Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

mortar

Semantic Field
subsistence tool
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
mortero
Meaning Portuguese
pilão

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla qawuvaxal mortar (stone), mortar & Pestle unique vaxal is probably the *paha word Stubbs 1085, qaw is 'rock' compound, other complex rock-mortar Seiler & Hioki 1979
Cupeño ilyapal mortar unique contains *paha (Stubbs 2011 1085); I had as 'bedrock' but Merriam has tă-pah'-wish for bedrock and this as portable other complex Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Luiseño toopal mortar for grinding inheritance *typpa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1083 other complex Elliott 1999
Gabrielino tō-kwe-is to:kwi$ el mortero H 250, 530 portable stone mortar inheritance *ty-kwis Takic also in Kitanemuk other complex Merriam 49:101
Serrano too'-e-hwat portable mortar unique formation on 'grind' Stubbs 2011 1086 derived, other complex Merriam 48:179
Kitanemuk tükwiš mortar, small, as in house inheritance *ty-kwis Takic also in Gabrielino other complex Anderton 1988
Tübatulabal kūppahhal portable mortar inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085 phrase, other complex wood-mortar K. Hill Tb>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim po-ho-wahl' portable stone mortar inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Yokuts WW %polwa UA is pa -- is this Yokutsan loan? I don't think so. other complex Merriam 49:189
Kawaiisu paha mortar inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085 simplex Zigmond et al. 1990
Chemehuevi pahA mortar (of any kind) inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085 simplex Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute missing missing
Southern Ute mara-cI mortar, rock bowl used for grinding corn inheritance *ma7ta Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1082 this is really the 'metate' word other complex Givon
Tümpisa Shoshone paha mortar inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085 simplex Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ty-ta-mma-wy-kkicah mortar (for a pestle) unique compound Crapo 1976
Comanche huu aawo, huaawo, huakwo mortar, wooden vessel (arch. Bedrock mortar?) inheritance *akwo Numic Stubbs 2011 1717 N compounded with 'wood' word phrase R
Western Mono pAha mortar, pounding place inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085 simplex Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute paha mortar, rock with hole in it inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085 simplex Yerington 1987
Southern Sierra Miwok lopa7-:a- small mortar unique this has the %pa element and looks suspiciously like a UA *topa??? But it's from Pmis lopa- 'to mash' other complex lop:a- 'to pound, smash' Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok 7y/m:e- mortar inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok Mins 7ym:e 'portable mortar' simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
Northern Sierra Miwok co:se- mortar (originally, bedrock mortar) inheritance *čo:se- Proto-Eastern Miwok Callaghan 1971:25 simplex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok co:se- bedrock mortar, mortar inheritance *čo:se- Proto-Eastern Miwok Callaghan 1971:25 simplex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok támih large stone mortar unique also tukúlli, portable mortar, a small, round rock about six inches deep used for pounding pepperwood berries 141 simplex Callaghan 1965
Maidu jókkym 7ó mortar, lit. pounder rock unique note PM *jok 'pound' *Ultan 1964:363); Merriam ōm'-lul-lo 41:275 phrase jôk 'pound dry material' Shipley 1963
Nisenan pulu mortar loan Northern Sierra Miwok WW %polwa simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani k'oiwoc portable mortar inheritance Proto-General Yokuts derived probably -ac' suffix Kroeber 1962
Yokuts Yawdanchi pőwac portable mortar inheritance Proto-General Yokuts Kroeber 1962 says powac is bedrock m., also padiñ 'bedrock mortar', k'oiwoc 'small mortar' derived instrumental -ac'? Kroeber 1907
Yokuts Palewyami missing missing
Washo 7la:m bedrock mortar unknown simplex Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu simis flat rock under the mortar basket for pounding acorns unknown simplex Schlichter 1981
Yuki kutëm bedrock or slab mortar inheritance Proto-North Yukian k'o(:)l 'mortar, pounding basket' derived suffix -m nmlzr Elmendorf 1993
Wappo lel-tókel' bedrock or slab mortar loan direction unknown Lake Miwok compound lel 'rock' Elmendorf 1993
