Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Mocoví

Family
Guaicuruan
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
moc
Location
-28.10°, -60.41°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Buckwalter, Albert S. & Roberto Ruiz. 2007. Mocoví. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location wee-ta-šigim Lit. '(zero)3p actor-free position-continuative-up'. See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment lo See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body le-laḳ; l-apalatetari Respectively: lower back and upper back. See Language page
bad mal mal quality sḳa ʔmaʁa-raik Means 'negative good'. Also se y-aʔmaʁa-ɲi, 'not 3p actor-good-down'. See Language page
belly barriga barriga body r-akom See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location wee-ta-ɲi Lit. '(zero)3p actor-free position-continuative-down'. See Language page
big grande grande quality lo See Language page
black negro preto colour n-aweʔ; l-awer-aʁaik See Language page
blood sangre sangue body l-ewoʔ Plural form. See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body le-ʔneete See Language page
bone hueso osso body l-piʔnek See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body l-oʔweete See Language page
child niño, niña criança human nokt-okiʔ Lit. 'child-diminutive (masc)'. See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment n-awege-lek Lit. 'prefix-drag-upon'. See Language page
cold frío frio quality ʔoom See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality y-aʔmaḳa-či-giɲi Lit. '3p actor-good-direct-down'. See Language page
day día dia time naʔʁaʔa See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality n-apioʔo See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality r-ašiwi-ta; ʔim Respectively: '3p actor-dry-continuative'; 'dry (swamp)'. See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality sḳai y-aʁar-aik Lit. 'not sharp-augmentative-adj (masc)'. See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment n-amoʁo-yaʁa Lit. 'prefix-make dust-action (nom)'. See Language page
ear oreja orelha body l-keʔla See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment ʔlawa See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna l-koʔweʔ Cf. 'penis' 04.492. See Language page
eye ojo olho body n-ḳote See Language page
far lejos longe quality ḳoyoḳo-ʔta Lit. 'far-to'. See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body le-ʔwegaʁa; l-oʔyo See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship le-taʔa Lit. '3p possessor-father'. See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna l-awe Also means 'hair' 04.140; 'fleece/wool' 06.220; 'leaf' 08.560. See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment norek See Language page
flower flor flor environment le-noy-aʁai Lit. 'prefix-flower-adj (fem)'. See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment neweʔ See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora l-a See Language page
good bueno bom quality n-oʔwen; ʔmaʁa-raik The latter is 'good-adj (masc)'. See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body l-awe See Language page
hand mano mão body l-ḳaiʔlaʁat Cf. 'arm' 04.310. See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar -ʔmaʁare This form must be prefixed by any of the six prefixes, which indicate gender, position, and motion. See discussion in language descriptions of MCV and Toba. See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body l-ḳahik See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality re-salʸi See Language page
how? como como grammar negeʔ Expression, that says 'How? Impossible!' (=it can't be!) is woseʔ-ket. See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar ayim; yim For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
if si se grammar kiǰim See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location wee-ta-wgi Lit. '(zero)3p actor-free position-continuative-within'. See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body la-wele-seʔ Lit. '3p possessor-interior-elements'. See Language page
lake lago lago environment latogot lateʔogeʔ Means 'lagoon large'. See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment la-we Also means 'hair' 04.140; 'wool' 06.220. See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body ne-maḳ See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body li-či See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment n-ḳaiʔleg-aʁa Lit. 'prefix-flash-action (nom)'. See Language page
liver hígado figado body l-olamek See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality ladok See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna l-apa-ʁat Lit. '3p possessor-?-instrument (masc)'. See Language page
man/male hombre homem human yale See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna l-aʔat Also means 'flesh' 04.130. See Language page
moon luna lua environment širaigo See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship l-ateʔe Lit. '3p possessor-mother'. See Language page
mouth boca boca body l-ap See Language page
name nombre nome human l-eenaʁat See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality s-ḳoyoḳ-ake Lit. 'negative-far-to'. See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body l-anaʁaʔ See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body l-ḳosot Cf. 'throat' 04.290. See Language page
new nuevo novo quality dala-ʁaik Lit. 'new, green-adj (masc)'. See Language page
night noche noite time pe See Language page
no/not no não grammar See Language page
nose nariz nariz body li-mik See Language page
old viejo velho quality yi Also means 'adult'. See Language page
one uno um number ['ʔona] From Span. 'uno'. Also ʔoon-okiʔ, 'one-dim (masc)'; ʔoon-oʔlʸiʔ, 'one-dim (fem)'. See Language page
other otro outro grammar See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body r-alola See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human ḳom le-ʔek Lit. 'people 3p possessor-member (masc)'; fem. is ḳom l-ase. See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment yaʁat See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour tok; le-tog-aʁaik The latter, 'prefix-red-adj (masc)'. See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body l-oik See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture lʸ-ik See Language page
