See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state mano- See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact bere-; peda- See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental tawi See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body -iď̶i- See Language page
eat comer comer body dia- See Language page
fall caer cair motion dahaha- See Language page
fear miedo medo mental See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion wiðoi- See Language page
fly volar voar motion kʷabec̷a- See Language page
grow crecer crescer state bao-na; moro- The latter refers to plants. See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental iď̶aba- See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion robo-a- See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact iče-; ðapo-ha Also paď̶a-. See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other See Language page
kill matar matar impact mano-a-me- mano is 'die'; -me is causative. Also pisa- to kill with an arrow. See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental a; ba-we/boe See Language page
laugh reír rir mental See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion sa-ti-; sa-na; -sa The suffix is used for horizontal position. See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body eiď̶e See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other ď̶ia- 'To open the door' is c̷eke-ď̶ia-. ha-poho-ti- refers to a flower opening. See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact ha-me-poči-ti-; ď̶apo-, paď̶a-, tara- Also me-peðe-. See Language page
say decir dizer mental See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact See Language page
see ver ver mental ba- Also means 'observe, feel, consider, understand, perceive'. See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state -ani-; ani-ote- To be in a sitting position is -ni/ -ani. See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body tawi- See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body waniba- primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body e-kedi; kitoa- See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact peď̶o-; boðeðe- Also hemi-c̷oa-dera, as for firewood. See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact na-podo-ke; na-wac̷o-ke Also etami-hi. See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact ď̶akʷa- See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state neti- Also means to be in a vertical position. See Language page
steal robar roubar other See Language page
suck chupar chupar body čočo-ke; ðibi- The latter refers to sucking an object, such as an orange. See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body čoamoko; e-c̷o sehe Also ha-pira-ti-, such as wood swelling in water. Also to-c̷oa-. See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion bec̷a- See Language page
think pensar pensar mental See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact sana- 'To throw out' is kʷade-; hosia-. See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact risi-; ď̶eke- See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other -barere-a- Means 'to go around'. Also neti-barere-. See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body batasio- See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion ase- 'To tread' is pori-. See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other modo- See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body ha-kʷac̷a-wawa-ti-ke See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body yana See Language page
tooth diente dente body e-c̷e See Language page
two dos dois number beta See Language page
water agua agua environment yawi 'Liquid' is na; 'rainwater' is nai, see 'rain' 01.750. See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar ekʷaneda no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality c̷abi-da; čara-da The latter is dampness caused by dew. Also 'to dampen' na-pa-. See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar lagi See Language page
where? donde onde grammar See Language page
white blanco branco colour pasa-ne See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship e-wane See Language page
wind viento vento environment beni See Language page
wing ala asa body enaba(h)i See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human e-po-na See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour tiď̶ina; masawi The latter refers to yellow dye made of a root. See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar mikʷaneda See Language page
foot pie pé body e-wac̷i; e-c̷aha The latter includes foot and ankle; also refers to animal foot. See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar ne(ʔ)iča Also suffix -ča. See Language page
all todo todos other pamapa See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body e-mada-tahi See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body enokiď̶i See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body domi Means 'excrement'. See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body eď̶ata See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body weo- See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body ď̶ia-ď̶ia- See Language page
bark corteza casca environment aki biti Lit. 'tree skin'. See Language page
fingernail uña unha body eme-tiď̶i See Language page
heart corazón coração body moesomo Also means 'stomach' 04.460. ehememe-hi is an animal's belly. See Language page
sun sol sol time iď̶eti See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment e-mata; moroko The former also means 'forehead' 04.205. See Language page
green verde verde quality čina; ðawa-ne The latter also means 'blue'. See Language page
hot caliente quente quality sina-da See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (135)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna See Language page
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. bina See Language page
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna ď̶ia See Language page
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes ď̶oa; c̷ao-dači-dači; popo See Language page Widespread
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica ha; horakʷa; toi; ď̶eď̶e See Language page Widespread Also ď̶eď̶e; and bototo, a small, green parrot.
