Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

below

Semantic Field: location
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: abajo, debajo
Meaning Portuguese: abaixo

Sorry, we have no imagery here.

Languages

Copy CSV

Search:

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
Achagua	káinakula	káinakula		inheritance			See Language page
Aché		wɨǰi		inheritance			See Language page
Aguaruna	ajáuu	axau:		unique			See Language page
Akawaio	iidoknoo, diioknoo	i'dɔʔno, 'dioʔno		inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
Andoke	#NAME?	#NAME?		unique			See Language page
Apalai	muahtaka	muahtaka		unique			See Language page
Arabana	thuRu			unique
Araona		tipao; tipae				Also -bote; eimao. Tacn form is -ma-.	See Language page
Ashuar	nungká	nuŋka					See Language page
Ayoreo		'udi; n̥u'mi				See 'body' 04.110, which forms a minimal pair with the above.	See Language page
Baniwa	áapirhe	áapirhe		unique			See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	um-hul'-luk “down” 217			inheritance
Bardi	baybirri	baybirri		inheritance
Barí		roradi				Colombia: 'dugturə.	See Language page
Baure	pai-; poe-	pai-; poe-		unknown			See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	tukku-nankwa”(-ttyn)			inheritance
Bora	baá (T98)	paá		inheritance			See Language page
Bunuba	baburru			inheritance
Cahuilla	pe/-tuk (under)			inheritance			S&H 1979
Camsa	tsɨtx-óka, tsman-óka, bʃants-óka	tsɨtx-óka, tsman-óka, bʃants-óka					See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra	tsapoosho	tsapooʃo		unique			See Language page
Canela		kɛ̃					See Language page
Carapana	caroca(pᵾ), roca(pᵾ)	kaɾoka(pɨ), ɾoka(pɨ)					See Language page
Cavineña	e-ma-ke	e-ma-ke		inheritance			See Language page
Central Aymara	aynacha	aynača					See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	7a:la-			inheritance
Cha'palaa		'tu-ša; 'pan-'bee-ša; 'pan'dan-ša				The first form refers to 'ground' 01.212. Also 'pe'le-ša, a bit lower, cf. 'tail' 04.180.	See Language page
Chemehuevi	-ruka "under" (loc)			inheritance
Chipaya		ḳoštan				To take down, let down is čʰixunš.	See Language page
Chiriguano		ǰeᵐbɨ		unique			See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		isyem				Also means 'low' 12.320.	See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	mishup “down, below (in Wash 2001;71)”			inheritance			Ono 1996:44
Chumash Cruzeno	kHtoton “low” (initial -)			unknown			Klar 1977:14, 129
Chumash Ineseno	hi mi-shup “down, under”			inheritance			A434
Chumash Obispeno	ti-L-himu7			unknown			JPH
Chumash Ventureno	-ma7am			unknown			JPH
Chácobo	nama	nama		inheritance			See Language page
Cocopa	maTk			inheritance
Comanche	-tuhka "under"			inheritance
Cubeo	cãchinoi; yebai	kãʧinoi; jebai		unique			See Language page
Cupeño	te-	[tɨ]		inheritance
Desano	doca	doka		inheritance			See Language page
Dhangu	[missing]			missing
Dhuwal	[missing]			missing
Dhuwala	rol			unknown
Diyari	turu			loan	Arabana
DiyariREU	[missing]			missing
Djambarrpuyngu	[missing]			missing
Djapu	[missing]			missing
Djeoromitxi	pfütxe	ɸøtʃe					See Language page
Djinang	ṉambiḏi			unknown
Dâw	bʉʉ́t	bɨ̌t		inheritance			See Language page
Epena		e'du; e'daa				Respectively: 'to be down/inside'; 'to go down/inside'.	See Language page
Ese Ejja		makʷa-wa-sixe, ekimexexe		inheritance			See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	kipa-xe; e-ki-mexexe (Girard 1971)	kipa-xe; e-ki-mexexe					See Language page
Esselen	huhuwai “under”			unknown			T&S 1981:121
Eñepa	yeʔɲe; yehkə (IDS)	jeʔɲe; jehkə (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Gabrielino	tongko, tongo:ko			inheritance
Gajirrabeng	yiligi			inheritance
Gooniyandi	baabirri			inheritance
Guayabero		tónkese (R48)		Doubtful loan	Carib; Yabarana 'tɜhnɜ(mo); Mapoyo to'nekiri,		See Language page
Gupapuyngu	rol			unknown
Gurindji	kanyjal			inheritance
Hodï	kʰiaka			unique			See Language page
Huambisa	nugkan	nuŋkan					See Language page
Hup	mɨ̌ʔ	~bɨ̌ʔ		inheritance			See Language page
Ignaciano		te apakeʔe					See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	'eyaak	[Ɂəˈjaˑq]		unknown
Ingá	ukupi	ukupi					See Language page
Iquito	caríira	karíira		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Urarina kaɽene		See Language page
