Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Mutsun

Family: Penutian
Region: North America
ISO 639-3: no
Location: 0.00°, 0.00°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Basic Vocabulary (185)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	makse		inheritance	O77:165
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	makke		inheritance	O77:165
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	ka:n		inheritance	O77:104, 165
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	makam		inheritance	O77:159, 165
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	me:n “you”; -me		inheritance	O73, 104, 165
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	/haysa		unknown	O77:44, 165
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	wa:k		unknown	O77:106, 307
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	taprey 306;		unknown	Okrand 1977:306
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	7iThin		unknown	O77:81, 302
all	todo	todos	other	himah7a “all”		unknown	O77:29
and	y	e	grammar	yu:		unknown	O77:106, 307
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	muhtitihris??? “form veryunsure”,		unknown	NW (JPH)
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	somsom		unknown	O77:128
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	yo:kon		unknown	O77:61
at	en, a	em, a	location	-tak, -tka (after vowel)		unknown	NW (JPH), L78
back	espalda	costas	body	xop:o “back, upper back”		inheritance	C1962
bad	mal	mal	quality	7ekeT-tak “in badness”;7ekTe to be evil, bad		unknown	O77:81, 211
belly	barriga	barriga	body	huttu “belly”		inheritance	O77:136
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	minmuy		unknown	O77:56
big	grande	grande	quality	watreSYte “large”, wetreSYmin		unknown	O77:88,255
bite	morder	morder	body	7ichchin “bit”		inheritance	O77:145
black	negro	preto	colour	murCumak “blackish ones, dark ones”		inheritance	O77:31,84
blood	sangre	sangue	body	/patytyan O19		inheritance	O77:19
blow	soplar	soprar	body	pusrren “blows, in witchcraft”		inheritance	O77:65
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	ra:Tam “boil, pimple”		unknown	O77:270
bone	hueso	osso	body	TatYtYi	Y is sup-srpt y	unknown	O77:82
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	mus		inheritance	O77:253
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	[noswe “breathes”, nosso		unknown	O77:41, 122
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	yulke “burns (of fire)”		inheritance	O77:144
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	Tikka		unknown	?
child	niño, niña	criança	human	sinni		inheritance	O77:49
climb	subir	subir	motion	hopey! Ascend! (tree)		unknown	O77:189
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	mechke “it's clouding up”		unknown	O77:56
cold	frío	frio	quality	tursingka “I am getting cold”		inheritance	O77:53
come	venir	vir	motion	Ta:kan “comes”		unknown	O77:109
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	hikku cook, be ripe,		unknown	NW (JPH)
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	aamane “indeed, truly; “it is the truth”		unknown	NW (JPH)
count	contar	contar	mental	nanne		unknown	NW (JPH)
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	warka “to cry”		inheritance	O77:141
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	wa/ra/y! Cut! (w/ knife)		unknown	O77:102, 136
day	día	dia	time	Tu:his	Cap T is w/ subdot	inheritance	O77:21
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	se:mo “dead one” ; semmon “die”		inheritance	O77:136. 199
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	hura: “dig a grave”		inheritance	O77:259
dingo/wolf			fauna	ummuh “big wolf”		loan direction unknown	NW, (JPH)
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	yu:mus “filth”		inheritance	O77:61
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	7istu-n-		inheritance	O77:214
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	7ukki-si		inheritance	O77:237
dry	seco	seco	quality	chorkon “gets dry” O 32		unknown	O77:32
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	miccwihte is adj		unknown	NW (JPH)
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	muun		unknown	NW (JPH)
ear	oreja	orelha	body	tuksus		inheritance	C1962
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	pire:		unknown	O77:104
eat	comer	comer	body	7amma “eats”		loan direction unknown	O77:64
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	moTTeh		unknown	NW (JPH)
eye	ojo	olho	body	hi:n “face, eye”		inheritance	O77:69
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	7irko “to defecate”		inheritance	O77:114
fall	caer	cair	motion	7innan “falls”; 7innanin “falls down”		inheritance	O77:28, 144
far	lejos	longe	quality	anSa “distant”		inheritance	NW (JPH)
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	sakker (sawre- “to be fat”)		inheritance	O77:125
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	7appa		inheritance	O77:61
fear	miedo	medo	mental	ha:sin “to be afraid”, asli-n- “to be afraid (as a person alone at night) ;		inheritance	O 77:122
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	puT		unknown	O77:70
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	sottow		inheritance	O77:49
fish	xx	xx	fauna	huuyi , huyni “to fish”		unknown	NW, JPH
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	soro,		loan direction unknown	NW?
flower	flor	flor	environment	ti:wis 0 24		unknown	O77:24
fly	volar	voar	motion	hummu, huumu; pl humsu		unknown	NW
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	me:chikniSY “fog, mist”		unknown	O77:140
foot	pie	pé	body	-koro		inheritance	O77:53
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	toynon “small fruit”		loan	NW (JPH)
good	bueno	bom	quality	/miSYte “good”		inheritance	O77:43
grow	crecer	crescer	state	miTTen “grows”		inheritance	O77:89, 210
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	7uri: “head hair”		inheritance?	o77:119
hand	mano	mão	body	7issu		inheritance	O77:89
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	mo:hel		inheritance	O77:56
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	namti		unknown	O77:19
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	parki “is heavy”		unknown	o77:145, 309
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	lippay hide (it)!		unknown	O77:57
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	haTTahne “was hit”		inheritance	O77:81, 211
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	hoyoy! Take it! Grasp it!		inheritance	O77:189
how?	como	como	grammar	hinka-hte “how be?”		inheritance	O77:317
if	si	se	grammar	koc “when, if”		unknown	O77:308
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	rammay		unknown	O77:189
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	put:u-s		inheritance	C1962
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	hasku “tickle, itch”, husku “itch”,		loan direction unknown	NW?
kill	matar	matar	impact	li:ki “kills”		unknown	O77:57, 280
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	hinsu-		unknown	O77:284
lake	lago	lago	environment	Sp. loan only		loan
laugh	reír	rir	mental	ma:yi		unknown	O77:171, 278
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	marah “leaf, body hair” O 249		unknown	O77:249
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	awiS		unknown	NW (JPH)
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	ka:tYul		unknown	O77:253
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	ipli “lie down”,		unknown	?
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	willep (N), wilpe (V)		inheritance	NW (JPH)
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	TiiTi “be alive, get well”, Titi “live”		unknown	NW (JPH)
liver	hígado	figado	body	sire:sum “liver, heart”		inheritance	O77:331
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	laytaSYte “long, tall”		unknown	O77:130
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	rah “body louse”		unknown	O77:70
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	honaS (CHM)		unknown	NW (CHM)
man/male	hombre	homem	human	Ta:res		inheritance	O77:150
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	to:Te “deer, meat”		unknown	O77:32, 112
moon	luna	lua	environment	Ta:r		unknown	o77:145, 309
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	7a:nan		inheritance?	O77:139
mouth	boca	boca	body	ha(:)y		unknown	O77:119,147
name	nombre	nome	human	raakat		unknown	NW (JPH)
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	kaTTak		loan	NW?