root raíz raiz flora l-paʔaʔ See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality ni-čigaʔ See Language page
sand arena areia environment l-oʔwaʁan-aʁa See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality y-aʁar-aik Lit. 'sharp-augmentative-adj (masc)'. See Language page
short corto curto quality se ladok Lit. 'not tall'. See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body l-alʸaak See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental n-poko-ʁo; l-aǰilo-ʁo Both are lit. '3p possessor-shame-action (nom)'. See Language page
skin piel pele body l-ošikmaʁa Also means 'body' 04.110; 'leather' 06.290. See Language page
sky cielo céu environment pigim See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality sḳa lo Lit. 'not big'. See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment ne-salaʁaʔ See Language page
star estrella estrela environment waḳahɲi See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora ḳoʔpaḳ Masc. form; cf. previous entry. See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment ḳaʔ See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body l-ḳaiʔit See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar -ʔmaʁare This form must be prefixed by any of the six prefixes, which indicate gender, position, motion, and number. See 02.930, and discussion in language description. See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality ḳoyoḳo-či-giɲi Lit. 'far-direct-down'. See Language page
thin delgado fino quality -- See Language page
this este/esta este grammar See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar ḳamiʔ See Language page
throat garganta garganta body l-oḳosote Cf. 'neck' 04.280. See Language page
three tres tres number [trees]-olḳaiʔ From Span. 'tres' + diminutive (plural several). See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment n-alat-aʁa Lit. 'prefix-rumble-action (nom)'. See Language page
bite morder morder body y-aʔk-aa-ɲi Lit. '3p actor-bite-aspect-down'. See Language page
blow soplar soprar body peʔet See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body l-akat See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment y-awik Lit. '3p actor-burn'. See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body i-wag-igi Lit. '3p actor-chew/bite-across'. See Language page
climb subir subir motion ki-šigim Lit. '(zero) 3p actor-go-up'. See Language page
come venir vir motion n-anak See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact y-anaḳ See Language page
count contar contar mental n-alo-ḳočin Lit. '3p actor-align-cause'. See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental n-oyen See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact i-čaʁa-wek Lit. '3p actor-cut-out, off'. See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state lew-aʁaik Adj. form. See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact n-iʔya Lit. '3p actor-dig'. Cf. 'ditch' 08.170. See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental re-ʔgemata See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body ne-ʔet Cf. Toba 'water' 01.310. See Language page
eat comer comer body keʔe; y-aʔik Respectively: intrans. and trans. forms. See Language page
fall caer cair motion w-aa-ɲi Lit. '(zero) 3p actor-free position-aspect-down'. See Language page
fear miedo medo mental n-oʔči See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion i-ʔpaʁan-ek Lit. '3p actor-flow-out'. See Language page
fly volar voar motion yo Lit. '(zero) 3p actor-fly'; stem is ayo. See Language page
grow crecer crescer state n-okiike-ta-šigim Lit. '3p actor-move-continuative-up'. See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental ʔḳaa See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion y-oʁoh-ɲi Lit. '3p actor-hide-down'. See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact y-owaʁan See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other l-oʔḳoo-ta-ʔa Lit. '3p actor-grasp-continuative-object'. See Language page
kill matar matar impact y-alawat See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental y-aʔden Cf. 'understand' 17.160. See Language page
laugh reír rir mental r-ayalegere See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion ne-nan-ɲi Lit. '3p actor-coil-down'. See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body nee-ta-lek See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other y-awač-igi See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact y-aho-te-ʔe n-ašitaʁaɲi Lit. '3p actor-use-direct-obj 3p possessor-fist'. See Language page
say decir dizer mental y-aʔʁat See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact See Language page
see ver ver mental n-awan-či-giɲi See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact y-ayin See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state n-ḳaʔʁan-ɲi Lit. '3p actor-sit-down'. See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body ∅-laḳ Lit. '(zero) 3p actor-sleeps'. See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body i-ta primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body n-atoḳ See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact r-opoḳo-gi Lit. '3p actor-split-through'. See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact ne-lam See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact y-aʔd-aak Lit. '3p actor-puncture-obj (trans)'. See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state n-ačah-ɲi Lit. '3p actor-stand-down'. See Language page
steal robar roubar other r-okači See Language page
suck chupar chupar body n-ḳoʔgoʁo-git Lit. '3p actor-suck-coming towards'. See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body l-aʔwaač-aḳaʔ Lit. '3p possessor-swell-location'. See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion y-oʔʁon-ta Lit. '3p actor-swim-continuative'. See Language page