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae biď̶idi; hodoho See Language page
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae samani See Language page Widespread South America
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family sose See Language page
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris oči See Language page Not native; widespread Cf. Quechua.
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna se See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata matosa; banakʷa See Language page
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. ibabi, tada ibabi See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna bakʷa See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria dati; morida dati See Language page Widespread A 'water turtle' is čepere; ena dati.
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) si; keriri See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes cf. Tak. adune 'chontaloro (palmera)' - Astrocaryum? Girard 1971:53 Girard 1971: 53
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) wapese See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens biď̶o; hoha-da See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. nasa moď̶o See Language page Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. poroto See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) iď̶ene; noc̷a See Language page
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays ď̶ihe See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum omasa See Language page Tobacco powder is poroma.
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna aki See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta kʷawe See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. 'Manioc flour (chivé)' is kʷawe [harina], from Span. 'harina'.
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas hariri; ehasi See Language page Various kinds: eti. Also anoʔai 'gualusa'.
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) deď̶e; hosi; pararata See Language page indigenous gardens Also tari. Also momo, with a narrow opening, to carry chicha.
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. hemi; ebotoď̶o See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. hono See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae iď̶oi See Language page Also bona 'tucandera'; and many names for various kinds of ants.
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata bona See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis wasa; wasa iď̶e See Language page
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria sapakala See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera sababa See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora c̷ena; soc̷o See Language page Also tono čoa ðiri.
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda mata-kio-kio See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones asi See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera were-were See Language page A large horse-fly is čara; danabo.
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. di See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita bia See Language page Also means 'louse' 03.811.
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda ď̶emo; botoro See Language page
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae ď̶etete See Language page
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus čaiwe; site See Language page
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus dokei See Language page Also čadoke-hi, 'huaso' and čaha, a small 'huaso'.


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material ď̶iti A basket made quickly, extemporaneously, is ď̶ohoho. See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material sa-(h)ode; tawi-ode Cf. 'lie down' 12.140. tawi- is 'sleep'. Also čawi, 'hammock'. Also warača. See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material warača See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material ani-ode See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material e-tawa-(h)i See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology ehoď̶o-(h)i Older man's dress is sa 'camiheta (Span. 'camisa')'; older woman's dress is ðiri 'tipoy'. See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other etiweiri may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other kʷati See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material [kočiro] From Span. 'cuchillo'. See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool [hača] From Span. 'hacha'; note the articulation of the 'h'. Also obsolete piama, an iron tool. See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport etaro-hi See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material ðepe; čototo The latter is a plate made of leaves. See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool hoto See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material mato-haha See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool e-madi (G71) e-madi (G71) See Language page
wax cera cera other wini See Language page
honey miel mel food wasa ena ena is 'river'. Cf. 'water' in other Tacanan languages. See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture tawa miða Made of twisted vine. Also noča risi. Also rei-hihi. See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology pigem Also means 'sky' 01.510. See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation [papel] From Span. 'papel'. See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology tawi See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation waripa nana; waripa poto See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation šita See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress poloko See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation miši See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress motiro See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool See Language page
salt sal sal food bano See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool ewe-hi Also means 'fin' 03.652. See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food [animalo] From Span. 'animal'. See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool deď̶e; hosi; pararata Also tari. Also momo, with a narrow opening, to carry chicha. See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool etec̷i-hi See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool edodo-hi tomo Rock for grinding; it is large and with a curved side; tomo is 'rock'. See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture e-saho-na; ewiď̶ata eiď̶i 'To ferment' is ď̶iwe-na-; c̷ec̷e-da. emihe is manioc 'chicha'. See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food ehoto; epamo Respectively: flour from raw corn; flour from toasted corn. The latter also means 'dust'. 'Floury' is mosa-mosa. See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other ete See Language page