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	Saanay, Saanay7a		unknown	NW (JPH)
neck	cuello	pescoço	body			missing
new	nuevo	novo	quality	iTsa “to be new”		unknown	O77:200
night	noche	noite	time	muruT		inheritance	O77:21
no/not	no	não	grammar	7ekwe		inheritance	O77:13
nose	nariz	nariz	body	hu:s-mak “noses”		inheritance	O77:70
old	viejo	velho	quality	mukyu-kniSY “old woman”		inheritance	O77:123
one	uno	um	number	hemech7a “one”		inheritance	O77:29
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	SYachwe “opens		unknown	O77:49
other	otro	outro	grammar	7anyis “other (one”)		unknown	O77:154
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	ka:yi “ache”		inheritance	O77:342
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	7ama “body, person”		unknown	O77:64
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	hutna “pounds (in a mortar)		unknown	O77:81, 211
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	7ammani “rain”		unknown	O77:53, 131
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	Taskuhmin “red one”		unknown	O77:36,82
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	samma “be right-handed”		unknown	NW (JPH)
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	7innu, 7innuh “door; road”		inheritance	O77:51
root	raíz	raiz	flora	hi:koT		unknown	O77:51
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	pothenin “(it) rotted”		inheritance	O77:81, 211
sand	arena	areia	environment	wiis/wis		inheritance	NW (JPH)
say	decir	dizer	mental	kuwa, ko:- “to say”		unknown	O77:203
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	haska, hassa “scratch an itch”		loan direction unknown	O77:121
see	ver	ver	mental	hay(we)		unknown	O77:203
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	micci		unknown	NW (JPH)
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	tiyo: “to shoot (something) w/ arrow”		inheritance	O77:126
short	corto	curto	quality	Notko “be short, of ANYTHING”,	N is ny	unknown	NW (JPH)
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	cappal “paleta, espalda”		unknown	NW (JPH)
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	haSmu “be ashamed”,		unknown	NW (JPH)
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	Tawra “sit, live”		inheritance	O77:85
skin	piel	pele	body	pattah		unknown	O77:246
sky	cielo	céu	environment	Tarah		unknown	O77:50
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	7e:Te “is sleeping”		loan direction unknown	O77:76
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	ku:tyihmin “small one”		loan direction unknown	O77:251
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	kaare-s (N) nom. of “to be smokey”		inheritance	NW (JPH)
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	hussen		inheritance	O77:172
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	ru:se- “to spit on”		inheritance?	O77:253
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	sachki “split something in half”		unknown	O77:210
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	Ti:nuy “wring it out!”		unknown	O77:24
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	rippa “to jab, stab”		unknown	O77:306
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	lichchey- “to stand”		unknown	O77:114
star	estrella	estrela	environment	awiSna		unknown	NW
steal	robar	roubar	other	ha:Ta “to steal”		inheritance	O77:200
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	tappur “wood”		unknown	O77:60
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	7irek-tak “at the rock”		inheritance	O77:82
suck	chupar	chupar	body	huSYlu “sucks”		unknown	O77:83
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	saawel (N), sawle (V)		unknown	NW?
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	po:kon “swell up”		unknown	O77:144
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	yuya “swim, bathe”		unknown	NW (JPH)
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	tuupuy NW, JPH		unknown	NW, JPH
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	tina: 189		inheritance	O77:189
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	tumru “be thick”		unknown	NW (JPH)
thin	delgado	fino	quality	kolle “to be thin, lean”		unknown	O77:269
think	pensar	pensar	mental	pesyo “thinks, remembers”		unknown	O77:45, 294
this	este/esta	este	grammar	neppe		inheritance	O77:57
three	tres	tres	number	kaphan		inheritance	O77:25
throat	garganta	garganta	body	horkos- “pescuezo” JPH, can be used in “cut throat		inheritance	O77:154
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	witi:hte “thrown something out, down, away”		unknown	O77:271
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	Tura:Tarahtak “it's thundering in the sky”		inheritance	O77:92
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	hotyohte 'tied”; hotyon “tied (somethig) up”		inheritance	O77:19, O81
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	lasseh, lasse		inheritance	O77:50
tooth	diente	dente	body	si(:)t		inheritance	O77:154
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	tippe “wander, turn”, ippe		unknown	?
two	dos	dois	number	7uthin		inheritance	O77:255
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	aThi		unknown	?
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	hinne		unknown	O77:170
water	agua	agua	environment	si:		inheritance	O77:49
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	malaSYte “wet”		loan direction unknown	O77:180
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	hiTise		inheritance	O77:72
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	hinwa		unknown	O77:84, 315
where?	donde	onde	grammar	hanni, ha:ni, ha:ne		inheritance	O77:92, 322
white	blanco	branco	colour	chupka “is white”		unknown	O77:81, 211
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	hatte		inheritance	O77:158
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	-hawnan		loan	O77:163
wind	viento	vento	environment	hiTwe- wind to blow		unknown	O77:302
wing	ala	asa	body	wimmah		unknown	O77:61
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	mukurma		inheritance	O77:84, 315
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	tawah (N)		unknown	O77:100, 143
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	hawsu		unknown	NW
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	ci:we (ciweSmin “yellow one”,		inheritance	NW (CHM)


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heavy
hide
hit
hold