Mutsun 7urkan mortar unknown Merriam 39:99 confirms as 'portable stone mortar' simplex see Okrand note on p. 243 Okrand 1977
Esselen pamma mortar unknown Pinart; has the pa- element common in mortar/pestle words, loan? simplex Heizer 1952
Salinan A T<xo/l mortar unknown Proto-Salinan čoxal Pinart p. 75, tokol 'hopper mortar' Pinart p. 75; may be loan from Yokutsan into ProtoSalinan, note Yokutsan *k'ojwos 'portable mortar' other complex Mason 1918
Salinan M T<oxo/L mortar unknown Proto-Salinan may be loan from Yokutsan into ProtoSalinan, note Yokutsan *k'ojwos 'portable mortar' other complex Mason 1918
Chumash Obispeno tSiLmu7 mortero (to pound) unknown tu-na/-mu Henshaw derived Harrington
Chumash Ineseno 7alqap mortar inheritance Proto-Central Chumash derived Applegate 1972
Chumash Barbareno al-kap mortar inheritance Proto-Southern Chumash derived Henshaw (Heizer 1955)
Chumash Ventureno pā-yes peyeš Applegate 'a mortar that sits by itself' Ch. 10 p. 3 portable mortar unknown I think this is an error: pej 'to stick to' suggests this is bricklaying mortar??? Or maybe Mamet's peješ form (60) is really the portable mortar??? Maybe al-qap Applegate 1973 4:17 derived Merriam 38:23
Iipay 'Aa 7ehmuu bedrock mortar inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH; kalymuu small mortar, portable mortar p. 25 simplex Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Cocopa xmu mortar (said to be made of cottonwood or mesquite) inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH simplex Crawford 1989
Mojave 7ahmo wooden bowl or mortar for pounding mesquite inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH simplex Munro et al. 1992
Yavapai 7Uhmū mortar inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH; also kWè:túyi p. 400 simplex Shaterian 1983
Kiliwa t-h+nya7-tay-u7 deep mortar (Sp. molcajete) unknown tay is 'big' derived h-nya7 'pound, hammer' Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) ziix an ihanéezj mortar, molcajete (cosa en que se machaca) unknown haacala bedrock mortar phrase Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua kâh-at-daʔ kâh-at-daʔ unique Derived smash-nmlz-clːround See Language page
Nheengatu induá induá inheritance *ɨnuʔa Simplex See Language page
Waorani ẽbõ-ka unique See Language page
Hodï to'ta ʰtota doubtful loan cf. Tukanoan, Puinave Simplex See Language page
Yanomami hii hi ka hi: hi ka (for grinding bones of the dead) for grinding bones of the dead unknown Phrase for grinding bones of the dead?, unclear what the parts mean See Language page
Ninam tokoli paka tokoli paka loan widespread; cf. Spanish taco Compound a kind of tree + hole See Language page
Kotiria docaadʉ dokaadʉ inheritance? cf. Arawak, other toka terms See Language page
Cubeo totaibʉ totaibɨ inheritance? cf. Orejon See Language page
Tukano dikekɨhɨˊ dikekɨhɨʔ inheritance? cf. Arawak, other toka terms Based on verb 'pound' or noun 'log'; similar form in Tuyuka can also use “pamôga dikekɨhɨˊ” See Language page
Maihiki tou tou inheritance? cf. Arawak, other toka terms Simplex See Language page
Hup tok teg tok teg doubtful loan E. Tukanoan; cf. Tuyuka doka-ri-ga; onomatopoeic same as 'pestle' Derived pound=CL:stick See Language page
Dâw sok rẽér ʃɔk hẽ̌h unique See Language page
Sikuani wahubo wajubo inheritance Proto-MSC Compare Macaguan wɨp Probably has -bo classifier See Language page
Macaguan wʉp wɨp inheritance Proto-MSC Compare Sikuani wahubo Simplex See Language page
Pemon akoo (E1980) ako (E1980) inheritance Proto-Carib See Language page
Akawaio ak ak inheritance Proto-Carib Loan into Wapishana See Language page
Makushi séni séni unique See Language page
Eñepa ako ako inheritance Proto-Carib See Language page
Yukuna tujláka'aruna tuhlákaʔaɾuna inheritance? cf. Ignaciano See Language page
Tariana yéːda 'pequeno pilão para preparo do epadú' jéːda 'pequeno pilão para preparo do epadú' a small mortar to prepare “epadú” unknown Simplex See Language page
Wapishana akʰu akʰu loan Carib also Pemón ako; Alternate: imiʔitʰan-naa Simplex See Language page
Baniwa aanáda; -tothíoko aanáda; -tothíoko inheritance; inheritance? Proto Rio Negro Simplex See Language page
Resígaro tho?khoótsií tʰoʔkʰoótsií inheritance? See Language page
Yir-Yoront lith-mart top grindstone unique With lith 'beach-stone', mart 'small'; contrast lith-ngamayrr 'bottom grindstone'
Nyangumarta matyarra loan direction unknown
Ngarluma matyarra loan direction unknown
Nyulnyul not used not used
Bardi not used not used
Yulparija nyakurnpa unique
Djinang ŋuyarr unique
Mangala pipinyanu unique semantic shift? mother?
