Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

earth/soil

Semantic Field: environment
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: tierra
Meaning Portuguese: terra

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
Achagua	káinabi (h&r)	káinabi (h&r)		semantic shift	dirt		See Language page
Aché		ɨwɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Aguaruna	núgka	núngka		inheritance			See Language page
Akawaio	nong	nɔŋ		inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect	noŋ	noŋ					See Language page
Andoke	ñoĩ	ɲoĩ		unique			See Language page
Apalai	nono	nono		inheritance			See Language page
Arabana	wadlu			inheritance
Araona		mezizo				Tacn form is meći-.	See Language page
Arutani	iñã	iɲã					See Language page
Ashuar	núngka	nuŋka					See Language page
Ayoreo		n̥u'mi					See Language page
Baniwa	híipai	híipai		inheritance			See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	soo-ula' hōt-rol 207; cùval (K 1907 “land, earth”)			loan
Barasano	sita	sita					See Language page
Bardi	bo""r%	buur		inheritance
Bará		di'ta, je'pa					See Language page
Barí		ihtãã				Chibchan form is 'taBa.	See Language page
Baure	yinir, poewok	yinir, poewok		unknown; inheritance?			See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	soko-pin, soko-ppyh			inheritance
Bora	íínʸï-xɨ	íínʲɯ-xɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Bunuba	[missing]			missing
Burarra	jel			unknown
Cahuilla	tema-l			loan			S&H 1979
Camsa	bʃántse	bʃántse					See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra	tsaapo	tsaapo		unique			See Language page
Canela		ii-tɔ				Jê form is nɔ.	See Language page
Carapana	ñerĩ, yepa	ɲɛɾĩ, jɛpa					See Language page
Carijona	nono			inheritance			See Language page
Cavineña	mehihi; y-awa (G71); meči (G71)	mehihi; y-awa (G71); meči (G71)		inheritance			See Language page
Central Aymara	laq´a	uraḳi					See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	wal:i-			inheritance
Cha'palaa		tu					See Language page
Chemehuevi	tyvi/p(y)			inheritance
Chipaya		yoḳa					See Language page
Chiriguano		ɨwɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		axnat (f.)					See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	shup “earth, God, dirt, year”			inheritance			Klar 1977:83
Chumash Cruzeno	shup			inheritance			Klar 1977:83
Chumash Ineseno	shup			inheritance			Klar 1977:83
Chumash Obispeno	pu “earth, land”			inheritance			Klar 1977
Chumash Ventureno	shup			inheritance			Klar 1977:83
Chácobo	mai	mai		inheritance			See Language page
Cocopa	maT, ma\Tkwr7u/r			inheritance
Cofán	ande	andɛ				phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	sokoobI			inheritance
Cubeo	jobo, joborõ	xobo, xoborõ		inheritance			See Language page
Cuiva		íra	tierra, earth				Huber & Reed 1992:72
Cupeño	Tema-l	[təˈmal]		loan
Desano	yéba	jéba		inheritance			See Language page
Dhangu	munatha(')			inheritance
Dhuwal	munatha(')
Dhuwala	munatha(')			inheritance
Diyari	mitha			unique
DiyariREU	wadlu			inheritance
Djambarrpuyngu	2012			unknown
Djapu	munatha(')			unknown
Djeoromitxi	mĩ	mĩ					See Language page
Djinang	gurrbi			unknown
Dâw	çax	cax		inheritance			See Language page
Epena		'yooro					See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	meši	meši					See Language page
Esselen	maTa, matsa S. voc.			inheritance			Shaul 1995:197, 207; T&S 1981:107
Eñepa	ano	ano		inheritance			See Language page
Gabrielino	7o:xor/			inheritance
Gajirrabeng	yalwang			unique
Gooniyandi	banda
Guayabero		sat, as		inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
Gupapuyngu	munatha(')			inheritance
Gurindji	janja			inheritance
Hodï	ne			unique			See Language page
Huambisa	nugka	nuŋgka					See Language page
Hup	j'áh, b'ɔ̌k [= mud]	ɟ'áh, b'ɔ̌k [= mud]		inheritance			See Language page
Ignaciano		apakeʔe				Also has the meaning of directional 'down' 12.030.	See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	emat	[Ɂəˈmat̯]		inheritance
Ingá	alpa	alpa					See Language page
Iquito	níiya	níija		unique			See Language page
Itonama		tʸanisoʔte				Means to be on the ground.	See Language page
Jabirr-Jabirr	bo""r%	buur		inheritance
Jaru	janyja			inheritance
Jawi	buru	buru		inheritance
Kabiyari	ta'ka(a)ri	taʔka(a)ri					See Language page
Kaingang	ga	ŋa; ɛ̃prã					See Language page
Kakataibo		mee					See Language page
Kakua		bak		loan	Nadahup: Hup b'ɔk; see below 'flower' Hup ɔ > Kakua a; Nukak term distinct		See Language page
Kalapalo	ŋoŋo	ŋoŋo		inheritance			See Language page