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 185 of 185 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Dangerous
abalone			flora-fauna	Haliotis spp.	haşʸşʸan		abalone shell (Merriam confirms Merriam 55:417; “red abalone” in Pinart's Co III	loan			Chumash	Pmis hás:yny-, perhaps Utian (I have it in Miss, Mics as a Costanoan loan)	WW	%kys	underived		Okrand 1977:42	2	1	0	0	1	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	moo'-moor-'re		ant	unique							reduplicated	Okrand p. 130--32 from {mumir}	Merriam 55:419	0	0	2	0	0	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna		oTTow “red fire ant			unknown									NW (JPH)
antelope			flora-fauna	Antilocapra americana	tiwyen		antelope	unique				Note NUA *tɨ(mmɨ)n(nV)-; Merriam recorded tŭ-winz for Serrano ??? Merriam has te'-wen in Rumsen 55:437			underived		Okrand 1977:85	2	1	0	0	0	no
badger			flora-fauna	Taxidea taxus	te-koo-ish		Badger	unique							other complex	-ish must be suffix, but can't find in Okrand	Merriam 55:403	2	1	0	0	0	yes
bald eagle			flora-fauna	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	missing			missing							missing			1	2	0	0	1	no
band-tail pigeon			flora-fauna	Patagioenas fasciata	hă-rah'-oo		band-tail pigeon	inheritance		Costanoan		Pinart has in Co III, IV			underived		Merriam 55:409	0	1	0	0	0	no
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp	wireskan; shim'-te-klah		bat	inheritance	*wirE:s ?	Utian		Callagan 1962:102			other complex	3-syllable stems vanishingly rare, but morphology unknown	Mason 1916:427; Merriam 55:403	0	1	0	0	0	no
beaver			flora-fauna	Castor	missing			missing							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
beetle			flora-fauna	Coleoptera spp	un tcu-smin		black beetle	inheritance		Costanoan		Pinart has for Co II, IV			relative clause	-min "one who is/has"	Mason 1916:427	2	0	0	0	0	no
big round tule			flora-fauna	Schoenoplectus acutus	ro'-kus		big round tule (S. lacustris)	inheritance		Costanoan		Note Mim lo/-kos “big round tule” CHM, Hill Patwin Laka- Callaghan 2001:324 (due to close similarity I think Mim is probably a loan from Costanoan, hence this must go further north and be Pco; Pinart has in Co I, II, IV			underived		Merriam 55:427	2	1	2	0	0	no
big skunk			flora-fauna	Mephitis mephitis	tixsin		skunk	inheritance				Kroeber has in Mont, Sjb only			underived		Mason 1916:428	2	2	0	0	0	no
big wolf (gray wolf)			flora-fauna	Canis lupus	uminx	Merriam oom'-mō Merriam 55:403	wolf	inheritance		Costanoan		Kroeber 1910 has in Mont, Scr, Sc plus sjb (Mu)			underived	root is hum, but complexity only etymological	Mason 1916:427	1	2	0	0	0	yes
bighorn sheep			flora-fauna	Ovis canadensis	missing			missing							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		tcirit-min		bird	inheritance	*čirV:t-	Utian		Callagan 1962:102			relative clause	-min "one who is/has"	Callaghan 1962:102	0	0	0	0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		muuSik “bird of any kind, adult bird”			unknown									NW (JPH)
black ant			flora-fauna	Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger	poskoi-min		black ant (Merriam confirms)	unique							relative clause	-min "one who is/has"	Mason 1916:428	2	0	0	0	0	no
black bear			flora-fauna	Ursus americanus	7ores		bear	inheritance	**7ole$	Costanoan		Callagan 2001:326; and Note Yn, Yv ului in D&K (Callaghan 2001:340)			underived		Okrand 1977:39	1	2	0	0	0	yes
black-tail Jackrabbit			flora-fauna	Lepus californicus	intkx; tceies; Merriam chā'-ish		large hare; hare	inheritance		Costanoan		Kroeber 1910 has tceies form in Mont, Scr, SJ in addition to sjb (Mu)			underived		Mason 1916:427; Mason 1916:429; Merriam 55:405	2	1	0	0	0	no
blackberry			flora-fauna	Rubus ursinus	7e:nena		berry sp.( Mason 1916:429 confirms blackberries; Merriam 55:421 confirms)	inheritance		Utian		Note Eastern Miwokan *7in:an “berry sp.”, this probably Utian, perhaps a loan			reduplicated	from {7e:nan}	Okrand 1977:130	2	1	2	0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	mu:muri		fly	inheritance	mu:muri, mum:uri	Costanoan		Callagan 2001:326			reduplicated	from [mumir]	Okrand 1977:131	0	0	0	0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna		mu:muri			loan direction unknown									O77:131
blue grouse			flora-fauna	Dendrogapus?	missing			missing							missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
bobcat, lynx			flora-fauna	Lynx rufus	toroma		wild-cat	inheritance	tol:om:a/to:lom:a ?	Utian		Callaghan 1988:60; some Co forms may be loans; Possibly Yok-Utian callaghan 1997:33	WW	%talom	reduplicated	from [toram]?	Mason 1916:428	1	2	0	0	0	no
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	Lepidoptera	mumul:al:uk, siul:il:uk		butterfly (Merriam has she'-o-lo'-lok' Merriam 55:419)	unique							reduplicated		Mason 1916:427; Mason 1916:428	2	0	0	0	0	no
California condor			flora-fauna	Gymnogyps californianus	wasaka		California condor (given as “eagle” by Mason)	inheritance				Southern Costanoan; Rumsen wah'-sak Merriam 55:439			reduplicated	final -a would be reduplication, on model of “mountain lion”	Merriam 55:407	1	2	0	0	1	no
California jay			flora-fauna	Aphelocoma californica?	saiae; ah'sh-sheet		jays; California jay	loan	*saj...	Utian	unknown	Pmiw *$ajiic; but a widespread arealism; Callaghan thinks the similar Mil word is Kashaya Pomo;, but gives as PmiMu 1962:102; Perhaps Yok-Utian	WW	%chaj	underived		Mason 1916:428; Merriam 55:409	2	1	0	0	0	no
California woodpecker			flora-fauna	Melanerpes formicivorus?	paratu		woodpecker (Merriam confirms Merriam 55:409)	loan	*para:tak ?	Costanoan	unknown	Areal word, see Troike ms.; Pmi *pala-Ta ? Callaghan 1997:61; Pco Callaghan 1992:40	WW	%palaka ~ %pana(k)	reduplicated	from {parut}?	Mason 1916:428	2	1	0	0	1	no
chia			flora-fauna	Salvia columbariae	pat:i		chia	inheritance	*pat:ih	Costanoan		Callagan 1992:40	WW	%pasv	underived		Mason 1916:430	1	1	1	0	0	no
chipmunk			flora-fauna	Tamias spp.	missing			missing							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
cliff swallow			flora-fauna	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	pe'-lo-ke-an		barn swallow (Hirundo)	unique				Rumsen che'-lo-kan cliff swallow 55:443			other complex	morphology unknown	Merriam 55:409	2	1	0	0	0	no
coot			flora-fauna	Fulica americana	yū-rān, u-ran		coot	inheritance		Southern Costanoan only		Pinart has for “duck” in Co IV			underived		Merriam 55:415	2	1	0	0	0	no
cottontail rabbit			flora-fauna	Sylvilagus audobonii	your-rā, ur-dā yu-ren JPH per CHM		cottontail rabbit	inheritance		Costanoan		Kroeber 1910 has weren, wiren, probably the same item, as Cos			underived		Merriam 55:405	2	1	0	0	0	no
