Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Qawasqar

Family: Kawesqaran
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: alc
Location: -49.70°, -75.38°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary

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Data Sources: Clairis, Christos & José Pedro Viegas Barros. 2007. Qawasqar. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	c̷e	Also means 'we' 02.940. Sk, Bo record c̷eɬ for Central QWS. SpS records c̷o for South QWS.	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	c̷aw	Bo records kwoy-kyekal for Central QWS. SpS records okakɬ for South QWS.	See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	c̷aw	Bo, Sk, Gui record c̷awɬ for Central QWS.	See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	c̷aw	Bo records c̷awɬ-kyekal for Central QWS.	See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	arka		See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	ḳoteyo		See Language page
all	todo	todos	other			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	ḳʰat-ḳʰar	From Ag, cf. 'calf of leg' 04.352. Fi, Hy record akolapa for South QWS, which also means 'wrist' 04.321.	See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	xanḳstay	From Ag.	See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	aymaḳʰar	Bo, Sk record tasel for Central QWS.	See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	taḳʰay-ḳte	Also takʰay-tkal; kyot-kʰar, cf. 'behind' 12.011.Bo records kyotkʰar for Central QWS. Hy records tokʰol; Fi records tokʰal-kte for South QWS.	See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	asar	Sk, Bo, Fe record c̷eɬaper for Central QWS.	See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	ḳʰar-ḳawes	Lit. 'tree-skin' 04.120. Gui records kowas; Bo records taras for Central QWS, cf. 'paper' 18.560. SpS records penar for South QWS.	See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	aḳyaw	From Ag. Also means 'womb' 04.470. Ag records kʰac̷en (also 'womb'); ows-kstay. Sk, Bo, Be, Co record kʰac̷el; Gui records kapatye, for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kopote for South QWS.	See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	erlay	Also Ag, Em record arakstawar. Bo records akwel for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record okwel for South QWS.	See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	c̷aḳˀawes	Also kc̷erafna, which also means 'sting'. Gus records yetas, cf. North yetaxaf, 'to eat well'. Fi, Hy records ekanes for South QWS.	See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	semen	Also akyawe, which also means 'night' and 'dark'. Bo, SpC record terekal; Gus, Sk record [pˀal], from Selknam 'pˀàr'. Fi records fkal; SpS records akyewokar for South QWS.	See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	ḳstanḳse	ClC, Sk, Bo, Be record kyeplayek for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record [sopa], from Yagan 'sapa'.	See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	seḳwas	Also sekwayeks. Gui records sekwas; Bo records sekolayek for Central QWS.	See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	ḳʰar	Sk, Bo record the same for Central QWS. Hy records the same for South QWS; Fi, Hy record oskya for South QWS.	See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	c̷exyaw	From Ag.	See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	aws	Also aws-yenes; yer-lay.	See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	yefa-tawan	Cf. 'eat' 05.110.	See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	eyxyol	Also kaweskʰar-yeke, lit. 'person-?-small' (02.100 and 12.560). Bo, Fe record ayol for Central QWS. SpS records ayol for South QWS. Fi records kose 'baby' for South QWS.	See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	arḳa-yeta	Cf. 'up' 12.080 and 'weave' 06.330. Bo, Li record the same for Central QWS. Gui records ayel, (cf. 'fog' 01.740). Hy records yel for South QWS.	See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	ḳyesas	Also kyepc̷es, which also means 'freeze'. Sk, Bo, Be, Gui record kyesas for Central QWS. Fi, SpS record kesas for South QWS.	See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	yec̷al	Also c̷eke-xak. Bo, Sk, Gui record lec̷al for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record yamaskona for South QWS.	See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	awas	Also peykyo, which also means 'to boil'.	See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	aḳtel-ḳsta	Sk, Bo, SpC, Li record at-ksta for Central QWS. Fi, SpS record yel-ksta for South QWS.	See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	c̷era-	Also Em records kenc̷as; oftak. Bo records c̷ereseso for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kopa for South QWS.	See Language page
day	día	dia	time	aswal	Sk, Bo, Be, Gui record kala for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record anokwal for South QWS.	See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	yexanar	Also kʰanana 'dead one'. Gus, Sk, Bo, Cy record tˀef; Fe records alkelera for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record welarkarwona for south QWS.	See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	ḳawe-lay	From Ag.	See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	ḳʰayel	Also means 'used'.	See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	aseḳsor		See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	c̷efa-lay	Also aktsa-wes; aktso-lay. Bo records aktso-lay; aktso-kwar for Central QWS. The North and Central forms also mean 'water' 01.310. Fi, Hy record afkela; Hy records c̷akol for South QWS.	See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	c̷elas	Also c̷elas-na; both forms also mean 'to dry'. Ag records anktsok.	See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	papas-ḳʰar		See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	ḳyawe	Bo, Be, Co record the same for Central QWS. AgC, Sk, Bo, Lu, Gui record kwerkyal; Sk, Bo, Fe record tel-kyol, which also means 'hear, listen', for Central QWS. Hy records tel; Fi records tel-tel for South QWS. Cf. 'hear' 15.410.	See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	xaley-tḳal	Also wes-tkal.	See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	yefa-yes	Also asake. Sk, Bo, Gui, Li record lefes; Bo, Be, SpC record tool for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record lofes for South QWS.	See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	yese	Bo, SpC, Gui record leɬe; Sk, Bo, Fe record yoreɬ for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record leɬe for South QWS.	See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	tes	Sk, Bo, Co, Be, Li, Lu, Fe, Gui record teɬ for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record teɬ for South QWS.	See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	ḳˀyeyeḳ	Sk, Bo record akot for Central QWS.	See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	c̷eḳar	Also karksayeks. Both forms mean 'slip and fall'. Sk, SpC record korkal for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record alas for South QWS. Cf. 