Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Nivaclé

Family: Matacoan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: cag
Location: -22.86°, -61.76°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary

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Data Sources: Seelwische, José & Nélida N. Stell. 2007. Nivaclé. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. https://ids.clld.org/

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	yi-'waača-eɬ	we (exclusive)		https://ids.clld.org/
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	kas-'waača	we (inclusive)	no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	https://ids.clld.org/
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	yi-'waača		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	https://ids.clld.org/
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	a-'waača-eɬ	you (plural)		https://ids.clld.org/
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	a-'waača	you (singular)		https://ids.clld.org/
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	ɬa-waača	they		https://ids.clld.org/
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	ɬa-'waača	he/she/it		https://ids.clld.org/
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	čišam; -apeʔ	up, above; up, above		https://ids.clld.org/
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	šita; weʔɬeeš kun	again; again		https://ids.clld.org/
all	todo	todos	other	ɬakomʔa; ɬakawa	every, all; every, all	Respectively: human; nonhuman.	https://ids.clld.org/
and	y	e	grammar				https://ids.clld.org/
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	-finkayɔ	ankle		https://ids.clld.org/
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	-kxɔši	armpit	Arribeños dialect is -kxaši.	https://ids.clld.org/
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	šnomax	ashes	Arribeños dialect has snomax.	https://ids.clld.org/
at	en, a	em, a	location				https://ids.clld.org/
back	espalda	costas	body	-ɔyiʔš	back	Arribeños dialect is -aklaʔ.	https://ids.clld.org/
bad	mal	mal	quality	sas; n-is-a	bad		https://ids.clld.org/
bark	corteza	casca	environment	-ɔxeče	bark		https://ids.clld.org/
belly	barriga	barriga	body	-kkˀapoʔ	stomach		https://ids.clld.org/
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	šičam	down, below		https://ids.clld.org/
big	grande	grande	quality	ux; kaxu	large, big; large, big		https://ids.clld.org/
bite	morder	morder	body	-xuʔx	bite		https://ids.clld.org/
black	negro	preto	colour	yakut	black		https://ids.clld.org/
blood	sangre	sangue	body	-woyey	blood		https://ids.clld.org/
blow	soplar	soprar	body	fuyu	blow		https://ids.clld.org/
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	naway-ši; wooyši	boil	Noun	https://ids.clld.org/
bone	hueso	osso	body	-nuʔ	bone		https://ids.clld.org/
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	-axte	breast (of woman)		https://ids.clld.org/
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	-yaɬ; -ta-yaɬ-i	breathe, breath		https://ids.clld.org/
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	-xa-yapˀaɬxan; yi-wutun	burn (vb instrans); burn (vb intrans)	intransitive verb	See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	-xuʔx-xane; -tɔn	chew, chew		https://ids.clld.org/
child	niño, niña	criança	human	taɔklax	child		https://ids.clld.org/
climb	subir	subir	motion	-wɔʔɬ; -wɔʔɬ-kˀoya	climb, climb		https://ids.clld.org/
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	wɔseʔ; wɔsei	cloud	Respectively: sing.; plural. Arribeños dialect has wase. Cf. 'sky' 01.510.	https://ids.clld.org/
cold	frío	frio	quality	kˀuy-ši; taxun	cold		https://ids.clld.org/
come	venir	vir	motion	-nač; -nam	come; come		https://ids.clld.org/
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	-tatay; kxon	cook; cook	The latter is to cook on ashes.	https://ids.clld.org/
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	yiwoy-eš-čˀe	right, correct		https://ids.clld.org/
count	contar	contar	mental	-ȼxuʔɬ	count		https://ids.clld.org/
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	-ap	cry, weep		https://ids.clld.org/
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	-tˀowos	cut		https://ids.clld.org/
day	día	dia	time	naɬu	day		https://ids.clld.org/
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	-waf; -nɔx	die, dead; die, dead		https://ids.clld.org/
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	-tiʔš	dig		https://ids.clld.org/
dingo/wolf			fauna	wawo	wolf		https://ids.clld.org/
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	sas; saȼˀaʔs; šekley	dirty, soiled		https://ids.clld.org/
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	-nxuxɔm	dream		https://ids.clld.org/
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	-yɔʔ	drink		https://ids.clld.org/
dry	seco	seco	quality	klaxɔx	dry		https://ids.clld.org/
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	n-iklas-ši; tˀuk-xi; ni n-eklɔs-ši	blunt, dull		https://ids.clld.org/
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	kˀim; kˀok	dusk	Cf. 'flour' 05.550.	https://ids.clld.org/
ear	oreja	orelha	body	-kfeʔ	ear		https://ids.clld.org/
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	koȼxaʔt	earth, land		https://ids.clld.org/
eat	comer	comer	body	-tux; -tȼakkun; -yɔʔ-xi	eat; eat; eat	Respectively: trans.; intrans.; eat.	https://ids.clld.org/
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	ɬ-šaykˀu	egg		https://ids.clld.org/
eye	ojo	olho	body	-tɔsex	eye		https://ids.clld.org/
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	-ɬɔʔm; samuk	defecate; defecate	Latter example is noun form.	https://ids.clld.org/
fall	caer	cair	motion	-at; nkɔʔt-šaʔne	fall; fall		https://ids.clld.org/
far	lejos	longe	quality	tox; tox-ey	far (adv)		https://ids.clld.org/
