Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

earth/soil

Semantic Field
environment
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
tierra
Meaning Portuguese
terra

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Bankalachi Toloim soo-ula' hōt-rol 207; cùval (K 1907 “land, earth”) loan
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone soko-pin, soko-ppyh inheritance
Cahuilla tema-l loan S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok wal:i- inheritance
Chemehuevi tyvi/p(y) inheritance
Chumash Barbareno shup “earth, God, dirt, year” inheritance Klar 1977:83
Chumash Cruzeno shup inheritance Klar 1977:83
Chumash Ineseno shup inheritance Klar 1977:83
Chumash Obispeno pu “earth, land” inheritance Klar 1977
Chumash Ventureno shup inheritance Klar 1977:83
Cocopa maT, ma\Tkwr7u/r inheritance
Comanche sokoobI inheritance
Cupeño Tema-l [təˈmal] loan
Esselen maTa, matsa S. voc. inheritance Shaul 1995:197, 207; T&S 1981:107
Gabrielino 7o:xor/ inheritance
Iipay 'Aa emat [Ɂəˈmat̯] inheritance
Kawaiisu ty-bi, tii-py inheritance
Kiliwa 7-mat inheritance
Kitanemuk tyvach inheritance
Lake Miwok jo/wa loan
Luiseño 7ex-la inheritance
Maidu k'a\wi/ inheritance
Mojave 7amat inheritance
Mutsun pire: unknown O77:104
Nisenan k'aw inheritance
Northern Paiute tiipy “earth, etc.” inheritance Nichols 1974:19
Northern Sierra Miwok wal:i- inheritance
Plains Miwok jot:ok inheritance
Salinan A (t)cxo7 (A), unknown
Salinan M la:k' 'country, land' unknown Mason 1918:132
Seri (Comcaac) hant unknown
Serrano tiYva-T inheritance
Southern Paiute tyvi-G inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok tol:e- unknown
Southern Ute tyvyipY, tyvypY, tyvwipY inheritance
Tübatulabal shuwaal “earth” loan
Tümpisa Shoshone sokopin inheritance
Wappo cHow unknown
Washo ngo/wa unknown J239
Western Mono ty/bi/pY inheritance
Wintu po:m inheritance
Yavapai ma^t inheritance
Yokuts Palewyami happil inheritance JPH in Gamble 91
Yokuts Yawdanchi p'a:n “land” 239; p'a:an 243; inheritance K07:239,243
Yokuts Yowlumne xoT'oy (n1) inheritance K 1963, G1964
Yuki 7on inheritance S&S 1984
Yuma 7ama/T H1:26 inheritance
Baniwa híipai híipai inheritance See Language page
Carijona nono inheritance See Language page
Cubeo jobo, joborõ xobo, xoborõ inheritance See Language page
Dâw çax cax inheritance See Language page
Desano yéba jéba inheritance See Language page
Eñepa ano ano inheritance See Language page
Hodï ne unique See Language page
Waorani õ-gipo unique See Language page
Hup j'áh, b'ɔ̌k [= mud] ɟ'áh, b'ɔ̌k [= mud] inheritance See Language page
Kakua bak loan Nadahup: Hup b'ɔk; see below 'flower' Hup ɔ > Kakua a; Nukak term distinct See Language page
Makushi non non inheritance See Language page
Nheengatu iwi (Mello2000) iwi (Mello2000) inheritance See Language page
Ninam mašithak, mašit (EM72 "earth") maʃ̌itʰak, maʃit inheritance See Language page
Nukak naah2 unique See Language page
Maihiki yao ja yao xã inheritance See Language page
Pemon non (M2000) noŋ (M2000) inheritance See Language page
Resígaro hihi hihi inheritance See Language page
Sanumá mašitha (EM72 "earth") maʃitʰa inheritance See Language page
Sikuani ira (2) doubtful loan Arutani-Sape iñã See Language page
Tariana hípai (Payne91) hípai (Payne91) inheritance See Language page
Tukano di' tá di' tá inheritance See Language page
Kotiria dihta; dʉhtero; yahpa (all Waltz) dihta; dʉhteɾo; jahpa (all Waltz) inheritance See Language page
Yanomam mašitha (EM72 "earth") maʃitʰa inheritance See Language page
Yanomami mašitha (EM72 "earth") maʃitʰa inheritance See Language page
Yukuna te'erí teʔeɾí unique See Language page
Yuhup c'ah c'ah inheritance See Language page
Arabana wadlu inheritance
Bardi bo""r% buur inheritance
Bunuba [missing] missing
Burarra jel unknown
Dhangu munatha(') inheritance
Dhuwal munatha(')
Dhuwala munatha(') inheritance