Kamayurá	ɨwɨ (M2000)	ɨwɨ (M2000)		inheritance			See Language page
Karajarri	ngurra			semantic shift
Karajá		tɨti (?)					See Language page
Kariña	nono	nono	earth				Yamada 2010:781
Karitiana	ejepi, eje´ĩn	ejepi, ejeʔĩn		unknown			See Language page
Katukina		mai					See Language page
Kawaiisu	ty-bi, tii-py			inheritance
Kija	jila			inheritance
Kiliwa	7-mat			inheritance
Kitanemuk	tyvach			inheritance
Koreguaje	cha'o	dʒaʔo		inheritance			See Language page
Kotiria	dihta; dʉhtero; yahpa (all Waltz)	dihta; dʉhteɾo; jahpa (all Waltz)		inheritance			See Language page
Kwazá	tsãrã, -nũ	tsãrã, -nũ					See Language page
Lake Miwok	jo/wa			loan
Lengua		ɬapup					See Language page
Lokono	holholho	hoɽoɽo	earth				Pet 1987:356
Luiseño	7ex-la			inheritance
Maca		seheʔ (m.)					See Language page
Macaguan	as	as		inheritance			See Language page
Maidu	k'a\wi/			inheritance
Maihiki	yao ja	yao xã		inheritance			See Language page
Makiritare	nono (IDS)	nono (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Makuna	sita	sita		inheritance			See Language page
Makushi	non	non		inheritance			See Language page
Malyangapa	Mal: nhati			loan direction unknown
Mangala	molnyi (T)			unknown
Mapoyo	nono	nono					See Language page
Mapudungun		mapu				Same form in Ranquel. Also Ranquel ṭ͡ʀuvken.	See Language page
Matses	mannied, nidaid	mannied, nidaid		inheritance			See Language page
Minica Witoto	énï.e	έnɯ.ɛ					See Language page
Miriwung	jilang			inheritance
Mithaka	pala			inheritance
Mocoví		ʔlawa					See Language page
Mojave	7amat			inheritance
Mosetén-Chimané		yuči'haʔ; 'hak					See Language page
Movima	ɬakam̉-ɓa	ɬakam̉-ɓa					See Language page
Mudburra	yulu
Mudburra	yulu			inheritance
Muinane	xíínɨ-(xe)	xíínɨ-(xɛ)					See Language page
Muisca	iegui	ieγi					See Language page
Murui Witoto	enïru.e	ɛnɯru.ɛ		inheritance			See Language page
Mutsun	pire:			unknown			O77:104
Máku	boʔte	boʔte					See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect		ɟʌk					See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		ɟʌŋ		inheritance			See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	allpa	aʎpa					See Language page
Ngamini	walju			inheritance
Ngarinyin	ˈŋuřu	ˈŋuřu		loan	Pama-Nyungan
Ngarluma	barla
Ngumbarl	booroo	<booroo>		inheritance
Nheengatu	iwi (Mello2000)	iwi (Mello2000)		inheritance			See Language page
Nhirrpi	pala			inheritance
Nimanburru	bo""r%	buur		inheritance
Ninam	mašithak, mašit (EM72 "earth")	maʃ̌itʰak, maʃit		inheritance			See Language page
Nisenan	k'aw			inheritance
Nivaclé		koȼxaʔt	earth, land				https://ids.clld.org/
Northern Emberá	egoró, ẽhũá	egoró, ẽhũá					See Language page
Northern Mangarla	mulnyi
Northern Nyangumarta	warrarn			inheritance
Northern Paiute	tiipy “earth, etc.”			inheritance			Nichols 1974:19
Northern Sierra Miwok	wal:i-			inheritance
Nukak		naah2		unique			See Language page
Nyangumarta	warrarn			inheritance
Nyikina	buru	buru		inheritance
Nyulnyul	bo""r%	buur		inheritance
Nɨpode Witoto	énï.e	έnɯ.ɛ					See Language page
Ocaina	an̈oonhun, nahaaxo	an:õõʔɯ̃, naʔaaxo		inheritance			See Language page
Paakantyi	nharti			loan direction unknown
Paraguayan Guaraní		ɨvɨ					See Language page
Paresi	ewaikohera, waikohe 'land, region'			inheritance?			See Language page
Pemon	non (M2000)	noŋ (M2000)		inheritance			See Language page
Piapoco	cáli	káli					See Language page
Piaroa	redä'kä	redækʔæ		unique			See Language page
Pilagá		ʔa'lewa					See Language page
Pirriya	ngurra			semantic shift
Pitta-Pitta	mayi			inheritance
Plains Miwok	jot:ok			inheritance
Puinave	niti u	niti u		unique			See Language page
Pumé	dabú						See Language page
Páez	quiwe						See Language page
Qawasqar		xaley-tḳal				Also wes-tkal.	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	allpa, pacha	aʎpa, patʃa					See Language page
Resígaro	hihi	hihi		inheritance			See Language page
Rirratjingu	garminyarr', munatha			inheritance
Ritharrngu	gabaṉ			unknown
Salinan A	(t)cxo7 (A),			unknown
Salinan M	la:k' 'country, land'			unknown			Mason 1918:132
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		ɬipop					See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		ɬoopʔaktek; naaɬpop					See Language page
Sanumá	mašitha (EM72 "earth")	maʃitʰa		inheritance			See Language page
Sape	inokučin (morphologically complex?)	inokutʃin (morphologically complex?)					See Language page
Secoya	yeja	jeha					See Language page
Selknam		harwn					See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	hant			unknown
