Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

scratch

Semantic Field
impact
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
rascar
Meaning Portuguese
rasgar

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone -kittuih, unknown
Cahuilla -saluk-H149 inheritance S&H 1979
Chemehuevi coo/n7a unknown
Chumash Barbareno e7e, 7ixwa B78 unknown Mithun 1997:232
Chumash Ineseno aqulu A 238 inheritance A 238
Chumash Obispeno stYi unknown JPH
Chumash Ventureno tiqul unknown JPH
Cocopa Lyqshaq; Sxwany (an itch) loan direction unknown
Comanche tsakwo7nery “scratch an itch” unique
Cupeño salakw-in [səˈlakʷ] inheritance
Esselen hasho/wi- loan direction unknown Shaul 1995:217
Iipay 'Aa hesak [xəˈsaq] loan direction unknown
Kawaiisu ca-we7e “scratch an itch” unknown
Kiliwa s-7+xwal, xwaal “scratch at”, maat p-c+khip, /maat p-s+min “scratch body (dog)”, p+khil-t waa waqu “scratch (arse)”, x_kwiiyr-p “w/ claws” unknown
Kitanemuk shym inheritance
Lake Miwok Se/eka inheritance
Luiseño $okapa~i inheritance Elliott
Maidu c'y/wak inheritance
Mojave saqwaq= (as cat) loan direction unknown
Mutsun haska, hassa “scratch an itch” loan direction unknown O77:121
Nisenan syk'yj inheritance
Northern Paiute wongi unknown Nichols 1974:343
Northern Sierra Miwok Tisy:j-y- inheritance
Plains Miwok cu:ju-, unknown
Salinan A (k)uptun (S), (k)uptinil “scratch”; unknown
Salinan M missing missing
Seri (Comcaac) cota/xim , unknown
Serrano waTu-7 unknown
Southern Paiute -ung7wai- to scratch (needs inst pref) unique
Southern Sierra Miwok we:T- (a person), inheritance
Southern Ute chaa7na unique
Tübatulabal owookin unknown
Tümpisa Shoshone -siiwah inheritance
Wappo ch'ath-i7 loan E1993
Washo 7EbE i/c'ush unknown J532
Western Mono tsabo7i- unknown
Wintu luka: unknown
Yavapai tmo/: unknown
Yokuts Yawdanchi k'uyuk 249 unknown K07:249
Yokuts Yowlumne xosop unknown N1944
Yuki k'o:t-, k'ot'- inheritance S&S 1984
Baniwa tshawa tshawa inheritance See Language page
Carijona itʃitʃinənə inheritance See Language page
Cubeo ãcʉricʉ ãkɨɾikɨ inheritance See Language page
Dâw xâák [xep – scrape e.g. manioc] xə̌k inheritance See Language page
Desano ñahguiriñe jajguiɾije inheritance See Language page
Eñepa rë'ka, ërë'ka rǝʔka, ǝrǝʔka inheritance See Language page
Hup kokoj-, hæp- kokoɟ-, hæp- unknown; inheritance See Language page
Kakua tãk unknown See Language page
Makushi kaʔnama (SM) kaʔnama (SM) unknown See Language page
Nheengatu çuruka (~torn) suɾuka (~torn) inheritance See Language page
Ninam tikoka (EM72) tikoka inheritance See Language page
Maihiki sasuyi sasuji unknown See Language page
Pemon kararika (A1981); ikoriripütü (M2000) kaɾaɾika (A1981); iko:ɻoɻi:pɨ'tɨ (M2000) inheritance See Language page
Resígaro khová?-khú kʰováʔ-kʰú missing See Language page
Sanumá tikoko (EM72) tikoko inheritance See Language page
Sikuani iriba (2), irita (2), kasiba (2), katita (2) unknown; inheritance See Language page
Tariana sáwa sáwa inheritance See Language page
Tukano jãʔké, bɨá jãʔke jãʔké, bɨá jãʔke inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Kotiria ñacana; waquĩ nina (all Waltz) jakana; wakĩ nina (all Waltz) inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Yanomam kikoka (EM72) kikoka inheritance See Language page
Yanomami (si) hukëkaɨ, hukëkëaɨ, (si) tikokaɨ, tikokoaɨ (si) hukəkaɨ, hukəkəaɨ, (si) tikokaɨ, tikokoaɨ inheritance See Language page
Yukuna jarípa'akaje, sarípa'akaje harípaʔakahe, sarípaʔakahe inheritance See Language page
Yuhup cæ̃w' ~cæw' semantic shift See Language page
Arabana mirra- inheritance
Bardi wirr -joo- (tr) wirr -ju- (dr) inheritance
Bunuba warirr- unknown
Burarra wirrka loan Yolngu
Dhangu dhe'thiyun unknown
Dhuwal wirrk
Dhuwala wirrk unknown
Diyari murruwa inheritance
DiyariREU miranta inheritance
Djambarrpuyngu wirrk
Djapu wirrk unknown
Djinang yirrachi-gi unknown
Gajirrabeng yigarr unique
Gooniyandi wirrij- loan
Gupapuyngu wirrk inheritance
Gurindji yikarrp ma- loan Miriwung
Jabirr-Jabirr -gand- [magandan] -kand- [makandan] inheritance
Jaru bangi- inheritance
Karajarri wer-ēdj inheritance
Kija kirrkirr unique
Malyangapa Mal: mira- loan Karnic
Mangala rlacu