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	ɬa-peʔ-nɔk; ɬ-ɔtxei	grease, fat	Respectively: 'grasa derretida de animal'; 'grasa de animal'.	https://ids.clld.org/
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	-tata	father		https://ids.clld.org/
fear	miedo	medo	mental	-xoway-i; -xoway	fear, fright; fear, fright	Respectively: noun; trans. verb.	https://ids.clld.org/
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	-af	feather	See 'fin' 03.652.	https://ids.clld.org/
fingernail	uña	unha	body	-pasče ɬa-pˀoʔt	fingernail	Lit. 'finger its cover'. Also -pɔnɔke. Arribeños dialect is -panake.	https://ids.clld.org/
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	itɔx	fire	Arribeños dialect has itax.	https://ids.clld.org/
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	-tˀiȼxey	flow		https://ids.clld.org/
flower	flor	flor	environment	ɬ-ɔwo	flower		https://ids.clld.org/
fly	volar	voar	motion	-fɔʔyɔ	fly (vb)		https://ids.clld.org/
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	šnakxay	fog	Arribeños dialect has snakxay.	https://ids.clld.org/
foot	pie	pé	body	-foʔ	foot		https://ids.clld.org/
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	-aʔ	fruit		https://ids.clld.org/
good	bueno	bom	quality	is	good		https://ids.clld.org/
green	verde	verde	quality	nipeway-ši; ɬeti-tˀaklɔk	green; green	Latter form, lit. 'like-grass'.	https://ids.clld.org/
grow	crecer	crescer	state	tay-čišam	grow		https://ids.clld.org/
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	-yeʔ-s; -saʔš	hair (head); hair (head)	Respectively: human; animal hair.	https://ids.clld.org/
hand	mano	mão	body	-pɔʔkɔt	hand	Arribeños dialect is -paʔkat.	https://ids.clld.org/
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	-šatič	head		https://ids.clld.org/
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	-peʔya	hear		https://ids.clld.org/
heart	corazón	coração	body	-ɬiʔwte	heart		https://ids.clld.org/
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	kaklek	heavy		https://ids.clld.org/
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	-fiʔȼ	hide, conceal		https://ids.clld.org/
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	-pɔkɔx	strike (hit, beat)	With the hand.	https://ids.clld.org/
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	-tˀakum-kˀoya; -nčaʔx-šaʔne	hold; hold		https://ids.clld.org/
hot	caliente	quente	quality	kus-ši	hot		https://ids.clld.org/
how?	como	como	grammar	ta ɬ-xunaš; eʔana	how?		https://ids.clld.org/
if	si	se	grammar	ka			https://ids.clld.org/
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	ɔkfi; ɔkxi	inside, in		https://ids.clld.org/
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	-waʔk	intestines, guts		https://ids.clld.org/
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	-sɔʔ; ɔfȼexʔin	itch; itch		https://ids.clld.org/
kill	matar	matar	impact	-klɔn	kill		https://ids.clld.org/
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	-tɔʔ-y-a	know		https://ids.clld.org/
lake	lago	lago	environment	ɬkačiʔ; faš ayiš	lake		https://ids.clld.org/
laugh	reír	rir	mental	-asčay	laugh		https://ids.clld.org/
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	ɬ-saʔš	leaf		https://ids.clld.org/
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	-čˀamiyiš	left (side)		https://ids.clld.org/
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	-kaklɔʔ	leg		https://ids.clld.org/
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	-wate; xoʔ-xaʔne	lie down; lie down		https://ids.clld.org/
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	tačin	lightning	Also klopopop.	https://ids.clld.org/
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	-manɬa; -manɬa-ʔin	live, living, life; live, living, life	Also -manɬa-yaš.	https://ids.clld.org/
liver	hígado	figado	body	-akɔxɬɔk	liver		https://ids.clld.org/
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	pitex	long		https://ids.clld.org/
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	ɬa-woke	louse	order Phtiraptera	https://ids.clld.org/
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	-kafof	lung		https://ids.clld.org/
man/male	hombre	homem	human	niwakle	man (vs. woman)		https://ids.clld.org/
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	-sxaʔn	flesh		https://ids.clld.org/
moon	luna	lua	environment	xiweʔkla	moon		https://ids.clld.org/
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	-mimi	mother		https://ids.clld.org/
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	ute-yuk	mountain, hill	Lit. 'rock-nominalizer suffix'.	https://ids.clld.org/
mouth	boca	boca	body	-aši	mouth		https://ids.clld.org/
name	nombre	nome	human	-ey	name		https://ids.clld.org/
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	-woʔ	neck, nape of neck		https://ids.clld.org/
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	šaɬa	near (adv)		https://ids.clld.org/
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	-woʔ	neck, nape of neck		https://ids.clld.org/
new	nuevo	novo	quality	ničˀa	new		https://ids.clld.org/
night	noche	noite	time	tuɬ	night		https://ids.clld.org/
no/not	no	não	grammar	am	no, negative		https://ids.clld.org/
nose	nariz	nariz	body	-naʔš	nose		https://ids.clld.org/
old	viejo	velho	quality	kˀuȼaʔx; yi-kˀuȼxan	old		https://ids.clld.org/
one	uno	um	number	weʔɬa	one		https://ids.clld.org/
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	-nkˀaʔt	open		https://ids.clld.org/
other	otro	outro	grammar				https://ids.clld.org/
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	aɔtex; -yaša; -ta-yaša-y; wat-aʔyaša			https://ids.clld.org/
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	niwakle; -ɬeč; -'waʔča	person, human being	Respectively: means 'people'; suffixes, which occur as pronominal roots.	https://ids.clld.org/
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	-tɔxɔx	pound with fist		https://ids.clld.org/
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	tčanu	rain (noun)	Cf. 'storm' 01.580.	https://ids.clld.org/