cottonwood			flora-fauna	Populus spp.	porpor		cottonwood, poplar (Merriam confirms Merriam 55:421)	inheritance		Costanoan		Pinart has in Co III, IV			reduplicated		Okrand 1977:128	2	0	2	0	0	no
coyote			flora-fauna	Canis latrans	wawisaes, wakisaes, maian	wak-shyish (JPH)	coyote	unique				maian is Costanoan; the wa ... word only in Mu in Kroeber			other complex	-ish must be suffix, but can't find in Okrand	Mason 1916:427	1	2	0	0	0	no
crow			flora-fauna	Corvus brachyrhynchos	sa:ray		crow (Merriam confirms Merriam 55:409	inheritance		Costanoan		Pinart has in Co II, III, IV			underived		Okrand 1977;150	2	1	0	0	0	no
datura			flora-fauna	Datura wrightii	mo'-noi		Tolguacha, Jimson weed	loan			Salinan	(and ultimately from Takic, perhaps by way of Chumashan)	WW	%moji ~ %moni	underived		Merriam 55:429	1	1	1	1	0	yes
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		to:Te “deer, meat”			unknown									O77:112
deer, mule			flora-fauna	Odocoileus hemionus	to:Te		deer, meat (Merriam has this word under “Blacktail deer”)	inheritance		Costanoan		Kroeber 1910 has in Mont, Scr, SF			underived		Okrand 1977:112	2	1	0	0	0	no
digger pine			flora-fauna	Pinus sabiniana	sak (JPH per CHM)		digger pine (P. sabiniana, P. coulteri)	inheritance	*sak:y-	Utian		Callaghan 1997:18			underived		Merriam 55:419	2	1	2	0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis familiaris	hučeknişʸ		dog	loan			Salinan	Note Salinan A xutc, Salinan M xutca:i; this Mu item unique in Kroeber 1910			other complex	knişʸ prob. diminutive (O p. 139)	Okrand 1977;14	0	0	0	0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		huchekniSY	Y is sup-srpt y		loan									O77:14
dogbane			flora-fauna	Apocynum cannabinum	missing			missing							missing			2	1	2	0	0	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	Zenaida macrocoura	hunu:nu		dove (Merriam confirms)	inheritance		Utian		Callaghan 1962:103 relates to Pmie *hululi forms			reduplicated		Okrand 1977:57	2	1	0	0	0	no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae	cho'-rō'k-tish		duck	inheritance		Southern Costanoan only		Pinart has for “duck with yellow head” in Co IV			other complex	-ish must be suffix, but can't find in Okrand	Merriam 55:409	0	1	0	0	0	no
elder			flora-fauna	Sambucus	čisnan		elder (tree, flower)	inheritance		Costanoan		Pinart has in Co I, II, III, IV			underived		Okrand 1977:83	2	1	1	0	0	no
elk			flora-fauna	Cervas elaphus	te-wo		Elk	inheritance		Costanoan		Kroeber 1910 has in Scr, Sc,			underived		Merriam 55:403	2	1	0	0	0	no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		hoo'-ye		fish (any)	inheritance		Costanoan		Kroeber 1910 has only in Sjb; Pinart has huuyi form for Co I, II; Note Yukian *həw, Wappo 7ew			underived		Merriam 55:417	0	1	0	0	0	no
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	Siphonaptera	po:r; wipsur “		flea; fleas	inheritance	*po:r	Costanoan		Callaghan 1997:59			underived		Okrand 1977:135; Mason 1916:427	2	0	0	0	0	no
flicker			flora-fauna	Colaptes sp.	tre-wah'k		flicker	inheritance	*Tiw(:)a-	Utian		Callaghan 1986:62; Perhaps Yok-Utian Callaghan 1997			underived		Merriam 55:409	2	1	0	0	1	no
foothills yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca whipplei	missing			missing							missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
fox			flora-fauna	Vulpes, Urocyon	yah”-we		Gray fox (Urocyon) (or Mephitis? in pencil)	unique							underived		Merriam 55:403	2	2	0	0	0	no
frog (generic)			flora-fauna		wakaraT-smin		frog	inheritance	*waT(ar)ak-	Utian		Callaghan 1962:103 relates to Mi *waTak forms, but notes 2001:326 that such words are onomatopoeic and susceptible to borrowing	WW	%wakat	relative clause	-min "one who is/has"	Mason 1916:427	2	2	0	0	0	no
golden eagle			flora-fauna	Aquila chrysaetos	she'-re		golden eagle	inheritance		Costanoan		Pinart has in Co III, IV			underived		Mason 1916:427; Merriam 55:407	1	2	0	0	1	no
gooseberry			flora-fauna	Ribes spp.	tow-ka'-lee (JPH per CHM)		gooseberry (with black berries)	unique							other complex	morphology unknown	Merriam 55:421	2	1	1	0	0	no
gopher snake, bull snake			flora-fauna	Pituophis catenifer	ko:Tehwa		big snake sp. (gopher or bull snake? Merriam confirms)	inheritance		Yok-Utian		Cf. Pynim xo:THongiTH (and ko:langkHil “king snake”), Pmis *ho.tong-ja- Callaghan 1997:60			other complex	-wa is "serpent" suffix O p. 142	Okrand 1977:142	2	2	0	0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(NA)	tcasuni (Merriam hoo'-ne'		hay; grass (any)	unique							other complex	morphology unknown	Mason 1916: 430; Merriam 55:427	0	0	0	0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna		huni “any type of grass”			unknown									NW (JPH)
grasshopper			flora-fauna	Caelifera	po'-lo-kish		grasshopper	inheritance		Costanoan		M, R, S polokV-s/nč (Shaul 1989 on Esselen)			reduplicated		Merriam 55:419	2	1	0	0	0	no
gray ground squirrel			flora-fauna	Sphermophilus sp.	7e:h		squirrel (Merriam confirms Gray Ground squirrel Merriam 55:405)	inheritance		Costanoan		Shaul 1986:699 gives in all C; also Esselen he:x			underived		Okrand 1977:333	2	1	0	0	0	no
gray tree squirrel			flora-fauna	Sciurus spp.	choo'-lol, chu-lōl		Gray tree squirrel	unique							underived		Merriam 55:405	2	1	0	0	0	no
great horned owl			flora-fauna	Bubo virginianus	hoo'-mish (hoo-mis JPH)		great horned owl	inheritance		Costanoan		Pinart has in Co I, II			other complex	-ish must be suffix, but can't find in Okrand	Merriam 55:407	1	2	2	0	1	no
grizzly bear			flora-fauna	Ursus arctos horribilis	7ores		Merriam confirms for “grizzly” also	inheritance	**7ole$	Costanoan					underived		Merriam 55:403	1	2	0	0	0	yes
horned toad			flora-fauna	Phrynosomatidae	o-shesH-kin		horned toad	unique							other complex	morphology unknown	Merriam 55:417	2	2	2	0	0	no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	he-cham-ish		horse (this is the “pet” word JHH)	unique							other complex	-ish must be suffix, but can't find in Okrand	Merriam 55:407	0	0	0	0	0	no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	Trochilidae	humu:nʸa		hummingbird	inheritance	*(h)umu:ña	Costanoan		Callagan 1992:40			reduplicated	Okrand p. 130-32 describes this as reduplication from {humany}, with first vowel reduplicated and original root vowel moved to V3 position.	Okrand 1977:55	0	0	0	0	0	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic	pitcina		maggot, insect	unique							reduplicated	from [pitcan]?	Mason 1916:428	0	0	2	0	0	variable
