Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

mortar

Semantic Field: subsistence tool
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: mortero
Meaning Portuguese: pilão

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
Achagua	á:na	á:na		inheritance										See Language page
Aguaruna	čimihinč	tʃimihintʃ		unique										See Language page
Akawaio	ak	ak		inheritance		Proto-Carib				Loan into Wapishana				See Language page
Apalai	ako	ako		inheritance										See Language page
Araona		mawic̷aha (?)												See Language page
Ayoreo		uguu'ta-di												See Language page
Baniwa	aanáda; -tothíoko	aanáda; -tothíoko		inheritance; inheritance?		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex			See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	po-ho-wahl'		portable stone mortar	inheritance	*paha	Northern Uto-Aztecan	Yokuts	WW	%polwa	UA is pa -- is this Yokutsan loan? I don't think so.	other complex			Merriam 49:189
Bardi	not used			not used
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	ty-ta-mma-wy-kkicah		mortar (for a pestle)	unique							compound			Crapo 1976
Bora	cáánu	kʰáánɯ		unknown										See Language page
Bunuba	palanytya			unique				WW	%palawan	seed grinding not in north			seed grinding not in north
Burarra	rambala			unique
Cahuilla	qawuvaxal		mortar (stone), mortar & Pestle	unique						vaxal is probably the *paha word Stubbs 1085, qaw is 'rock'	compound, other complex	rock-mortar		Seiler & Hioki 1979
Carijona	akə (SM)			inheritance										See Language page
Cavineña	makana	makana		unknown										See Language page
Cayuvava		kɨrɨpɨ												See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	7y/m:e-		mortar	inheritance		Proto-Sierra Miwok				Mins 7ym:e 'portable mortar'	simplex			Freeland & Broadbent 1960
Cha'palaa		'šu-'pu-ʔ-na											šu- is 'stone' 01.440; refers to a hand-held stone used to mash banana on larger stone.	See Language page
Chemehuevi	pahA		mortar (of any kind)	inheritance	*paha	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1085	simplex			Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Chipaya		takira, tʰaax; txʷaax											The latter is a grinding stone, used on flat surface.	See Language page
Chiriguano		aᵑgua		inheritance										See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		winxlik (f.)												See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	al-kap		mortar	inheritance		Proto-Southern Chumash					derived			Henshaw (Heizer 1955)
Chumash Ineseno	7alqap		mortar	inheritance		Proto-Central Chumash					derived			Applegate 1972
Chumash Obispeno	tSiLmu7		mortero (to pound)	unknown						tu-na/-mu Henshaw	derived			Harrington
Chumash Ventureno	pā-yes	peyeš Applegate 'a mortar that sits by itself' Ch. 10 p. 3	portable mortar	unknown						I think this is an error: pej 'to stick to' suggests this is bricklaying mortar??? Or maybe Mamet's peješ form (60) is really the portable mortar??? Maybe al-qap Applegate 1973 4:17	derived			Merriam 38:23
Cocopa	xmu		mortar (said to be made of cottonwood or mesquite)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				JHH	simplex			Crawford 1989
Comanche	huu aawo, huaawo, huakwo		mortar, wooden vessel (arch. Bedrock mortar?)	inheritance	*akwo	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1717 N compounded with 'wood' word	phrase			R
Cubeo	totaibʉ	totaibɨ		inheritance?			cf. Orejon							See Language page
Cupeño	ilyapal		mortar	unique						contains *paha (Stubbs 2011 1085); I had as 'bedrock' but Merriam has tă-pah'-wish for bedrock and this as portable	other complex			Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Djeoromitxi	kütü	køtø												See Language page
Djinang	ŋuyarr			unique
Dâw	sok rẽér	ʃɔk hẽ̌h		unique										See Language page
