Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

below

Semantic Field
location
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
abajo, debajo
Meaning Portuguese
abaixo

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Bankalachi Toloim um-hul'-luk “down” 217 inheritance
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tukku-nankwa”(-ttyn) inheritance
Cahuilla pe/-tuk (under) inheritance S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok 7a:la- inheritance
Chemehuevi -ruka "under" (loc) inheritance
Chumash Barbareno mishup “down, below (in Wash 2001;71)” inheritance Ono 1996:44
Chumash Cruzeno kHtoton “low” (initial -) unknown Klar 1977:14, 129
Chumash Ineseno hi mi-shup “down, under” inheritance A434
Chumash Obispeno ti-L-himu7 unknown JPH
Chumash Ventureno -ma7am unknown JPH
Cocopa maTk inheritance
Comanche -tuhka "under" inheritance
Cupeño te- [tɨ] inheritance
Esselen huhuwai “under” unknown T&S 1981:121
Gabrielino tongko, tongo:ko inheritance
Iipay 'Aa 'eyaak [Ɂəˈjaˑq] unknown
Kawaiisu -dukwa, rukwa inheritance
Kiliwa puq unknown
Kitanemuk py(y7)htuk inheritance
Lake Miwok doka/awi unique
Luiseño to:-ngax inheritance
Maidu 7oby/nno unknown
Mojave 7amat inheritance etc.
Mutsun minmuy unknown O77:56
Nisenan k'awnandi inheritance
Northern Paiute pitami “down, below” inheritance Thornes 03:241
Northern Sierra Miwok 7olow:it inheritance
Plains Miwok wanit unknown
Salinan A la:/ko (A), “down, below” unknown
Salinan M lak' unknown Mason 1918:153
Seri (Comcaac) hant “down” (= “earth”) unknown
Serrano puhtk “below it”, nuhtk “below me” inheritance
Southern Paiute tuq:wa-G “under” inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok wal:i- inheritance
Southern Ute -tukwa "under" inheritance
Tübatulabal omholok, omholokaa-n “under” inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone tukkwan inheritance
Wappo 7oph ph is on same line unknown
Washo i/lm unknown J339
Western Mono -duhe "under" inheritance
Wintu ken loan into protolanguage, direction unknown
Yavapai ya:l “under” unknown
Yokuts Palewyami huplew “down” unique JPH Berman 2002
Yokuts Yawdanchi atit “down, low, below” inheritance K07:245, G64
Yokuts Yowlumne 7atil inheritance G1964
Yuki ha.:hen, ha,:m, hahm unknown S&S1984
Yuma maxa/k H3:211 “underheath” unknown
Baniwa áapirhe áapirhe unique See Language page
Cubeo cãchinoi; yebai kãʧinoi; jebai unique See Language page
Dâw bʉʉ́t bɨ̌t  inheritance See Language page
Desano doca doka inheritance See Language page
Eñepa yeʔɲe; yehkə (IDS) jeʔɲe; jehkə (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Hodï kʰiaka unique See Language page
Waorani gæ-epo-dẽ unique See Language page
Hup mɨ̌ʔ ~bɨ̌ʔ inheritance See Language page
Kakua nɨmɁ=bǔ [be.below=LOC], dêj [go.down] unknown compare Puinave nom See Language page
Makushi yepoi (IDS) yepoi (IDS) unique See Language page
Nheengatu yawika ('to lower') jawika (to 'lower') unknown See Language page
Maihiki uibɨ ja uibɨ xã inheritance See Language page
Pemon non bo (A1981); yoknoo (E1977) non bo, (A1981); ʎɔʔnɔ (E1977) inheritance See Language page
Resígaro hipóo hipóo unique See Language page
Sikuani büxü (2) bɨ́xu unknown See Language page
Kotiria docai; docabᵾ (all Waltz) dokai; dokabᵾ (all Waltz) inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Yanomami yahatoto ha(mɨ) jahatoto ha(mɨ) unknown See Language page
Yukuna kawakó kawakó unique See Language page
Arabana thuRu unique
Bardi baybirri baybirri inheritance
Bunuba baburru inheritance
Dhangu [missing] missing
Dhuwal [missing] missing
Dhuwala rol unknown
Diyari turu loan Arabana
DiyariREU [missing] missing