junco			flora-fauna	Junco sppp	missing			missing							missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
juniper			flora-fauna	Juniperus californica	missing			missing							missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
louse			flora-fauna	order Phtiraptera	kahhay		headlouse, black louse	inheritance	kah:aj, ka:j	Costanoan		Callagan 2001:327			underived		Okrand 1977:83	2	0	0	0	0	no
mallard			flora-fauna	Anas platyrhynchos	cho'-rō'k-tish		Mallard	inheritance		Southern Costanoan only					other complex	-ish must be suffix, but can't find in Okrand	Merriam 55:413	2	1	0	0	0	no
manzanita			flora-fauna	Arctostaphylos spp.	choo-tush; chook-toosh; choo-toor JPH per CHM		Manzanita (Arctostaphylos sp.)	unique							underived		Merriam 55:421	2	1	1	0	0	no
milkweed, broad leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias eriocarpa	sis'-kah		Broadleaf milkweed	inheritance				Southern Costanoan; Rumsen she-chin 55:459			underived		Merriam 55:427	2	1	1	0	0	no
milkweed, narrow leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias fascicularis	missing			missing							missing			0	1	1	0	0	no
mission tule			flora-fauna	Juncus	missing			missing							missing		Mason 1916:430	2	1	2	0	0	no
mockingbird			flora-fauna	Mimus polyglottos	soksokian; mu-shyek? (JPH per CHM)		bird like sensonte; mockingbird	unique							reduplicated		Mason 1916:428; Merriam 55:409	2	1	0	0	0	no
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles spp, Isoptera	kash'-soop		mosquito	loan			Yokuts				underived		Merriam 55:419	0	0	0	0	0	no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	Heterocera	missing			missing							missing			2	0	0	0	0	no
mountain lion			flora-fauna	Puma concolor	tammala(h)		mountain lion	loan			unknown	T<am'ul Mason in both SA and SM; Pinart has only in Co III; Wappo pah'-mah-lah	WW	%talom	reduplicated	Okrand p. 131; final vowel is the reduplicated vowel, -h may be a nominalizing suffix “suggesting that tammarla- might be the reduplicated stem of a verb”	Okrand 1977;131	1	2	0	0	0	yes
mountain quail			flora-fauna	Oreortyx pictus	missing			missing							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
mussel			flora-fauna	Mytilus spp.	xakua, xaakan		mussel; Merriam confirms hah-kow (“black mussel of ocean JPH); shaul 1986:695 has xakaw Merriam 55:417	inheritance		Southern Costanoan only		In Pinart only in Co IV			underived		Mason 1916:428	2	1	0	0	1	no
olivella (olive snail)			flora-fauna	Callianax biplicata	missing			missing							missing			2	2	0	0	1	no
pinyon jay			flora-fauna	Cyanocitta stelleri?	ki-ki		Crested jay (Cyanocitta)	loan		Utian	unknown	Eastern Miwokan kajkaj -- but widespread loaning possible	WW	%kaj	reduplicated		Merriam 55:409	2	1	0	0	0	no
pinyon pine			flora-fauna	Pinus monophylla	missing			missing							missing			2	1	2	0	1	no
pismo clam			flora-fauna	Tivella stultorum	missing			missing							missing			2	1	0	0	1	no
pocket gopher			flora-fauna	Thomomys	sikkot		mole (gopher?) (Merriam confirms pocket gopher Merriam 55:405	inheritance	*sykw:ot	Utian		Callagan 1988:57			underived		Okrand 1977:150	2	1	0	0	0	no
poison oak			flora-fauna	Toxicodendron diversilobum	ne'-sis		Poison oak	inheritance		Utian		Callaghan 1997:227 shows the Miwok /k/, Costanoan /s/ correspondence			underived		Merriam 55:425	2	2	2	0	0	yes
rattlesnake			flora-fauna	Crotalus spp.	7ippi		rattlesnake	inheritance		Costanoan		Esselen ipišikša (Pinart), noted by Shaul;probably C > E because Kroeber has in Mont, Sjb, Sc (Sta Clara)			underived		Okrand 1977:145	1	2	0	0	0	yes
red ant			flora-fauna	Solenopsis spp	oTol, oTon		red ant	inheritance		Costanoan		Shaul 1986:699 notes Esselen otsoli-pša “ant”; also Rumsen oto			underived		Mason 1916:427	1	0	1	0	0	no
red-shouldered blackbird			flora-fauna	Agelaius phoeniceus	kulyan		blackbird (Merriam 55:409 confirms both Brewer's and Red-wing)	unique		Southern Costanoan only		Note Pinart's Antoniano čoola; Pinart has “kulian” only in Co IV (Rumsen)			underived		Okrand 1977:58; Mason 1916:427; 428	2	1	0	0	0	no
red-tailed hawk			flora-fauna	Buteo jamaicensis	siwkker		hawk sp.; Merriam confirms “red-tailed hawk, any big hawk” Merriam 55:407	unique				Possibly a loan from Esselen but the opposite is more likely			underived		Okrand 1977:13	2	2	0	0	0	no
roadrunner			flora-fauna	Geococcyx californianus	oo'-e-too-ey, oo'-too-e		roadrunner	loan			Yokuts	Resembles Pmi and Pyn forms, but they don't have the /t/ part; sound-imitative areal form. Rumsen is Tapsan (CHM 55:441)	WW	%uji	reduplicated		Merriam 55:409	2	1	0	0	0	no
ruddy duck			flora-fauna	Oxyura jamaicensis	missing			missing							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
sage herb			flora-fauna	Artemisia californica	missing			missing							missing			2	2	1	0	0	no
salmon/steelhead			flora-fauna	Oncorhynchus mykiss	uraka		salmon (Merriam confirms Merriam 55:417, hears hoo”-rah-ka)	inheritance	*(h)u:raka	Costanoan		Callaghan 2001:333			underived		Mason 1916:427	2	1	0	0	0	no
scaly lizard			flora-fauna	Pygopus lepidopodus?	mă-hă-ru-ah		Scaly lizard (Sceloporus)	inheritance				Southern Costanoan; Rumseh mĕCH-a-ren Merriam 55:449			other complex	morphology unknown	Merriam 55:417	2	2	0	0	0	no
small bird			flora-fauna		sisin		small bird	unique							reduplicated		Mason 1916:428	2	1	0	0	0	no
small brown lizard			flora-fauna		esh-shā-loo		small brown lizard (Uta?)	unique							other complex	morphology unknown	Merriam 55:417	2	2	0	0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		ko:Tehwa		snake (any) Merriam confirms	inheritance		Yok-Utian		Cf. Pynim xo:THongiTH (and ko:langkHil “king snake”), Pmis *ho.tong-ja-; Callaghan 1997:60			other complex	-wa is "serpent" suffix Okrand p. 142	Merriam 55:417	0	1	0	0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		7ippi "rattlesnake",ippih "rattlesnake" (a turned-around one)			loan									O77:145;
soaproot			flora-fauna	Chlorogalum	torow		soap-root	unique				Note Nim-Yokuts *ThoxoTh (Golla 1964)			underived	Not reduplicated, root is {toro:w} Okrand p. 141	Okrand 1977:89	2	1	1	0	0	no
sour berry			flora-fauna	Rhus trilobata	missing			missing							missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