Epena		kʰũ'ruma												See Language page
Ese Ejja		mei etaxaxi		unknown										See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	e-kekwa-poho-xi	e-kekwa-poho-xi												See Language page
Esselen	pamma		mortar	unknown						Pinart; has the pa- element common in mortar/pestle words, loan?	simplex			Heizer 1952
Eñepa	ako	ako		inheritance		Proto-Carib								See Language page
Gabrielino	tō-kwe-is	to:kwi$ el mortero H 250, 530	portable stone mortar	inheritance	*ty-kwis	Takic				also in Kitanemuk	other complex			Merriam 49:101
Gajirrabeng	japalawarna			loan			Nungali	WW	%palawan
Gooniyandi	paltyati			inheritance						poss rel's to palawan?			kurra muller (pestle)
Gurindji	tyikurnu			loan direction unknown
Hodï	to'ta	ʰtota		doubtful loan			cf. Tukanoan, Puinave				Simplex			See Language page
Hup	tok teg	tok teg		doubtful loan			E. Tukanoan; cf. Tuyuka doka-ri-ga; onomatopoeic			same as 'pestle'	Derived	pound=CL:stick		See Language page
Ignaciano		tiyuwareka												See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	7ehmuu		bedrock mortar	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				JHH; kalymuu small mortar, portable mortar p. 25	simplex			Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Iquito	suhuánaja; ajírataaja; ajátaari (moledor tradicional usado para moler la masa de masato en una batán; hecho de un bloque de madera cuadrada con dos agarradores en las puntas superiores); amuútaaja (tipo de mazo que se usa para triturar comida o barbasco)	suwánaha; ahírataaha		unique; inheritance										See Language page
Itonama		čodohne												See Language page
Jaru	lartaranga			unknown									stone-big stone
Jingulu	lartaranga			unknown
Kaingang	krèj	krɛy												See Language page
Kakua	kâh-at-daʔ	kâh-at-daʔ		unique							Derived	smash-nmlz-clːround		See Language page
Kamayurá	enuˀa	enuˀa		inheritance										See Language page
Karajarri	wiranyamarta			unique
Karajá		owo												See Language page
Kariña	ako	ako	mortar				Yamada 2010:709
Karitiana	ãm, pynakapa	ãm, pɨnakapa		unknown										See Language page
Katukina		βimi tii a-ti rõkɨ												See Language page
Kawaiisu	paha		mortar	inheritance	*paha	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1085	simplex			Zigmond et al. 1990
Kija	kutu-kutu-kirriny			inheritance						grind-REDUP - thing.for	complex
Kiliwa	t-h+nya7-tay-u7		deep mortar (Sp. molcajete)	unknown						tay is 'big'	derived	h-nya7 'pound, hammer'		Mixco 1985
Kitanemuk	tükwiš		mortar, small, as in house	inheritance	*ty-kwis	Takic				also in Gabrielino	other complex			Anderton 1988
Kokama	takaru tupa	takaɾu tupa		loan			widespread; cf. Spanish taco							See Language page
Kotiria	docaadʉ	dokaadʉ		inheritance?			cf. Arawak, other toka terms							See Language page
Kwazá	hɛ, mũsi	hɛ, mũsi												See Language page
Lake Miwok	támih		large stone mortar	unique						also tukúlli, portable mortar, a small, round rock about six inches deep used for pounding pepperwood berries 141	simplex			Callaghan 1965
Lengua		memoŋ athwa												See Language page
Lokono	hato	hato	mortar (for cassava flour)											Pet 1987:364
Luiseño	toopal		mortar for grinding	inheritance	*typpa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1083	other complex			Elliott 1999
Maca		naḳfinet-xii (f.)												See Language page
Macaguan	wʉp	wɨp		inheritance		Proto-MSC				Compare Sikuani wahubo	Simplex			See Language page
Maidu	jókkym 7ó		mortar, lit. pounder rock	unique						note PM jok 'pound' Ultan 1964:363); Merriam ōm'-lul-lo 41:275	phrase	jôk 'pound dry material'		Shipley 1963
Maihiki	tou	tou		inheritance?			cf. Arawak, other toka terms				Simplex			See Language page
Makushi	séni	séni		unique										See Language page
Mangala	pipinyanu			unique									semantic shift? mother?