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	yuk	red		https://ids.clld.org/
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	-fayiš	right (side)		https://ids.clld.org/
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	ɬuyiš	path		https://ids.clld.org/
root	raíz	raiz	flora	ɬ-fetas	root		https://ids.clld.org/
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	ɬok-xi	rotten		https://ids.clld.org/
sand	arena	areia	environment	xosɔx	sand	Arribeños dialect has xosax.	https://ids.clld.org/
say	decir	dizer	mental	-tˀeš	say		https://ids.clld.org/
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact				https://ids.clld.org/
see	ver	ver	mental	-ʔwan	see		https://ids.clld.org/
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	iklas-ši; -akɔʔx	sharp		https://ids.clld.org/
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	-tiyɔx	shoot		https://ids.clld.org/
short	corto	curto	quality	tukˀa	short		https://ids.clld.org/
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	-fatas	shoulder		https://ids.clld.org/
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental			Intrans. form.	https://ids.clld.org/
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	-ɔʔw-xaʔne	sit		https://ids.clld.org/
skin	piel	pele	body	-ɔx	skin, hide		https://ids.clld.org/
sky	cielo	céu	environment	wɔʔs	sky	Also means 'heaven' 22.310. Arribeños dialect has waʔs.	https://ids.clld.org/
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	-mɔʔ	sleep		https://ids.clld.org/
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	tikˀin	small, little		https://ids.clld.org/
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	ɬ-axut	smoke	Noun	See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	-nsiȼˀaʔ	sniff	primarily transitive	https://ids.clld.org/
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	-tˀačˀiy	spit		https://ids.clld.org/
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	-kˀas-at	split		https://ids.clld.org/
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	-kɔʔtˀat; -ikxut	squeeze, wring; squeeze, wring		https://ids.clld.org/
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	-ȼefex	stab		https://ids.clld.org/
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	-waȼewat	stand		https://ids.clld.org/
star	estrella	estrela	environment	katiʔs	star		https://ids.clld.org/
steal	robar	roubar	other	tˀa-kut	steal		https://ids.clld.org/
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	yeklɔʔ	wood		https://ids.clld.org/
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	utex	stone, rock		https://ids.clld.org/
suck	chupar	chupar	body	-fin-čˀe; -fin-šam	suck; suck		https://ids.clld.org/
sun	sol	sol	time	xunkuklaʔy	sun		https://ids.clld.org/
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body				https://ids.clld.org/
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	-ukaʔx	swelling		https://ids.clld.org/
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	-ɔʔk-apeʔ; yič-ʔapee	swim; swim		https://ids.clld.org/
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	-kˀɔʔs	tail		https://ids.clld.org/
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar				https://ids.clld.org/
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	ux-kˀe	thick (in dimension)		https://ids.clld.org/
thin	delgado	fino	quality	ɬamis; klasim	thin (in dimension)		https://ids.clld.org/
think	pensar	pensar	mental	-ayčawaɬʔin; -ɬeklɔx-eš	think (= reflect); think (= reflect)		https://ids.clld.org/
this	este/esta	este	grammar				https://ids.clld.org/
three	tres	tres	number	puʔxaʔna	three		https://ids.clld.org/
throat	garganta	garganta	body	-kɔyiš	throat		https://ids.clld.org/
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	-uʔ	throw		https://ids.clld.org/
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	kuukten	thunder		https://ids.clld.org/
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	-ɔkfaʔ	tie, bind		https://ids.clld.org/
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	-čˀakleč	tongue		https://ids.clld.org/
tooth	diente	dente	body	-ȼewte	tooth		https://ids.clld.org/
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	-nkɔčˀaklax; -tatwaič ɔklax; -čˀiyapop	turn over; turn over; turn around	may be transitive or intransitive	https://ids.clld.org/
two	dos	dois	number	napuʔ	two		https://ids.clld.org/
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	-tˀakue-šaʔne	vomit		https://ids.clld.org/
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	-wakleč; -tˀɔs	walk; walk		https://ids.clld.org/
water	agua	agua	environment	inɔʔt	water	Arribeños dialect has innaʔt.	https://ids.clld.org/
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	takˀoʔp; yinɔʔt ɬaxut; waʔai	wet, damp; wet, damp; wet, damp		https://ids.clld.org/
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	še	what?		https://ids.clld.org/
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	ta tˀeɬeš	when?		https://ids.clld.org/
where?	donde	onde	grammar	ta yi-šiʔ; pɔʔne	where?; where?		https://ids.clld.org/
white	blanco	branco	colour	klim	white		https://ids.clld.org/
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	šepa-pu	who?		https://ids.clld.org/
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	-čˀakfa	wife	Refers to a spouse with children. A childless spouse is -xaya.	https://ids.clld.org/
wind	viento	vento	environment	ɬawiʔm	wind		https://ids.clld.org/
wing	ala	asa	body	-af	wing	Also means 'feather' 04.393.	https://ids.clld.org/
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	niwak-če	woman		https://ids.clld.org/
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	-kum; -kumxat; kumxayaš	work; work; work		https://ids.clld.org/
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	-tˀatˀo-ʔin	yawn, gape		https://ids.clld.org/