Itonama		ohnikosno					See Language page
Jaru	gani-			inheritance
Jawi	jimpen	jimben		inheritance
Kaingang	krɛ̃m; yakrɛ̃m (IDS)	krɛ̃m; yakrɛ̃m; ɛ̃prã					See Language page
Kakataibo		ši'mu; ṣ̌o'po				na'mã 'down, below, under'.	See Language page
Kakua		nɨmɁ=bǔ [be.below=LOC], dêj [go.down]		unknown	compare Puinave nom		See Language page
Kalapalo	isupoŋa; ofiña (both listed as 'beneath')	isupoŋa; ofiña (both listed as 'beneath')		unique			See Language page
Karajarri	3865			inheritance
Kariña	koròna	koroʔna	below the surface (of)				Courtz 2007:299
Katukina		waka-ʔori					See Language page
Kawaiisu	-dukwa, rukwa			inheritance
Kija	yilak			inheritance
Kiliwa	puq			unknown
Kitanemuk	py(y7)htuk			inheritance
Kokama	wɨrɨ	wɨrɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Koreguaje	vʉ'evʉ	bʉʔebʉ		inheritance			See Language page
Kotiria	docai; docabᵾ (all Waltz)	dokai; dokabᵾ (all Waltz)		inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
Lake Miwok	doka/awi			unique
Lengua		koniŋ					See Language page
Luiseño	to:-ngax			inheritance
Maca		met-xuʔ				Intrans., lit. 'beside/near-bottom' 12.430, 12.340.	See Language page
Maidu	7oby/nno			unknown
Maihiki	uibɨ ja	uibɨ xã		inheritance			See Language page
Makiritare	doʔnə (IDS)	doʔnə (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Makushi	yepoi (IDS)	yepoi (IDS)		unique			See Language page
Malyangapa	wirinungka			unique
Mangala	kaniny			inheritance
Mapoyo	to'nekiri	to'nekiri					See Language page
Mapudungun		minče; pɨlom; naɣeltu				Ranquel form is minče ~ miɲče.	See Language page
Matses	tëdion, tsidion	tɨdion, tsidion		unique			See Language page
Miriwung	yiligin			inheritance
Mithaka	kaltyuRu			unique
Mocoví		wee-ta-ɲi				Lit. '(zero)3p actor-free position-continuative-down'.	See Language page
Mojave	7amat			inheritance			etc.
Mosetén-Chimané		mu'ix'ya				Also means 'under' 12.070.	See Language page
Movima	yan-lo	jan-lo					See Language page
Mudburra	jadurr
Mudburra	kanyju-			inheritance
Muinane	guííno, báavɨ (W97)	gííno, báavɨ (W97)					See Language page
Muisca	hicha-	hiʂa-					See Language page
Murui Witoto	ana	ana (B83)		inheritance			See Language page
Mutsun	minmuy			unknown			O77:56
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		ɨt, ɨthã		unknown			See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	urai	uraj					See Language page
Ngamini	ngarini			inheritance
Ngandi	gardi			inheritance
Ngarluma	gardangga
Ngumbarl	jinbin	<jinbin>		inheritance
Nheengatu	yawika ('to lower')	jawika (to 'lower')		unknown			See Language page
Nhirrpi	-pundhi			unique
Nisenan	k'awnandi			inheritance
Nivaclé		šičam	down, below				https://ids.clld.org/
Northern Emberá	udáa, eddá	udáa, eddá					See Language page
Northern Mangarla	kaniny
Northern Nyangumarta	martukurru			inheritance
Northern Paiute	pitami “down, below”			inheritance			Thornes 03:241
Northern Sierra Miwok	7olow:it			inheritance
Nyangumarta	kaniny-karti			inheritance
Nyikina	jimbin; jurdug	jimbin; jurduk		inheritance
Nyulnyul	jumbin	jumbin		inheritance
Ocaina	aan, aann̈a	ãã; ããn:a		inheritance			See Language page
Paakantyi	miŋgada
Paraguayan Guaraní		ɨ'vɨ-pe; 'ɣʷɨ-pe				ɨvɨ is 'ground, earth' 01.212.	See Language page
Paresi	katyahe	katyahe		unique			See Language page
Pemon	non bo (A1981); yoknoo (E1977)	non bo, (A1981); ʎɔʔnɔ (E1977)		inheritance			See Language page
Piapoco	cáliacubáata	káliakubáata					See Language page
Piaroa	de'E'anɨh (K76)	deʔæʔanɨh		unique			See Language page
Pilagá		∅-'we-ta-ʔ-ɲ-a				Lit. '3pa(zero)-free position-cont.-down-obj.'.	See Language page
Pirriya	[missing]			missing
Pitta-Pitta	kawurrhu			unique
Plains Miwok	wanit			unknown
Puinave	[-nom]	nom		unique			See Language page
Pumé	ɛte-tãrã-ri (tãrã-ri is a more general spatial term)						See Language page
Páez	söo	söo					See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	uray	uɾaj					See Language page
Resígaro	hipóo	hipóo		unique			See Language page
Rirratjingu	ŋoyŋa
Ritharrngu	dhirripi			inheritance
Salinan A	la:/ko (A), “down, below”			unknown
Salinan M	lak'			unknown	Mason 1918:153
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		koniŋ					See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		kooneŋ					See Language page