Burarra rambala unique
Ritharrngu rlimbik unique
Karajarri wiranyamarta unique
Walmajarri ngamanyan inheritance its mother -ie of the muller its mother -ie of the muller
Mudburra lartaranga loan Jingulu
Jaru lartaranga unknown stone-big stone
Gurindji tyikurnu loan direction unknown
Gooniyandi paltyati inheritance poss rel's to palawan? kurra muller (pestle)
Bunuba palanytya unique WW %palawan seed grinding not in north seed grinding not in north
Gajirrabeng japalawarna loan Nungali WW %palawan
Jingulu lartaranga unknown
Kija kutu-kutu-kirriny inheritance grind-REDUP - thing.for complex
Wardaman tyapalawarna loan Jaminjung large flat stone needed for food preparation; via Mudburra
Achagua á:na á:na inheritance See Language page
Piapoco ayáiba 'pilón' ajáiba 'pilón' See Language page
Yavitero wi'yaľ̥i wi'jaľ̥i See Language page
Wayuu ipa ta-moľo-hia Possibly from Span. 'moler'. See Language page
Yine hitɨsc̷i See Language page
Paresi ˈnotxi ˈnotʃi unknown See Language page
Ignaciano tiyuwareka See Language page
Waurá ana ana inheritance See Language page
Cha'palaa 'šu-'pu-ʔ-na šu- is 'stone' 01.440; refers to a hand-held stone used to mash banana on larger stone. See Language page
Bora cáánu kʰáánɯ unknown See Language page
Muinane cábɨ́ɨ́cɨga (W97) kábɨ́ɨ́kɨga See Language page
Apalai ako ako inheritance See Language page
Wayana apotop apotop unique See Language page
Carijona akə (SM) inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó ako ako inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo përëkëtë (millstone- also means wheel, car, and bike) pɛrɛkɛtɛ (millstone- also means wheel, car, and bike) See Language page
Wai Wai aaku aaku inheritance See Language page
Waimiri Atroari aka aka See Language page
Northern Emberá pi'lon (Sp loan; IDS) pi'lon (Sp loan; IDS) See Language page
Epena kʰũ'ruma See Language page
Pumé to puɛ See Language page
Puinave tou tou doubtful loan cf. Tukanoan, Pume, Hoti See Language page
Aguaruna čimihinč tʃimihintʃ unique See Language page
Nukak wɛɛdʌʔ, tegnĩ (dialectal variants; Cab et al) unique See Language page
Matses macueste, senad (mortero de maiz) makueste, senad unknown See Language page
Katukina βimi tii a-ti rõkɨ See Language page
Yaminahua nãnĩ-ti See Language page
Yagua sanãho sanãho unique See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano muchka mutʃka See Language page
Piaroa tawawek'a tawawek'a loan Arawak; cf. Ignaciano tijuwareka See Language page
Tuyuka doka-ri-ga doka-ri-ga See Language page
Karitiana ãm, pynakapa ãm, pɨnakapa unknown See Language page
Kokama takaru tupa takaɾu tupa loan widespread; cf. Spanish taco See Language page
Wayampi ɛnuʔa ɛnuʔa inheritance See Language page
Chiriguano aᵑgua inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní aŋuʔa See Language page
Sirionó mua mua inheritance See Language page
Kamayurá enuˀa enuˀa inheritance See Language page
Iquito suhuánaja; ajírataaja; ajátaari (moledor tradicional usado para moler la masa de masato en una batán; hecho de un bloque de madera cuadrada con dos agarradores en las puntas superiores); amuútaaja (tipo de mazo que se usa para triturar comida o barbasco) suwánaha; ahírataaha unique; inheritance See Language page
Záparo ahiryasutaka ahirjasutaka See Language page
Araona mawic̷aha (?) See Language page
Ese Ejja mei etaxaxi unknown See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-kekwa-poho-xi e-kekwa-poho-xi See Language page
Tacana etec̷i-hi See Language page
Cavineña makana makana unknown See Language page
Cayuvava kɨrɨpɨ See Language page
Itonama čodohne See Language page
Kwazá hɛ, mũsi hɛ, mũsi See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané ta'ko Widely used term in Spanish also. See Language page
Movima enɬe-ɗuʔu enɬe-ɗuʔu See Language page
Kaingang krèj krɛy See Language page
Karajá owo See Language page
Djeoromitxi kütü køtø See Language page
Chipaya takira, tʰaax; txʷaax The latter is a grinding stone, used on flat surface. See Language page
Mocoví l-awio Also means 'wheel' 10.760. See Language page
Pilagá 'l-ayo; wiyo Respectively: '3pp-mortar'; (without ownership)'. See Language page
Toba l-ʔad-aʁan-aʁaki Lit. '3p possessor-punch, pound-intrans-container'. See Language page
Lengua memoŋ athwa See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité yintikɬima See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet aʔaɬwa See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay hʷe'ɬek See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja winxlik (f.) See Language page
Maca naḳfinet-xii (f.) See Language page
Nivaclé #NAME? See Language page
Ayoreo uguu'ta-di See Language page
Mapudungun ṭ͡ʀana-ṭ͡ʀapi-we Ranquel form is ṭ͡ʀanawe. See Language page
Selknam k-tˀewn The lower grinding stone. See Language page
Tehuelche 'ečˀ- See Language page
Lokono hato hato mortar (for cassava flour) Pet 1987:364
Kariña ako ako mortar Yamada 2010:709