Diyari mitha unique
DiyariREU wadlu inheritance
Djambarrpuyngu 2012 unknown
Djapu munatha(') unknown
Djinang gurrbi unknown
Gajirrabeng yalwang unique
Gooniyandi banda
Gupapuyngu munatha(') inheritance
Gurindji janja inheritance
Jabirr-Jabirr bo""r% buur inheritance
Jaru janyja inheritance
Jawi buru buru inheritance
Karajarri ngurra semantic shift
Kija jila inheritance
Malyangapa Mal: nhati loan direction unknown
Mangala molnyi (T) unknown
Miriwung jilang inheritance
Mithaka pala inheritance
Mudburra yulu
Mudburra yulu inheritance
Ngamini walju inheritance
Ngarinyin ˈŋuřu ˈŋuřu loan Pama-Nyungan
Ngarluma barla
Ngumbarl booroo <booroo> inheritance
Nhirrpi pala inheritance
Nimanburru bo""r% buur inheritance
Northern Mangarla mulnyi
Northern Nyangumarta warrarn inheritance
Nyangumarta warrarn inheritance
Nyikina buru buru inheritance
Nyulnyul bo""r% buur inheritance
Paakantyi nharti loan direction unknown
Pirriya ngurra semantic shift
Pitta-Pitta mayi inheritance
Rirratjingu garminyarr', munatha inheritance
Ritharrngu gabaṉ unknown
Walmajarri nguwa inheritance
Wangkayutyuru nguda semantic shift
Warrwa y buru inheritance
Yan-nhangu munatha inheritance
Yandruwandha pala inheritance
Yarluyandi woilju inheritance
Yawarrawarrka padla inheritance
Yawuru buru buru inheritance
Achagua káinabi (h&r) káinabi (h&r) semantic shift dirt See Language page
Piapoco cáli káli See Language page
Kabiyari ta'ka(a)ri taʔka(a)ri See Language page
Yavitero ka'hac̷i kaʔhatsi See Language page
Wapishana imiʔi imiʔi unique See Language page
Wayuu mmoo-ľuʔu (~mma + luʔu) Also means 'floor' 07.260. See Language page
Paresi ewaikohera, waikohe 'land, region' inheritance? See Language page
Ignaciano apakeʔe Also has the meaning of directional 'down' 12.030. See Language page
Trinitario 'motehi See Language page
Baure yinir, poewok yinir, poewok unknown; inheritance? See Language page
Waurá kehɨ-tɨ kehɨ-tɨ unknown See Language page
Arutani iñã iɲã See Language page
Sape inokučin (morphologically complex?) inokutʃin (morphologically complex?) See Language page
Cha'palaa tu See Language page
Bora íínʸï-xɨ íínʲɯ-xɨ inheritance See Language page
Muinane xíínɨ-(xe) xíínɨ-(xɛ) See Language page
Akawaio nong nɔŋ inheritance Proto-Carib See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect noŋ noŋ See Language page
Apalai nono nono inheritance See Language page
Wayana lo lo inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó nono nono inheritance See Language page
Makiritare nono (IDS) nono (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo nono nono See Language page
Wai Wai roowo, aΦačak-rɨ (mud) roowo, aΦačak-rɨ (mud) inheritance?; unique See Language page
Yabarana nono See Language page
Yukpa kúsunche nono See Language page
Kalapalo ŋoŋo ŋoŋo inheritance See Language page
Muisca iegui ieγi See Language page
Barí ihtãã *Chibchan form is *'taBa. See Language page
Northern Emberá egoró, ẽhũá egoró, ẽhũá See Language page
Epena 'yooro See Language page
Guayabero sat, as inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page
Macaguan as as inheritance See Language page
Cuiva íra tierra, earth Huber & Reed 1992:72
Cofán ande andɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra tsaapo tsaapo unique See Language page
Taushiro u´untu uʔuntu See Language page
Páez quiwe See Language page
Tikuna nhá-tô (Alv44) ñáʔto unique See Language page
Urarina atane atane unique See Language page
Camsa bʃántse bʃántse See Language page
Andoke ñoĩ ɲoĩ unique See Language page
Pumé dabú See Language page
Puinave niti u niti u unique See Language page
Máku boʔte boʔte See Language page
Warao ina (land?) ina (land?) See Language page
Ashuar núngka nuŋka See Language page
Huambisa nugka nuŋgka See Language page
Aguaruna núgka núngka inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ɟʌŋ inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect ɟʌk See Language page