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	koxi yax	yello		https://ids.clld.org/


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Phonemicized Form	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.		See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.		See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis		See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia		See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	tin-woʔ	See Language page
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	tansi; činči	See Language page		Respectively: a little red ant; a big red ant.
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)		See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri		See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum		See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.		See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.		See Language page		Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	šeyɔ; fakliʔs	See Language page		The Forest people (Selváticos) dialect has šiyɔ.
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	kekleyče	See Language page		plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		ɔxɔklɔ	See Language page		Arribeños dialect has axakla.
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala		See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba		See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	ɬaf-katax	See Language page
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae		See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	noyan	See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']		See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha		See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata		See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	wosok	See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris		See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	aɬu ɬpɔsenxaway	See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea		See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	ɔtxayeta-yuk	See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	šinwoʔɬawoke	See Language page		A type found in the forest.
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	woxotax; awokc̷ex; xokonoxo	See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua		See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	wɔkxɔkli	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura		See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae		See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.		See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	tašinša; ɔxtinaax; tuxinax	See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	nuʔu	See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	ofo; ofo-tax; oftaʔ	See Language page		Respectively: wild dove; domestic dove; wood-dove.
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	ano; xokxayex; sɔʔyi	See Language page		Also iyusinxa; sɔʔitax.
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.		See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus		See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae		See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		saxeč	See Language page
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.		See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	ɬa-ɬa	See Language page
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana		See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis		See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	tˀaklɔʔk; itxatax	See Language page
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans		See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba		See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti		See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.		See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola		See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi		See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	šeyanɔx; c̷imaxa tˀoʔt	See Language page		First example refers to a white hawk.
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	šinwoʔ ɬa-woʔ; šinwoʔ ɬawoke	See Language page		Lit. 'beehive its-dweller' 03.822. Also šnakuwatax ɬawoke.
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus		See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	oyinče-tax	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]		See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae		See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.		See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.		See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic		See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca		See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura		See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra		See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	tukus	See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	niklɔʔc̷ič	See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.		See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	ɬawimxa-yuk; nowok; nuksič	See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta		See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa		See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	yiyaʔ	See Language page
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera		See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	amʔa; amʔa-tax	See Language page
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	šta-tax	See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis		See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae		See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	koʔmi-tax; tokox; sxec̷ič; yuʔwayič	See Language page	Widespread	Respectively: little owl; large owls. Also uku'luku, an archaic (?), onomatopoeic word.