think pensar pensar mental r-aʔdeen-ataʁan Lit. '3p actor-think, know-intrans'. See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact i-naḳ See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact koɲiʔ Lit. '(zero) 3p actor-bind, imprison'. See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other pil-eʔt-ot Lit. '(zero) 3p actor-return-direct-toward'. See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body ne-sal See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion ḳawa See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other r-oʔweenat-aʁan Intrans. form. See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body r-atoo See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body l-oʔleg-aʁan-aʁat Lit. '3rd poss-?-intrans-instr.(masc)'. See Language page
tooth diente dente body l-owe See Language page
two dos dois number [doos]-olḳaiʔ From Span. 'dos' + diminutive (plural several). See Language page
water agua agua environment waʁayaḳ See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar -- no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar -- See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality y-akit See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar negeʔ See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar lagi See Language page
where? donde onde grammar w-a-ʔge Lit. '(zero)3p actor-free location-aspect-along'. See Language page
white blanco branco colour y-alagaḳ Also l-alagaʁ-aik, 'prefix-white-adj (masc)'. See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar negeʔ See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship l-owa Means 'spouse'. See Language page
wind viento vento environment nonot See Language page
wing ala asa body l-awa Also means 'arm' 04.310. See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human ʔaalo See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour ḳoɲi See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar ḳamiri; ḳamii See Language page
foot pie pé body l-apiaʔ See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar l-iya; lotḳai The former is '3p possessor-other'. See Language page
all todo todos other -ʔoge; -ke These forms occur with prefixes that indicate number, gender, and position of the following object. See note on pronouns (02.930) and corresponding chart in description of language. See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body l-ataw See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body li-šaaḳatčiki See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body y-aʔwe n-omaʔ Lit. '3p actor-cause 3p possessor-place'. Perhaps a euphemism. 'Fecal matter' is l-aʔt-ek. See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body l-ači See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body ne-noḳo-wek See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body re-šiki See Language page
bark corteza casca environment le-so See Language page
fingernail uña unha body le-nat See Language page
heart corazón coração body le-ʔtaʁanata See Language page
sun sol sol time raʔaasa See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment soʁonaʁa See Language page
green verde verde quality r-adala; l-adala Lit. '3p actor-green'. See Language page
hot caliente quente quality paʔe See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. n-aʔg-aʁan-aʁa See Language page Lit. 'prefix-bite-intrans-action (nom)'.
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna ayo; ḳoʔo See Language page
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes See Language page Widespread
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica ʔeeleʔ See Language page Widespread
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae koʔtokoʔ See Language page
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae rateksan See Language page Widespread South America
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family See Language page
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris pioḳ See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna nalʸin See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata le-kolaʁa-raik See Language page Lit. 'prefix-blue-adj (masc)'.
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna nan-aik See Language page Lit. 'coil-adj (masc)'.
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria redaʁak See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) šipgaḳ n-otese See Language page Lit. 'horse 3p possessor-glan penis'. Also waḳahɲi l-aʔt-ek, lit. 'star 3p possessor-defecate-obj (masc)'.
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes See Language page
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) waloḳ See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. See Language page Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) ʔwaḳa-pi See Language page Lit. 'bladed growth--plural many'.
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum n-aseer-ek See Language page Refers to a native plant whose root may be smoked.
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna ḳoʔpaḳ See Language page Fem. form. Cf. 'wood' 01.430.
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta [ma'ǰoka] See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. From local word 'mandioca (manioc)'.
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas [wa'tata] See Language page From local word 'batata'
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. See Language page .
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) ḳaʔpaʁa See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. loʔgilʸi See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. n-oweela See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae činaḳ See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis rapik l-apa-ʁat See Language page Lit. 'honey 3p possessor-?-instrument (masc)'.
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae so ɲiloʔ See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera so 'paare See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora ǰi pit See Language page
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones paʔlotoʁoik See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera pioḳ l-apa-ʁat See Language page Lit. 'dog 3p possessor-?-instrument (masc)'.