Matses mannied, nidaid mannied, nidaid inheritance See Language page
Kakataibo mee See Language page
Katukina mai See Language page
Yaminahua mai See Language page
Chácobo mai mai inheritance See Language page
Yagua mucadi mukandi unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua allpa aʎpa See Language page
Ingá alpa alpa See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua allpa aʎpa See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano allpa, pacha aʎpa, patʃa See Language page
Piaroa redä'kä redækʔæ unique See Language page
Sáliva saji, sẽxẽ sahi, sẽxẽ unique See Language page
Bará di'ta, je'pa See Language page
Barasano sita sita See Language page
Carapana ñerĩ, yepa ɲɛɾĩ, jɛpa See Language page
Makuna sita sita inheritance See Language page
Yuruti di'tá, je'pá di'tá, je'pá See Language page
Waikhana diʔ'ta, jeʔ'pa diʔ'ta, jeʔ'pa See Language page
Siriano nicṹ, yeebá ni kṹ, jeebá See Language page
Tanimuca kaʔ'ia kaʔ'ia unique See Language page
Tatuyo je'pa, 'hi'ta je'pa, 'hi'ta See Language page
Tuyuka di'ta diʔta See Language page
Waimaja hitʰá hitʰá See Language page
Koreguaje cha'o dʒaʔo inheritance See Language page
Siona yiha; yaʔo jiha; jaʔo inheritance See Language page
Secoya yeja jeha See Language page
Karitiana ejepi, eje´ĩn ejepi, ejeʔĩn unknown See Language page
Wayampi ɨwɨ ɨwɨ inheritance See Language page
Aché ɨwɨ inheritance See Language page
Chiriguano ɨwɨ inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ɨvɨ See Language page
Sirionó ibi ibi inheritance See Language page
Kamayurá ɨwɨ (M2000) ɨwɨ (M2000) inheritance See Language page
Ocaina an̈oonhun, nahaaxo an:õõʔɯ̃, naʔaaxo inheritance See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto énï.e έnɯ.ɛ See Language page
Minica Witoto énï.e έnɯ.ɛ See Language page
Murui Witoto enïru.e ɛnɯru.ɛ inheritance See Language page
Iquito níiya níija unique See Language page
Záparo rapaka ɾapaka See Language page
Wari macan' (E&K97) makanʔ (E&K97) See Language page
Araona mezizo *Tacn form is *meći-. See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo meši meši See Language page
Cavineña mehihi; y-awa (G71); meči (G71) mehihi; y-awa (G71); meči (G71) inheritance See Language page
Central Aymara laq´a uraḳi See Language page
Itonama tʸanisoʔte Means to be on the ground. See Language page
Kwazá tsãrã, -nũ tsãrã, -nũ See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané yuči'haʔ; 'hak See Language page
Movima ɬakam̉-ɓa ɬakam̉-ɓa See Language page
Trumai tenexne tenexne unique See Language page
Kaingang ga ŋa; ɛ̃prã See Language page
Canela ii-tɔ *Jê form is *nɔ. See Language page
Suyá puka, kuka puka, kuka See Language page
Karajá tɨti (?) See Language page
Djeoromitxi mĩ mĩ See Language page
Chipaya yoḳa See Language page
Mocoví ʔlawa See Language page
Pilagá ʔa'lewa See Language page
Toba ʔalwa See Language page
Lengua ɬapup See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité ɬipop See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet ɬoopʔaktek; naaɬpop See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay tˀen-'tah tˀen means 'hard' 15.740. See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja axnat (f.) See Language page
Maca seheʔ (m.) See Language page
Nivaclé koȼxaʔt earth, land https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo n̥u'mi See Language page
Mapudungun mapu Same form in Ranquel. Also Ranquel ṭ͡ʀuvken. See Language page
Qawasqar xaley-tḳal Also wes-tkal. See Language page
Selknam harwn See Language page
Tehuelche 'tēm Colored earth that is used for painting one's body: 'kˀapr, 'white earth'; 'kˀē-šn-we, 'red earth (used to paint the cheeks), ' cf. 'face' 04.204. See Language page
Lokono holholho hoɽoɽo earth Pet 1987:356
Kariña nono nono earth Yamada 2010:781