Secoya	cajeye	kahejɛ					See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	hant “down” (= “earth”)			unknown
Serrano	puhtk “below it”, nuhtk “below me”			inheritance
Shipibo-Konibo		namã-					See Language page
Sikuani	büxü (2)	bɨ́xu		unknown			See Language page
Siona	yijacua	jihakua		unique			See Language page
Sirionó	ibi kiti; -ki re	ibi kiti; -ki re		inheritance			See Language page
Southern Paiute	tuq:wa-G “under”			inheritance
Southern Pastaza Quechua	ucu	uku					See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	wal:i-			inheritance
Southern Ute	-tukwa "under"			inheritance
Sáliva	ubena	ubena		unique			See Language page
Tacana		e-ma-so; e-ma-he					See Language page
Taushiro	je'ane	xɨʔanɨ					See Language page
Tehuelche		'wank					See Language page
Tikuna	ñaxtü [5, 3]	ɲaʔtɨ		unique			See Language page
Toba		we-ta-ɲ-a					See Language page
Trinitario		ʔpoɣʔe				Same as 'earth' 01.210.	See Language page
Tübatulabal	omholok, omholokaa-n “under”			inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone	tukkwan			inheritance
Urarina	kaḍzene	kaɽene		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Iquito karíira		See Language page
Wai Wai	rooΦore ɲhe	rooΦore ɲhe		unique			See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	iky 'under'	ikɨ 'under'					See Language page
Walmajarri	kaniny			inheritance
Wangkayutyuru	karntu			inheritance
Waorani	gæ-epo-dẽ			unique			See Language page
Wapishana	[-]waranɨ ii	[-]waranɨ ii		unknown			See Language page
Wappo	7oph	ph is on same line		unknown
Wari	tequipaxi' (lit. 'our thorax; E&K97)	tekipaʃiʔ (lit. 'our thorax; E&K97)					See Language page
Warrwa	jidlarra; jadawaa	jadawaa		inheritance
Washo	i/lm			unknown			J339
Waurá	-tepɨ	-tepɨ		unknown			See Language page
Wayampi	ɨwɨ-kɨtɨ-lɛ (Lit. 'soil/ground-toward-to')	ɨwɨ-kɨtɨ-lɛ (Lit. 'soil/ground-toward-to')		inheritance			See Language page
Wayana	lomok	lomok		unique			See Language page
Wayuu		wɨnapɨna				Cf. 'under' 12.070.	See Language page
Western Mono	-duhe "under"			inheritance
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		ik-hi-'čoʔ					See Language page
Wintu	ken			loan into protolanguage, direction unknown
Wubuy	lhirribala			loan
Yabarana		tɜhnɜ(mo)					See Language page
Yagua	jare; jariy (suffix with -ra is used as a rel. pn	xare; xarij		unique			See Language page
Yaminahua		maikiri; nãmã				Respectively: 'down; underneath'.	See Language page
Yan-nhangu	ḏilak-wuḏup'thana
Yandruwandha	ngari, pandhi			inheritance
Yanomami	yahatoto ha(mɨ)	jahatoto ha(mɨ)		unknown			See Language page
Yarluyandi	[missing]			missing
Yavapai	ya:l “under”			unknown
Yavitero	jajlíye	hahlíye					See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	ngari			inheritance
Yawuru	jimbin	jimbin		inheritance
Yokuts Palewyami	huplew “down”			unique			JPH Berman 2002
Yokuts Yawdanchi	atit “down, low, below”			inheritance			K07:245, G64
Yokuts Yowlumne	7atil			inheritance			G1964
Yuki	ha.:hen, ha,:m, hahm			unknown			S&S1984
Yukpa	pepena, yotpayi						See Language page
Yukuna	kawakó	kawakó		unique			See Language page
Yuma	maxa/k H3:211 “underheath”			unknown


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Arabana
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Bardi
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Cahuilla
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Canela
Carapana
Cavineña
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Cruzeno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Comanche
Cubeo
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Jaru
Jawi
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Kalapalo
Karajarri
Kariña
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Luiseño
Maca
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makushi
Malyangapa
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngandi
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Secoya
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Sáliva
Tacana
Taushiro
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Toba
Trinitario
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wari
Warrwa
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Wubuy
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuma

Showing 1 to 209 of 209 entries