Serrano	tiYva-T			inheritance
Sikuani	ira (2)			doubtful loan	Arutani-Sape iñã		See Language page
Siona	yiha; yaʔo	jiha; jaʔo		inheritance			See Language page
Siriano	nicṹ, yeebá	ni kṹ, jeebá					See Language page
Sirionó	ibi	ibi		inheritance			See Language page
Southern Paiute	tyvi-G			inheritance
Southern Pastaza Quechua	allpa	aʎpa					See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	tol:e-			unknown
Southern Ute	tyvyipY, tyvypY, tyvwipY			inheritance
Suyá	puka, kuka	puka, kuka					See Language page
Sáliva	saji, sẽxẽ	sahi, sẽxẽ		unique			See Language page
Tanimuca	kaʔ'ia	kaʔ'ia		unique			See Language page
Tariana	hípai (Payne91)	hípai (Payne91)		inheritance			See Language page
Tatuyo	je'pa, 'hi'ta	je'pa, 'hi'ta					See Language page
Taushiro	u´untu	uʔuntu					See Language page
Tehuelche		'tēm				Colored earth that is used for painting one's body: 'kˀapr, 'white earth'; 'kˀē-šn-we, 'red earth (used to paint the cheeks), ' cf. 'face' 04.204.	See Language page
Tikuna	nhá-tô (Alv44)	ñáʔto		unique			See Language page
Tiriyó	nono	nono		inheritance			See Language page
Toba		ʔalwa					See Language page
Trinitario		'motehi					See Language page
Trumai	tenexne	tenexne		unique			See Language page
Tukano	di' tá	di' tá		inheritance			See Language page
Tuyuka	di'ta	diʔta					See Language page
Tübatulabal	shuwaal “earth”			loan
Tümpisa Shoshone	sokopin			inheritance
Urarina	atane	atane		unique			See Language page
Wai Wai	roowo, aΦačak-rɨ (mud)	roowo, aΦačak-rɨ (mud)		inheritance?; unique			See Language page
Waikhana	diʔ'ta, jeʔ'pa	diʔ'ta, jeʔ'pa					See Language page
Waimaja	hitʰá	hitʰá					See Language page
Walmajarri	nguwa			inheritance
Wangkayutyuru	nguda			semantic shift
Waorani	õ-gipo			unique			See Language page
Wapishana	imiʔi	imiʔi		unique			See Language page
Wappo	cHow			unknown
Warao	ina (land?)	ina (land?)					See Language page
Wari	macan' (E&K97)	makanʔ (E&K97)					See Language page
Warrwa	y	buru		inheritance
Washo	ngo/wa			unknown			J239
Waurá	kehɨ-tɨ	kehɨ-tɨ		unknown			See Language page
Wayampi	ɨwɨ	ɨwɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Wayana	lo	lo		inheritance			See Language page
Wayuu		mmoo-ľuʔu (~mma + luʔu)				Also means 'floor' 07.260.	See Language page
Western Mono	ty/bi/pY			inheritance
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		tˀen-'tah				tˀen means 'hard' 15.740.	See Language page
Wintu	po:m			inheritance
Yabarana		nono					See Language page
Yagua	mucadi	mukandi		unique			See Language page
Yaminahua		mai					See Language page
Yan-nhangu	munatha			inheritance
Yandruwandha	pala			inheritance
Yanomam	mašitha (EM72 "earth")	maʃitʰa		inheritance			See Language page
Yanomami	mašitha (EM72 "earth")	maʃitʰa		inheritance			See Language page
Yarluyandi	woilju			inheritance
Yavapai	ma^t			inheritance
Yavitero	ka'hac̷i	kaʔhatsi					See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	padla			inheritance
Yawuru	buru	buru		inheritance
Yokuts Palewyami	happil			inheritance			JPH in Gamble 91
Yokuts Yawdanchi	p'a:n “land” 239; p'a:an 243;			inheritance			K07:239,243
Yokuts Yowlumne	xoT'oy (n1)			inheritance			K 1963, G1964
Yuhup	c'ah	c'ah		inheritance			See Language page
Yuki	7on			inheritance			S&S 1984
Yukpa	kúsunche	nono					See Language page
Yukuna	te'erí	teʔeɾí		unique			See Language page
Yuma	7ama/T H1:26			inheritance
Yuruti	di'tá, je'pá	di'tá, je'pá					See Language page
Záparo	rapaka	ɾapaka					See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect
Andoke
Apalai
Arabana
Araona
Arutani
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bardi
Bará
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Canela
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Cruzeno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jaru
Jawi
Kabiyari
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Kalapalo
Kamayurá
Karajarri
Karajá
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Malyangapa
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Máku
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngarinyin
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Sape
Secoya
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Suyá
Sáliva
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Taushiro
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Warao
Wari
Warrwa
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuhup
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuma
Yuruti
Záparo

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