sparrow hawk			flora-fauna	Falco	7eleymin		hawk sp. (Mason 1916:427 goshawk; Merriam confirms sparrow hawk)	unique		Southern Costanoan only		Pinart has “ellem” in Co IV; Merriam has el'-lim “red-tailed hawk” for Rumsen 55:439			relative clause	-min "one who is/has"	Okrand 1977:58	2	2	0	0	0	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnida, Araneae	tira:smin		spider	unique							relative clause	-min is suffix "having a big rump" C2001:326	Mason 1916:428	0	0	2	0	0	variable
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna		tira-smin (tira--Agt, or tiras-min “N-characterized.by”)			unknown									NW (JPH)
spotted skunk			flora-fauna	Spilogale gracilis	dish'-shin		little spotted skunk	inheritance				Probably the same word			underived		Merriam 55:403	2	2	0	0	0	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	Bufonidae	puk-kuk-min (JPH per CHM)		toad	unique							reduplicated, relative clause	-min "one who is/has"	Merriam 55:417	2	2	0	0	0	no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana spp.	maTTer		tobacco	inheritance		Costanoan		Kroeber 1910 has in Scr, Sc, Sj			underived		Okrand 1977:56	1	1	1	1	0	yes
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna	(NA)	tappur		wood, tree	unique							underived		Okrand 1977;152	0	0	2	0	0	no
tree yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca schidegera	missing			missing							missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
turkey buzzard			flora-fauna	Cathartes aura	Tuilun		vulture (Merriam confirms Merriam 55:407)	unique		Southern Costanoan only		Kroeber 1910 has similar word only in Mont			underived		Mason 1916:429	2	2	0	0	0	no
turtle (generic)			flora-fauna	Testudines	7awničmin		tortoise (Mason 1916;427 turtle	inheritance	*7aw...	Utian		Callaghan 1962:106, compares Pmie 7aw:an(a); Possibly Yok-Utian cf. Pyn $awa-xitH Callaghan 1997:60	WW	%awan	relative clause	-min "one who is/has"	Okrand 1977:138	2	2	0	0	1	no
valley live oak			flora-fauna	Quercus agrifolia	you-kish (u-kish)		Q. agrifolia	inheritance		Costanoan		Pinart has in Co II, III, IV as “live oak”			underived		Merriam 55:419	2	1	2	0	1	no
valley oak			flora-fauna	Quercus lobata	ar'-rĕk-ky	7arkeh (Callaghan 1992:41	Quercus lobata	inheritance	*alkweš	Utian		Callagan 1988:62			underived		Merriam 55:421	2	1	2	0	1	no
valley quail			flora-fauna	Callipepla californica	heksen		quail (Merriam confirms valley quail Merriam 55:409)	inheritance	*hek...	Utian		hek:e:ke- in all Mis, perhaps Utian?			underived		Okrand 1977:146	2	1	0	0	0	no
Washington clam			flora-fauna	Saxidomus nuttalli	missing			missing							missing			2	1	0	0	1	no
Western Canada goose			flora-fauna	Branta canadensis	la:lak		goose (Merriam confirms Western Canada Goose Merriam 55:413)	loan into protolanguage		Utian	unknown	Definitely Pcos la:lak (Callaghan 1997:59), But a widespread arealism, note PY la7la7, Pcos *la:lak; Nisenan la:kak', Maidy lylyk' (Callaghan 1997:59)	WW	%lala ~ %lak	reduplicated		Okrand 1977:57; Mason 1916:428	0	1	0	0	0	no
whale			flora-fauna	Eschrichtius robustus	Time		whale	inheritance		Costanoan		Shaul note sresmblance of Esselen čeme-pša (Pinart) to Bodega Miwok púuşu; Costanoan čime, Time 1988:696; Pinnart has for Co II, IV			underived		Mason 1916:429	2	1	2	0	1	no
white pelican			flora-fauna	Pelicanus erythrorhynchos	missing			missing							missing			0	2	0	0	0	no
wild grapevine			flora-fauna	Vitis californica	pā-lik-kah		wild grapevine (Vitis californica)	unique							other complex	morphology unknown	Merriam 55:427	2	1	2	0	0	no
wild oats			flora-fauna	Avena (introduction)	oon-oosh-min		wild oats	loan			Spanish	arroz -- looks just like Miss ho:nosme- so maybe Utian	WW	%arroz	reduplicated, relative clause	-min "one who is/has"	Merriam 55:427	2	1	2	0	0	no
wild rose			flora-fauna	Rosa californica	mu:muči; te'-wis		wild rose; wild rose	unique							reduplicated	Okrand p. 130-32 describes this as reduplication from {mumič}, with first vowel reduplicated and original root vowel moved to V3 position.	Okrand 1977;131; Merriam 55:421	0	1	2	0	0	no
wild sunflower			flora-fauna	Helianthus (and other genera)	missing			missing							missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
willow			flora-fauna	Salix spp.	patax; tarax		willow; small, white willow (Merriam confirms the latter Merriam 55:421)	unique		Southern Costanoan only		Pinart has “tarraš” in Co IV; Merriam has also for Rumsen			underived		Mason 1916:430	2	2	1	0	0	no
wood rat, round-tail			flora-fauna	Neotoma spp.	hire;		rat (Merriam confirms round-tail wood rat Merriam 55:405)	inheritance		Costanoan		Pinart has in Co II, III, IV			underived		Okrand 1977:146; Mason 1916:428	2	1	0	0	0	no
worm, hairy caterpillar			flora-fauna	Arctiidae (many species)	missing			missing							missing			2	2	0	0	0	no
worm, smooth caterpillar			flora-fauna	Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper	littokwa		earthworm	unique							other complex	-wa is "serpent" suffix	Okrand 1977:142; Mason 1916:428	2	2	0	0	0	no
yellow jacket			flora-fauna	Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp.	pe-nan		yellow jacket	inheritance		Southern Costanoan only		Pinart has for “abispas que tienan panales” as “pinnan” for Co IV			underived		Merriam 55:419	2	0	0	0	0	no
yellowbird			flora-fauna	Dendroica petechia	missing			missing							missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
yerba santa			flora-fauna	Eriodictyon californicum	poo-koo'-te		Yerba santa (E. glutinosum)	unique							reduplicated	from {pukit}	Merriam 55:425	2	1	1	0	0	no

Showing 1 to 130 of 130 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (115)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source
acorn bread			food	setnen		acorn bread (of acorns and "mongo" Mason 1916:434)	inheritance		Proto-Costanoan				Sta. Cruz sit-nen (Henshaw in Heizer 1955); Merriam heard "shret-te-nen" 39:107; Mason 1916:434 has at.e 'acorn bread'; Henshaw p/u-lu-ma	derived	suffix -n	Okrand 1977
acorn mush			food	poknis		thick mush	unknown						Merriam confirms this, 'cut with knife'; also Taywen 'mush' p. 24 which CHM says is 'mush of wild oats' 39:107	derived	suffix -s, but see Okrand 245	Okrand 1977
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	hurčaşYmin-tak		hell-to	unknown							derived, phrase		Okrand 1977
alcohol			food	missing			missing
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	tuyos		arrow	loan			Yokuts			also Temo p 24, 272; for Arroyo (Mason) this was 'arrow with point' and the tuyos was 'wooden arrow' (no point)	simplex	see Okrand 245, no corresponding verb; this is only e.g. of sequence u-o; tiyo 'to shoot arrow' 245	Okrand 1977
arrow straightener			other	missing			missing