Mapoyo	përëkëtë (millstone- also means wheel, car, and bike)	pɛrɛkɛtɛ (millstone- also means wheel, car, and bike)												See Language page
Mapudungun		ṭ͡ʀana-ṭ͡ʀapi-we											Ranquel form is ṭ͡ʀanawe.	See Language page
Matses	macueste, senad (mortero de maiz)	makueste, senad		unknown										See Language page
Mocoví		l-awio											Also means 'wheel' 10.760.	See Language page
Mojave	7ahmo		wooden bowl or mortar for pounding mesquite	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				JHH	simplex			Munro et al. 1992
Mosetén-Chimané		ta'ko											Widely used term in Spanish also.	See Language page
Movima	enɬe-ɗuʔu	enɬe-ɗuʔu												See Language page
Mudburra	lartaranga			loan			Jingulu
Muinane	cábɨ́ɨ́cɨga (W97)	kábɨ́ɨ́kɨga												See Language page
Mutsun	7urkan		mortar	unknown						Merriam 39:99 confirms as 'portable stone mortar'	simplex	see Okrand note on p. 243		Okrand 1977
Ngarluma	matyarra			loan direction unknown
Nheengatu	induá	induá		inheritance	*ɨnuʔa						Simplex			See Language page
Ninam	tokoli paka	tokoli paka		loan			widespread; cf. Spanish taco				Compound	a kind of tree + hole		See Language page
Nisenan	pulu		mortar	loan			Northern Sierra Miwok	WW	%polwa		simplex			Uldall & Shipley 1966
Nivaclé		#NAME?												See Language page
Northern Emberá	pi'lon (Sp loan; IDS)	pi'lon (Sp loan; IDS)												See Language page
Northern Paiute	paha		mortar, rock with hole in it	inheritance	*paha	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1085	simplex			Yerington 1987
Northern Sierra Miwok	co:se-		mortar (originally, bedrock mortar)	inheritance	*čo:se-	Proto-Eastern Miwok				Callaghan 1971:25	simplex			Callaghan 1987
Nukak		wɛɛdʌʔ, tegnĩ (dialectal variants; Cab et al)		unique										See Language page
Nyangumarta	matyarra			loan direction unknown
Nyulnyul	not used			not used
Paraguayan Guaraní		aŋuʔa												See Language page
Paresi	ˈnotxi	ˈnotʃi		unknown										See Language page
Pemon	akoo (E1980)	ako (E1980)		inheritance		Proto-Carib								See Language page
Piapoco	ayáiba 'pilón'	ajáiba 'pilón'												See Language page
Piaroa	tawawek'a	tawawek'a		loan			Arawak; cf. Ignaciano tijuwareka							See Language page
Pilagá		'l-ayo; wiyo											Respectively: '3pp-mortar'; (without ownership)'.	See Language page
Plains Miwok	co:se-		bedrock mortar, mortar	inheritance	*čo:se-	Proto-Eastern Miwok				Callaghan 1971:25	simplex			Callaghan 1984
Puinave	tou	tou		doubtful loan			cf. Tukanoan, Pume, Hoti							See Language page
Pumé	to puɛ													See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	muchka	mutʃka												See Language page
Resígaro	tho?khoótsií	tʰoʔkʰoótsií		inheritance?										See Language page
Ritharrngu	rlimbik			unique
Salinan A	T<xo/l		mortar	unknown		Proto-Salinan				čoxal Pinart p. 75, tokol 'hopper mortar' Pinart p. 75; may be loan from Yokutsan into ProtoSalinan, note Yokutsan *k'ojwos 'portable mortar'	other complex			Mason 1918
Salinan M	T<oxo/L		mortar	unknown		Proto-Salinan				may be loan from Yokutsan into ProtoSalinan, note Yokutsan *k'ojwos 'portable mortar'	other complex			Mason 1918
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		yintikɬima												See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		aʔaɬwa												See Language page
Selknam		k-tˀewn											The lower grinding stone.	See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	ziix an ihanéezj		mortar, molcajete (cosa en que se machaca)	unknown						haacala bedrock mortar	phrase			Moser & Marlett 2005
Serrano	too'-e-hwat		portable mortar	unique						formation on 'grind' Stubbs 2011 1086	derived, other complex			Merriam 48:179
Sikuani	wahubo	wajubo		inheritance		Proto-MSC				Compare Macaguan wɨp		Probably has -bo classifier		See Language page
Sirionó	mua	mua		inheritance										See Language page
Southern Paiute	missing			missing
Southern Sierra Miwok	lopa7-:a-		small mortar	unique						this has the %pa element and looks suspiciously like a UA *topa??? But it's from Pmis lopa- 'to mash'	other complex	lop:a- 'to pound, smash'		Broadbent 1964
Southern Ute	mara-cI		mortar, rock bowl used for grinding corn	inheritance	*ma7ta	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1082 this is really the 'metate' word	other complex			Givon
Tacana		etec̷i-hi												See Language page
Tariana	yéːda 'pequeno pilão para preparo do epadú'	jéːda 'pequeno pilão para preparo do epadú'	a small mortar to prepare “epadú”	unknown							Simplex			See Language page
Tehuelche		'ečˀ-												See Language page