Miriwung yigarr unique NJ
Mithaka [missing] missing
Mudburra warra
Mudburra karal loan
Ngamini mirapana inheritance
Ngandi rdey'-dhu loan
Ngarluma yirrba(-gu) unique
Ngumbarl tchabboo-tchabboo <tchabboo-tchabboo> unique
Nhirrpi mirra inheritance
Nimanburru wer-djon wer-jon inheritance
Northern Mangarla rlacu
Northern Nyangumarta [missing] missing
Nyangumarta wirirr inheritance
Nyikina laboorr laburr unique
Nyulnyul kede kede nanareo kede kede nanarreo unique
Paakantyi maṛa-maṛa- loan
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta nyinta inheritance
Rirratjingu [missing] missing
Ritharrngu wirryun inheritance
Walmajarri karlala- inheritance
Wangkayutyuru nhinta- inheritance
Warrwa waarru ngambanyjina XXngl scratch I did to myself. waarru ngambanyjina unique
Wubuy arla, lhirrida unknown
Yan-nhangu galŋa-waṉpuma unknown
Yandruwandha mirra, mirramirra inheritance
Yarluyandi mirra- inheritance
Yawarrawarrka mirari inheritance
Yawuru dyaddyad + jajad + inheritance
Piapoco íwíaca íwíaka See Language page
Wapishana kɨzɨt kɨzɨt unique See Language page
Paresi halalaka halalaka unique See Language page
Baure torič- toritʃ- unknown See Language page
Bora dójórɨúcu (T98) tóxórɨɯkʰɯ unique See Language page
Muinane dúnucɨhi (W97) dúnukɨʔi See Language page
Akawaio chiichiikma, ekkanöbang (oneself) tʃi'tʃiʔma, ɛʔ'kanöbaŋ (oneself) inheritance; unknown See Language page
Apalai ixihkãko ixihkãko unknown See Language page
Wayana puklët puklǝt unique See Language page
Tiriyó wai wai unique See Language page
Wai Wai furiki (SM) furiki (SM) unknown See Language page
Waimiri Atroari -kaka- -kaka- See Language page
Yabarana ehenaka'ɾoiŋkaɾi See Language page
Yukpa ojekárapo, serie See Language page
Muisca bcoiquesuca βkoikesuka See Language page
Northern Emberá kuruí kuruí See Language page
Macaguan kachín inheritance Central+Macaguan subgroup See Language page
Cofán dequiañe dɛkyiaɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Páez yose yose See Language page
Tikuna nangáo (Alv44) nangáo unique See Language page
Urarina hwaʉitu, hjʉsi hwaʉitu, hjʉsi unique See Language page
Andoke fə́ʌ́ ɸə́ʌ́ unique See Language page
Pumé tüká kǫarí kǫarí See Language page
Puinave [-het] (scrape) het unique See Language page
Ashuar méejatrin mɨ:xatrin See Language page
Huambisa naunchikiatsa nauntʃikiatsa See Language page
Aguaruna nanchikít nantʃikit inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ʃæ̃:t, ʃæ̰̃:d, hap inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect ʃæ̰̃:d See Language page
Matses shuan ʃuan unknown See Language page
Yagua jmuniyẽ xmunijẽ unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua aspina aspina See Language page
Ingá aspii aspii See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua aspina aspina See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano achipiy, aspiy atʃipij, aspij See Language page
Piaroa ka'rEuh kaɁræuh unknown See Language page
Sáliva tõãhñajaha tõãʔɲahaʔa unknown See Language page
Makuna waje-re waxe-ɾe unknown See Language page
Koreguaje ko'rʉmʉ koʔrʉmʉ inheritance See Language page
Secoya co'rë kɔʔrɨ See Language page
Karitiana sik sik unknown See Language page
Wayampi amokekei (O78) amokekei (O78) unknown See Language page
Sirionó quiareɨ~, iʃã (aɨʃã) (P85) kiareɨ~, iʃã (aɨʃã) unknown See Language page
Kamayurá torok (M2000) torok (M2000) inheritance See Language page
Ocaina caayi kaaji unknown See Language page
Murui Witoto jiiruite, jiitade hiiruitɛ, hiitadɛ (B83) unknown See Language page
Iquito arisiini arisiini inheritance See Language page
Záparo arishunu aɾiʃunu See Language page
Wari pixac (E&K97) piʃak (E&K97) See Language page
Cavineña arañar (C&L89) araɲar loan Spanish See Language page
Central Aymara ch´iyjana tʃʔijxana See Language page
Kwazá erewe-, kakanĩ-, kay-, wiri- erewe-, kakanĩ-, kay-, wiri- See Language page
Movima huaɨna (to scratch somethinɡ) (J62) huaɨna See Language page
Trumai (ha) ɨen (ha) ɨen unique See Language page
Kaingang jarn ke yaɾn ke See Language page
Djeoromitxi piriri piriri See Language page
Lokono kharasyn kʰaɾasɨn scratch Pet 1987:370
Kariña kaka kaka scratch; scrape Yamada 2010:746