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera lataʁaɲi See Language page
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. ʔyat See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita rapik l-awoik See Language page Other varieties such as: naḳatek l-awoik; ḳoɲiʔ l-awoik.
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda ǰi let-aʔge lʸ-ik See Language page Lit. 'the 3p actor(zero)- moisten-along 3p possessor-trail'.
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae palačiregaʁa See Language page
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae ʔalolek See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu kos lowaʔ See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus ni-čig-oʁon-aʁa See Language page Lit. 'prefix-gnaw-intrans-action (nom)'.
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus reʔʁoneʔ See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material ne-paḳat-a Lit. '3p possessor-weave-obj (fem)'. See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material -- See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material l-omalaʔ See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material n-ḳaʔʁan-aʁaki Lit. '3p possessor-sit-enclosure (nom)'. See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport ḳom l-ahiʔ waʁayaḳ-se Lit. 'people 3p possessor-container water-obj (fem)'. See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology l-owaʁan-a Lit. '3p possessor-strike-obj (fem)'. See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology ʔn-aʁan-aʁai Lit. 'ridicule-intrans-adj (masc/fem)'. See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material le-ʔleg-aʁan-ḳate Lit. '3p possessor-sweep-intrans-instrument (fem)'. See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology l-oho See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other l-apo-ʁon-aʁat Lit. '3p possessor-cover-intrans-instrument (masc)'. See Language page
firewood leña lenha other ḳoʔpaḳ Masc. form; same as 'wood' 01.430. See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology n-kiʔi Lit. 'prefix-representation/ See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology ḳo-taʔa Traditional name for Supreme Being. Cf. 'father' 02.350. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology l-peʔt-e Lit. '3p possessor-blow-obj (fem)'. Also means 'horn' 18.730. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material le-kat See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool ḳaiʔpe especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool l-owik The arrow shaft is l-oʔʁoso. See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool l-aki See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool l-oʔʁošik arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material n-apeget See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool n-aʔweena See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material n-apeget See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool l-ḳatel-aʁan-aʁaki Lit. '3p possessor-bake-intrans-enclosure'. See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology l-asakin-ata See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool See Language page
wax cera cera other rapik n-apa Lit. 'honey 3p possessor-bunch'. See Language page
honey miel mel food rapik l-iʔi Lit. 'bees (a certain class of bee) 3p possessor-liquid'. Cf. 'pus' 04.851; 'soup' 05.640. See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture l-aɲik See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology pigim See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation [papel] From Span. 'papel'. See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology re-ʔgemata See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology ni-šin-ḳaʔ Lit. '3p possessor-bury-open space'. See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other l-aseer-aʁan-aʁaki Lit. '3p possessor-smoke-intrans-enclosure'. See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation ['kaɲa] From Span. 'caña'. See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material ne-loʁoki See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress la-pelaʔ See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation n-owaat-aʁan-aḳ le-ʔek Lit. 'prefix-watch-intrans-agent 3p possessor-member'. See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation regaat-olek Lit. 'tiger(jaguar)-diminutive (masc)'. See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation l-oʔgoʁon-ḳate Lit. '3p possessor-use as weapon-instrument (fem)'. Cf. 20.210. See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress n-adoʔo See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology l-aši; l-aʔg-aʁalaʔ The latter is '3p possessor-follow-agent (masc)'. See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool ne-pon See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool l-oḳoin-aʁan-aʁat l-ket Lit. '3p possessor-hook, trap-intrans-instrument (masc) 3p possessor-leash'. See Language page
salt sal sal food ʔwe See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology y-oʔwen See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool n-peʔt-aḳate Lit. '3p possessor-puff-instrument (fem)'. Also ne-ʔwer-ḳate, '3p possessor-chase-instrument (fem)', which means an insect chaser--used to fan away the bugs. See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food l-aʔaḳ; re-par-aʁan Respectively: to hunt for several days; to hunt for a day. See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food isekyak Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool ḳaʔpaʁa See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool l-awio Also means 'wheel' 10.760. See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool n-awio l-oʔo Lit. '3p possessor-mortar 3p possessor-master'. See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture -- prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food [ʔa'riɲa] From Span. 'harina'. See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool l-oḳoin-a Also means 'trap' 20.640. See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other ʔimek See Language page