Djambarrpuyngu [missing] missing
Djapu [missing] missing
Djinang ṉambiḏi unknown
Gajirrabeng yiligi inheritance
Gooniyandi baabirri inheritance
Gupapuyngu rol unknown
Gurindji kanyjal inheritance
Jaru gani- inheritance
Jawi jimpen jimben inheritance
Karajarri 3865 inheritance
Kija yilak inheritance
Malyangapa wirinungka unique
Mangala kaniny inheritance
Miriwung yiligin inheritance
Mithaka kaltyuRu unique
Mudburra jadurr
Mudburra kanyju- inheritance
Ngamini ngarini inheritance
Ngandi gardi inheritance
Ngarluma gardangga
Ngumbarl jinbin <jinbin> inheritance
Nhirrpi -pundhi unique
Northern Mangarla kaniny
Northern Nyangumarta martukurru inheritance
Nyangumarta kaniny-karti inheritance
Nyikina jimbin; jurdug jimbin; jurduk inheritance
Nyulnyul jumbin jumbin inheritance
Paakantyi miŋgada
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta kawurrhu unique
Rirratjingu ŋoyŋa
Ritharrngu dhirripi inheritance
Walmajarri kaniny inheritance
Wangkayutyuru karntu inheritance
Warrwa jidlarra; jadawaa jadawaa inheritance
Wubuy lhirribala loan
Yan-nhangu ḏilak-wuḏup'thana
Yandruwandha ngari, pandhi inheritance
Yarluyandi [missing] missing
Yawarrawarrka ngari inheritance
Yawuru jimbin jimbin inheritance
Achagua káinakula káinakula inheritance See Language page
Piapoco cáliacubáata káliakubáata See Language page
Yavitero jajlíye hahlíye See Language page
Wapishana [-]waranɨ ii [-]waranɨ ii unknown See Language page
Wayuu wɨnapɨna Cf. 'under' 12.070. See Language page
Paresi katyahe katyahe unique See Language page
Ignaciano te apakeʔe See Language page
Trinitario ʔpoɣʔe Same as 'earth' 01.210. See Language page
Baure pai-; poe- pai-; poe- unknown See Language page
Waurá -tepɨ -tepɨ unknown See Language page
Cha'palaa 'tu-ša; 'pan-'bee-ša; 'pan'dan-ša The first form refers to 'ground' 01.212. Also 'pe'le-ša, a bit lower, cf. 'tail' 04.180. See Language page
Bora baá (T98) paá inheritance See Language page
Muinane guííno, báavɨ (W97) gííno, báavɨ (W97) See Language page
Akawaio iidoknoo, diioknoo i'dɔʔno, 'dioʔno inheritance Venezuelan See Language page
Apalai muahtaka muahtaka unique See Language page
Wayana lomok lomok unique See Language page
Makiritare doʔnə (IDS) doʔnə (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo to'nekiri to'nekiri See Language page
Wai Wai rooΦore ɲhe rooΦore ɲhe unique See Language page
Waimiri Atroari iky 'under' ikɨ 'under' See Language page
Yabarana tɜhnɜ(mo) See Language page
Yukpa pepena, yotpayi See Language page
Kalapalo isupoŋa; ofiña (both listed as 'beneath') isupoŋa; ofiña (both listed as 'beneath') unique See Language page
Muisca hicha- hiʂa- See Language page
Barí roradi Colombia: 'dugturə. See Language page
Northern Emberá udáa, eddá udáa, eddá See Language page
Epena e'du; e'daa Respectively: 'to be down/inside'; 'to go down/inside'. See Language page
Guayabero tónkese (R48) Doubtful loan Carib; Yabarana 'tɜhnɜ(mo); Mapoyo to'nekiri, See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra tsapoosho tsapooʃo unique See Language page
Taushiro je'ane xɨʔanɨ See Language page
Páez söo söo See Language page
Tikuna ñaxtü [5, 3] ɲaʔtɨ unique See Language page
Urarina kaḍzene kaɽene doubtful loan, direction unknown Iquito karíira See Language page
Camsa tsɨtx-óka, tsman-óka, bʃants-óka tsɨtx-óka, tsman-óka, bʃants-óka See Language page
Andoke #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page
Pumé ɛte-tãrã-ri (tãrã-ri is a more general spatial term) See Language page
Puinave [-nom] nom unique See Language page
Ashuar nungká nuŋka See Language page
Huambisa nugkan nuŋkan See Language page