Tiriyó	ako	ako		inheritance										See Language page
Toba		l-ʔad-aʁan-aʁaki											Lit. '3p possessor-punch, pound-intrans-container'.	See Language page
Tukano	dikekɨhɨˊ	dikekɨhɨʔ		inheritance?			cf. Arawak, other toka terms			Based on verb 'pound' or noun 'log'; similar form in Tuyuka		can also use “pamôga dikekɨhɨˊ”		See Language page
Tuyuka	doka-ri-ga	doka-ri-ga												See Language page
Tübatulabal	kūppahhal		portable mortar	inheritance	*paha	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1085	phrase, other complex	wood-mortar		K. Hill Tb>Eng
Tümpisa Shoshone	paha		mortar	inheritance	*paha	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1085	simplex			Dayley 1989
Wai Wai	aaku	aaku		inheritance										See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	aka	aka												See Language page
Walmajarri	ngamanyan			inheritance						its mother -ie of the muller			its mother -ie of the muller
Waorani	ẽbõ-ka			unique										See Language page
Wapishana	akʰu	akʰu		loan			Carib			also Pemón ako; Alternate: imiʔitʰan-naa	Simplex			See Language page
Wappo	lel-tókel'		bedrock or slab mortar	loan direction unknown			Lake Miwok				compound	lel 'rock'		Elmendorf 1993
Wardaman	tyapalawarna			loan			Jaminjung			large flat stone needed for food preparation; via Mudburra
Washo	7la:m		bedrock mortar	unknown							simplex			Washo Project Dictionary
Waurá	ana	ana		inheritance										See Language page
Wayampi	ɛnuʔa	ɛnuʔa		inheritance										See Language page
Wayana	apotop	apotop		unique										See Language page
Wayuu		ipa ta-moľo-hia											Possibly from Span. 'moler'.	See Language page
Western Mono	pAha		mortar, pounding place	inheritance	*paha	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1085	simplex			Loether & Bethel 1993
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		hʷe'ɬek												See Language page
Wintu	simis		flat rock under the mortar basket for pounding acorns	unknown							simplex			Schlichter 1981
Yagua	sanãho	sanãho		unique										See Language page
Yaminahua		nãnĩ-ti												See Language page
Yanomami	hii hi ka	hi: hi ka (for grinding bones of the dead)	for grinding bones of the dead	unknown							Phrase	for grinding bones of the dead?, unclear what the parts mean		See Language page
Yavapai	7Uhmū		mortar	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				JHH; also kWè:túyi p. 400	simplex			Shaterian 1983
Yavitero	wi'yaľ̥i	wi'jaľ̥i												See Language page
Yine		hitɨsc̷i												See Language page
Yir-Yoront	lith-mart		top grindstone	unique						With lith 'beach-stone', mart 'small'; contrast lith-ngamayrr 'bottom grindstone'
Yokuts Palewyami	missing			missing
Yokuts Yawdanchi	pőwac		portable mortar	inheritance		Proto-General Yokuts				Kroeber 1962 says powac is bedrock m., also padiñ 'bedrock mortar', k'oiwoc 'small mortar'	derived	instrumental -ac'?		Kroeber 1907
Yokuts Yawelmani	k'oiwoc		portable mortar	inheritance		Proto-General Yokuts					derived	probably -ac' suffix		Kroeber 1962
Yuki	kutëm		bedrock or slab mortar	inheritance		Proto-North Yukian				k'o(:)l 'mortar, pounding basket'	derived	suffix -m nmlzr		Elmendorf 1993
Yukuna	tujláka'aruna	tuhlákaʔaɾuna		inheritance?			cf. Ignaciano							See Language page
Yulparija	nyakurnpa			unique
Záparo	ahiryasutaka	ahirjasutaka												See Language page


Achagua
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Apalai
Araona
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Bardi
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Comanche
Cubeo
Cupeño
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Gurindji
Hodï
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Iquito
Itonama
Jaru
Jingulu
Kaingang
Kakua
Kamayurá
Karajarri
Karajá
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makushi
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Muinane
Mutsun
Ngarluma
Nheengatu
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyulnyul
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Pumé
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Sikuani
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Tacana
Tariana
Tehuelche
Tiriyó
Toba
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Wai Wai
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wardaman
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yanomami
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yine
Yir-Yoront
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawelmani
Yuki
Yukuna
Yulparija
Záparo

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