bag, sack			culture-material	xotio		bag	unknown						Is this the Tyj word?? Utian?	simplex		Mason 1916
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	missing			missing
ball game			food	pakču		to play ball	unknown							derived	Okrand p. 117; pa:kuš 'ball', pakkuT 'shinny ball' 126	Okrand 1977
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	tipşYin		basket	unknown						Merriam 39:103 has o-mah-run, ho-mah-run; ulis Mason 1916:433	derived	suffix -n nmlzr; note tippi-the 'coiled' (reverse th) 123	Okrand 1977
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	wal-lah-himn(walexin Mason 1916:433)		small soup or mush bowl	inheritance	*wol:e	Utian				Callaghan 1962:102; also ruk'-shoon; also warsan, wetcot Mason 1916:433	derived		Merriam 39:103
basketry hat			culture-material	missing			missing						did not have Merriam 39:103
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	mah'-ahs (mas Mason 1916:433)		beads	inheritance		Proto-Costanoan				see 'necklace'	derived	suffix -s but see Okrand 245	Merriam 39:95
beans			food	choo-loo-ish		beans (cultivated)	unknown							simplex		Merriam 39:107
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool	u:ris “stick weapon”			unknown									NW
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	oo"-shin		water bottle	unknown						tib-lay small water bottle (JPH)	derived		Merriam 39:103
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	7urkan “mortar”			unknown									O77:154
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	lawan		bow	inheritance		Proto-Southern Costanoan				perhaps ProtoC; Soledad has tawa (Henshaw in Heizer 1955); Rumsen has lawan 'gun'	simplex	Okrand notes has no corresponding verb	Okrand 1977
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	ko-no'-nah		log dugout	unknown							simplex		Merriam 39:101
carrying net			subsistence tool	ričkin		carrying net	unknown							derived	maybe ričwi, 'untie'? (-n is often NMZR	Okrand 1977
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	penyék		cat	unknown							simplex		Okrand 1977
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	kayi:na		chicken	loan			Spanish	WW	%gallina		simplex		Okrand 1977
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	pe-ton, pe-tan		chief	loan			Spanish	WW	%capitan		simplex		Merriam 39:113
clapper			acculturation	sallik		splitstick	unknown							simplex		Okrand 1977
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	ro:pa		clothes	loan			Spanish	WW	%ropa	esxen 'dress, clothes' Mason 1916:433	simplex		Okrand 1977
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	missing			missing
cook food			food	missing			missing
corn			food	missing			missing
corpse			food	se:mo		dead one	inheritance	*CE:m- 'die'	Proto-Utian				Callaghan 1962:103sem-mos-men Merriam 39:109	derived	semmo- to die 267	Okrand 1977
cradleboard			culture-material	trol'-les		baby basket	unknown							derived		Merriam 39:103
cremate			culture-mythology	missing			missing
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	čitte-		to dance	inheritance		Proto-Costanoan				Rumsen či:te Callaghan 1992; also in Sta Clara Henshaw in Heizer 1955	simplex		Okrand 1977
Datura wrightii			narcotics	mo-noi		intoxicant drink of Datura	loan			Salinan	WW	%moji ~ %moni		simplex		Merriam 39:109
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	trah-rah-tah groo-kah		god or good spirit	unknown							phrase		Merriam 39:111
digging stick			subsistence tool	oo'-mah-ren		digging stick	unknown						Mason 1916:434 sutia 'poker or digging stick'	derived		Merriam 39:101
digging stick			subsistence tool	humren “woman's digging stick of wood with fire-hardened tip”			inheritance									NW (JPH)
dipper			subsistence tool	missing			missing
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	7istu-n		to dream	inheritance	*7ektu	Proto-Utian				Callaghan 1997:48	derived		Okrand 1977
drone pipe			culture-mythology	missing			missing
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	missing			missing
earring			other	uTel		ear ornament of feathers	unknown							simplex		Mason 1916:433
feather headband			dress	tiwih		feather headdress	inheritance		Proto-Costanoan				Sta. Cruz tiwi (Henshaw in Heizer 1955); Merriam confirms	simplex		Okrand 1977
fire drill			subsistence tool	kar"-kah		fire drill, made of elderwood (Sambucus glauca)	inheritance		Proto-Southern Costanoan				Rumsen kark (Henshaw in Heizer)	simplex		Merriam 39:99
fire-tender			culture-mythology	missing			missing
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other	cho-kor		fireplace	unknown							simplex		Merriam 39:97
firewood	leña	lenha	other	tappur		wood	unknown							simplex		Okrand 1977
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	missing			missing
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	huyni-		to fish	unknown							simplex		Okrand 1977
fish hook			subsistence tool	šauus		fishhook	inheritance		Proto-Costanoan				Pinart Costanoan II (similar in III); Sta. Clara sanwas Henshaw in Heizer 1955	derived	suffix -s	Heizer 1952
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	missing			missing
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	missing			missing
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	lullup		flute	loan			Miwok?			very widespread	simplex		Okrand 1977
gambling sticks			other	soo-trě		counters	unknown						7issu 'play handgame'Okrand 1977:230	simplex		Merriam 39:115
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	missing			missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	hewe:pa		devil (or bad spirit CHM)	unknown						also khukhsu 'devil' , in O's phonology chapter early-15??	simplex		Merriam 39:111, Okrand 1977 313
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	yu-mep-pook		ghost	unknown						nossow 'soul' Okrand 1977:104	compound		Merriam 39:111
glue			subsistence tool	missing			missing
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	hura:ni, hu:rani		grave hole	unknown						Merriam confirms 39:109 'grave in ground'	derived	hura- to dig a grave 259	Okrand 1977
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	missing			missing
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	sumrero		hat	loan			Spanish	WW	%sombrero		simplex		Okrand 1977
honey	miel	mel	food	pĕt-sĭ		honey, sweet (see 'sugar')	semantic shift		Proto-Southern Costanoan				see 'sugar'	derived	suffix -n not heard by Merriam	Henshaw (Heizer 1955)