Aguaruna ajáuu axau: unique See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ɨt, ɨthã unknown See Language page
Matses tëdion, tsidion tɨdion, tsidion unique See Language page
Kakataibo ši'mu; ṣ̌o'po na'mã 'down, below, under'. See Language page
Katukina waka-ʔori See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo namã- See Language page
Yaminahua maikiri; nãmã Respectively: 'down; underneath'. See Language page
Chácobo nama nama inheritance See Language page
Yagua jare; jariy (suffix with -ra is used as a rel. pn xare; xarij unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua ucu uku See Language page
Ingá ukupi ukupi See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua urai uraj See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano uray uɾaj See Language page
Piaroa de'E'anɨh (K76) deʔæʔanɨh unique See Language page
Sáliva ubena ubena unique See Language page
Carapana caroca(pᵾ), roca(pᵾ) kaɾoka(pɨ), ɾoka(pɨ) See Language page
Koreguaje vʉ'evʉ bʉʔebʉ inheritance See Language page
Siona yijacua jihakua unique See Language page
Secoya cajeye kahejɛ See Language page
Kokama wɨrɨ wɨrɨ inheritance See Language page
Wayampi ɨwɨ-kɨtɨ-lɛ (Lit. 'soil/ground-toward-to') ɨwɨ-kɨtɨ-lɛ (Lit. 'soil/ground-toward-to') inheritance See Language page
Aché wɨǰi inheritance See Language page
Chiriguano ǰeᵐbɨ unique See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ɨ'vɨ-pe; 'ɣʷɨ-pe ɨvɨ is 'ground, earth' 01.212. See Language page
Sirionó ibi kiti; -ki re ibi kiti; -ki re inheritance See Language page
Ocaina aan, aann̈a ãã; ããn:a inheritance See Language page
Murui Witoto ana ana (B83) inheritance See Language page
Iquito caríira karíira doubtful loan, direction unknown Urarina kaɽene See Language page
Wari tequipaxi' (lit. 'our thorax; E&K97) tekipaʃiʔ (lit. 'our thorax; E&K97) See Language page
Araona tipao; tipae Also -bote; eimao. *Tacn form is *-ma-. See Language page
Ese Ejja makʷa-wa-sixe, ekimexexe inheritance See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo kipa-xe; e-ki-mexexe (Girard 1971) kipa-xe; e-ki-mexexe See Language page
Tacana e-ma-so; e-ma-he See Language page
Cavineña e-ma-ke e-ma-ke inheritance See Language page
Central Aymara aynacha aynača See Language page
Itonama ohnikosno See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané mu'ix'ya Also means 'under' 12.070. See Language page
Movima yan-lo jan-lo See Language page
Kaingang krɛ̃m; yakrɛ̃m (IDS) krɛ̃m; yakrɛ̃m; ɛ̃prã See Language page
Canela kɛ̃ See Language page
Djeoromitxi pfütxe ɸøtʃe See Language page
Chipaya ḳoštan To take down, let down is čʰixunš. See Language page
Mocoví wee-ta-ɲi Lit. '(zero)3p actor-free position-continuative-down'. See Language page
Pilagá ∅-'we-ta-ʔ-ɲ-a Lit. '3pa(zero)-free position-cont.-down-obj.'. See Language page
Toba we-ta-ɲ-a See Language page
Lengua koniŋ See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité koniŋ See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet kooneŋ See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay ik-hi-'čoʔ See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja isyem Also means 'low' 12.320. See Language page
Maca met-xuʔ Intrans., lit. 'beside/near-bottom' 12.430, 12.340. See Language page
Nivaclé šičam down, below https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo 'udi; n̥u'mi See 'body' 04.110, which forms a minimal pair with the above. See Language page
Mapudungun minče; pɨlom; naɣeltu Ranquel form is minče ~ miɲče. See Language page
Tehuelche 'wank See Language page
Kariña koròna koroʔna below the surface (of) Courtz 2007:299