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)		See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.		See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana		See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	ekle	See Language page	Widespread
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes		See Language page
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea		See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus		See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae		See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	pexaya	See Language page		plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae		See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	aɬu ɬpɔsenxa'way	See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua		See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	kasposɔx; šinwuʔn; šniɬˀa	See Language page		Respectively: lizard; a white and gray lizard; a colored lizard. Also šnotˀoyča, a small colored lizard; fašika, a big green lizard.
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	ɬeɬ; wintɔx; klapˀi	See Language page		Respectively: a white snail; brown snail; water snail.
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		tos	See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox		See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	siwɔklɔk	See Language page		Arribeños dialect is siwaklak.
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	kˀasus	See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae		See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	kˀiyeyki	See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.		See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris		See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	ɬuwa	See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea		See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura		See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	finɔk	See Language page		plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	čˀatˀa; woʔtˀi	See Language page	Widespread	Latter is 'water turtle'.
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		aʔkxuta-yuk; aʔkxi-yuk	See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella		See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui		See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	kˀafok	See Language page	Widespread South America
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	c̷imaxa	See Language page
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons		See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus		See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari		See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

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Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	wɔʔs		See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	-c̷anuʔk; -pˀok	Respectively: arrow made of 'duraznillo' tree; arrow with a thick point that is used especially to kill birds. Also -kɔʔxe.	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	#NAME?	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool		can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	titeč		See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	siseniɬ		See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material			See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	faklutax tiniš	Beads of 'perlas' or 'mostacilla'.	See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	wat-mɔʔ-xawat		See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	-ɔw-xawat; -kˀo-wat		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool			See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation			See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture		if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	#NAME?	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	-fkˀɔklaʔs-xate		See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	#NAME?		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	tanuk		See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	wotɔxɔx-ɬɔs	Lit. 'hen its-offspring'. Little chick is wotɔxɔx ɬ-kles.	See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	anwakle		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	-siwɔklɔk ɬa-yeʔč; watˀuixatšiyis		See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	#NAME?		See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology		malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool		hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	fic̷ɔkˀɔyič	In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool			See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	#NAME?		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	-ɬanɔʔ; -ɬanɔ-tax	Respectively: ritual drum; modern drum.	See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture		Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	#NAME?	esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	ašklɔfeč	may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	kumxɔ	Arribeños dialect is kumxa.	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology			See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other			See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	wat-kaxuy		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	niyɔk		See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	-wat-saʔs		See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	ɬa-mɔʔk	Arribeños dialect is klim-ši.	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	#NAME?	Arribeños dialect, archaic flute is sile sile.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	yakkisit	Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology			See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	noyan		See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	#NAME?		See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	lawɔxˀe na watowaɬxatši		See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	#NAME?	The root of the word is yukuwe 'bread'.	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	taʔwitɔy		See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	-ɔtxɔxi; -čˀu		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology		Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics			See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	akɔyeč; šinwoʔ; tˀuxaʔ	only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other			See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	-woʔy; -tkˀɔʔyte	The latter means to hunt with a trap. Also -tˀɔtay-ʔin, means to hunt 'mariscando'.	See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	#NAME?		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress			See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	#NAME?		See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport			See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology			See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology			See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	wat-kˀis-xayan-ač	Arribeños dialect is wat-kˀis-xayan-eč.	See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	-xumkˀet; -ɬka-kaklɔʔ		See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	#NAME?		See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	-yakut-ši; -titeč		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation			See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	-tɔʔɬɔs; -t-kaklɔʔy		See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	xɔxanxate		See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology			See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	-niyɔk; -wankˀ-ɔkfa-xat		See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	naʔpku-tax	A plant salt. Arribeños dialect is c̷ifoni.	See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation			See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology		Arribeños dialect has tɔyyeʔx; tayyeʔx; toyyeʔx. Also tɔyxe-če; tayxe-če/ toyxe-če.	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	-kfiʔy; -xof	The latter is the traditional shoe made of uncured leather.	See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	#NAME?		See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	kˀafokiɬay		See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	-iši; -tˀeyšey; tišxan	Respectively: humans; birds; intrans.verb.	See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	-tapxeʔ		See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool			See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material			See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	fin-če		See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology			See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	#NAME?		See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture		use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool		agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	yuus; ɬ-supˀax	The latter means 'la cara untada de miel'.	See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology		a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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