house			other	rukka		house	unknown							simplex		Okrand 1977
house			other	rukka O 102, 136			inheritance									O77:102, 136
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	payta		to hunt (Mason 1916:435 'hunt (geese)', hunt deer is on-ome p.434	unknown							simplex		Okrand 1977
initiate boy			culture-mythology	missing			missing
initiate girl			culture-mythology	missing			missing
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	Tippe		knife	inheritance	*Tip-a	Proto-Costanoan				Callaghan 2001:322	simplex		Okrand 1977
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	missing			missing
mat			culture-material	tokko(h)		mat, bed	inheritance		Proto-Costanoan				Sta. Cruz ta-ko/ Henshaw in Heizer 1955	derived	tokko- to roll out, unroll mat	Okrand 1977
medicine			narcotics	missing			missing
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	7urkan		mortar	unknown						Merriam 39:99 confirms as 'portable stone mortar'	simplex	see Okrand note on p. 243	Okrand 1977
necklace			other	mash-shā		necklace of shells	inheritance		Proto-Costanoan				also Henshaw, confirms for northern Costanoan	simplex		Merriam 39:97
needle/awl			subsistence tool	e"-por or he"-por		bone awl used in basketry	unknown						Mason 1916:434 sipirek; also Talis 'wooden awl' ibid cognate of Utian *Cylas	simplex		Merriam 39:101
ochre			culture-mythology	missing			missing
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	missing			missing
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	pappel		paper	loan			Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex		Okrand 1977
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	hook-ke-en		pestle	unknown						Henshaw has tu-mĕm-ca	derived		Merriam 39:99
pinole			food	kurkah		pinole (mush)	unknown						imini, ot-eme Mason 1916:433; rits 'coarse pinole' Mason 434	simplex	koo-rah 'pinole seed' (Madia?) Merriam 39:109	Okrand 1977
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	tore:pa		pipe	inheritance		Proto-Costanoan				Sta. Clara, Sta. Cruz have same word (Henshaw in Heizer 1955); merriam soo-koom (made of reed) 39:101	simplex		Okrand 1977
pitch			food	missing			missing
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation	missing			missing
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	loya		pot	loan		Spanish	Spanish	WW	%la olla		simplex		Okrand 1977
quiver			subsistence tool	ah'-pook'		quiver	inheritance	Proto-Costanoan					Henshaw has tcú-cŭc; Sta. Clara u-pu	simplex		Merriam 39:99
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	hotokros		cocoon rattle	unknown						is this part of the sokok, sokos system??	derived	suffix -s	Okrand 1977
red paint			culture-mythology	koo-rā		red paint	unknown						kure Mason 1916:436; Henshaw u-tuh<	simplex		Merriam 39:95
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	ru:k		string	inheritance		Proto-Costanoan				Sta Cruz ruk 'bowstring' (Henshaw in Heizer 1955)	simplex		Okrand 1977
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	ru:k “string”			unknown									O77:136
salt	sal	sal	food	7akkes		salt	inheritance	*7akW:es ?	Proto-Miwok-Mutsun				Callaghan 1962:105	simplex		Okrand 1977
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	missing			missing
seed beater			subsistence tool	she'-mah-lin (Mason 1916:434 simirin)		seed paddle	unknown							derived		Merriam 39:103
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	oo-ten		shaman	inheritance	*7u:ten-	Proto-Miwok-Mutsun				Callaghan 1962:104	simplex		Merriam 39:113
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	hŏ-to'		moccasins for men (summer)	inheritance		Proto-Costanoan				Santa Cruz ha/-ta (Henshaw in Heizer 1955:162); xotox 'shoes' Mason 1916:434	simplex		Merriam 39:95
sinew-backed bow			subsistence tool	missing			missing
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	kitro, kitroh		garment, skirt	unknown						also po:kon 'her skirt' 338; sianexan skirt of tule or plants Mason 1916:434	simplex		Okrand 1977
snare			subsistence tool	missing			missing
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	súltatu		soldier	loan			Spanish	WW	%soldado		simplex		Okrand 1977
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	sa:w		song	inheritance	*şa(:)w	Proto-Costanoan				Callaghan 1997:53; suwene Mason 1916:437	simplex	sa:we to sing 215	Okrand 1977
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	he'-por		spear for fish	unknown						ruxe 'arrows, spears' Mason 1916:434	simplex		Merriam 39:99
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	tuyos “arrow”			loan									O77:24
spearthrower			subsistence tool	lawa:n “bow”			inheritance									O77:145
stirring stick			food	kiTras		stirring paddle	unknown							derived	kiTra- to stir	Okrand 1977
stone bowl			culture-material	missing			missing
string of shell money			other	ah'-tah		wampum	unknown						Okrand hine:ru 100, 181	simplex		Merriam 39:95
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	petsen	ts cluster, not [c]	sugar	semantic shift		Proto-Southern Costanoan				Rumsen has (Henshaw in Heizer), also Soledad	derived		Okrand 1977
sweathouse			other	tu:pen		sweathouse	inheritance		Proto-Costanoan				Sta. cruz has same word (Henshaw in Heizer 1955)	derived		Okrand 1977
tell history			culture-mythology	monşe		tells	unknown						kuwa, ko: 105	simplex		Okrand 1977
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material				missing
tobacco (native)			narcotics	maTTer		tobacco	inheritance		Proto-Costanoan				Sta. Cruz same word Henshaw in Heizer 1955	simplex		Okrand 1977
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	palsin “grinding stone” “mano de mortero de Indios”, o metate”			loan									NW (JPH)
tule boat			transport	o/-wan		canoe	loan			Yokuts			Callaghan 2001 (unless Yok-Utian? More likely loan)	simplex		Henshaw (Heizer 1955)
wheat			food	missing			missing
white paint			culture-mythology	hoo-pahk'		white paint	unknown							simplex		Merriam 39:95
winnow	aventar, tirar (sementes)	joeirar	manufacture	hiswe “thresh, separate bits of chaff out from grain or beans”			unknown									NW (JPH)
winnowing basket			culture-material	te-pe-re (tip-rin JPH)		winnowing basket	unknown						wahl-heen snowshoe shaped winnower from JPH	derived		Merriam 39:103
wood tray			subsistence tool	missing			missing

Showing 1 to 115 of 115 entries

Ethnographic Information

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
	medium	HG	medium	seasonal		no

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