'fly' 10.370.	See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	talaḳ	Also kyewyof. Bo records akate, cf. 'north' 12.470; Bo, Gui record xawel for Central QWS.	See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	c̷ewal	Also c̷ec̷ar. Sk, Bo record c̷ec̷ar; AgC, Bo record terweya for Central QWS. Fi records c̷awol; SpS records tarwaya for South QWS.	See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	fte	Also means 'to be afraid'. Sk records kyelo for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record otɬe for South QWS.	See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	c̷apas	'Plumage' is takyes. Various types of feathers are: Em, terk-terk; atke; ayoyewara; away. Bo, Sk, c̷apaɬ; Cy, terkar, for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, ayes, for South QWS.	See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	ḳsteyes-ḳʰar	Cf. ksteyes 'scrape, scratch'. Sk records yekɬ for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record eskol for South QWS.	See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	afc̷ˀar	Also means 'firewood'. Bo, Fe, SpC, Li record c̷ˀarkwes; Sk records statal for Central QWS, (cf. 'embers' 01.841). Fi, Hy, SpS record tetel for South QWS.	See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	c̷elḳwas		See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	yeḳstas	Sk, Bo record yekstaɬ for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record yekstaɬ for South QWS.	See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	alas	Also alayek. Sk records apas for Central QWS, cf. 'swift' 14.210. Fi, Hy record alas for South QWS.	See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	ayxer	Also kyeplas; alaxar. Sk records c̷etas for Central QWS.	See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	ḳʰat	Also means 'leg' 04.350. Bo, Co record the same for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kʰot-lekolkol for South QWS.	See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	layep	Sk, Bo, Fe, Cy record the same for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record the same for South QWS.	See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	arḳʰa	Sk, Bo also record arkʰar for Central QWS. North and Central forms also mean 'blue'.	See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	fsay-na	Also Ag records anas.	See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	eyoḳ	Bo records the same for Central QWS.	See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	terwa	Sk, Spc, Co, Li, Fe, Lu record the same for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record yekapar for South QWS, which also means 'forearm'.	See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	tes-ḳʰar	Lit. 'eye-instrumental' 04.210. Also kaftal-kʰar. Bo, Cy, Li record orkwar for Central QWS. Fi records oftsoka for South QWS.	See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	tel-ḳsor	From Ag, Em, also means 'listen'. Sk records tel-kyol for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record teles for South QWS.	See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	c̷enaḳs	Sk, Bo record c̷elak for Central QWS. SpS records c̷ena- for South QWS.	See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	paḳyel	Fi, Hy record pakel for South QWS.	See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	ḳol	Sk records akwal.	See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	c̷eḳows	Also c̷elayker; c̷eyekar; c̷enak; c̷ektsaar; yerkʰo-lay.	See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	apʰen	Also aw-af-na, which also means 'burn'. Sk, Bo, Gui record apʰel for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record ketkayk for South QWS.	See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	ḳwa	Also means 'what?'	See Language page
if	si	se	grammar			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	alewe	Also loy, which also means 'enter'.	See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	ḳyoc̷-ḳtel	Sk, Bo record kyoc̷-ktel for Central QWS.	See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	ḳaar	Also eykwaker, which also means 'hit'. Em records yerakyar, 'kill with a stick'. Bo records kar for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record oftokola for South QWS.	See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	ḳowloḳ	Sk records koy for Central QWS.	See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	c̷efa-lay-tḳal	See 'lagoon' 01.341.	See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	ane-ḳsta	Sk, Bo record aleksta for Central QWS. Fi records feayel for South QWS.	See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	ḳse	Also means 'branch' 08.550; and 'fishscale' 03.653. Sk records kɬe for Central QWS. SpS records kenar.	See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	asan-tereḳ		See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	ḳʰat	Sk, Bo. Be, Fe, Lu, Gui record the same for Central QWS. North and Central form also means 'foot'. Fi, Hy record kʰot for South QWS.	See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	talay	Sk, Bo record pap for Central QWS. Cf. 'sit' 12.140.	See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	ḳsḳyal		See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	atʰaḳ	Bo records atʰaken for Central QWS.	See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	ḳstas		See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	yeḳstawes	Also Ag records tawanap; kamalay. Bo records teseper for Central QWS.	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	paroḳs	From Ag.	See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	aḳsenes	Gus, Sk record akses for Central QWS. Fi records akyenes for South QWS.	See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	c̷ewalc̷eḳ	ClC, AgC, Sk, Bo, Ca, Se, Si, Fe record [yeper], from Selknam 'yèpr', for Central QWS. SpS records alkaɬ for South QWS.	See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	yeḳaptsewe-ḳ-seles	seles means 'female'. Cf. yekap-c̷ewe, 'toward evening'. Also arka-k-seles (cf. 'up' 12.080). Ag, Em record akyewe-k-seles (cf. 'dark' 15.630). Bo, Sk, Be, Gui record yekaps-alok for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record [konako], from Yagan, for South QWS. In	See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	c̷ap	Sk, Bo, SpC record the same for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record the same for South QWS.	See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	arḳa-ḳʰar	Bo and Gui record the same for Central QWS. Cf. 'sky' 01.510; 'up' 12.080. Also wes-kʰar; cf. 'earth' 01.210.	See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	af-ḳstay	Sk, Bo, Be, Li, Cv, Lu record af-kɬtay for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record of-yare for South QWS. Cf. 'lip' 04.250; 'chin' 04.209.	See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	ḳtel		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	ḳyasen-ḳyot	From Ag.	See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	ḳwaḳyaḳ		See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	ḳyelef-ḳʰar	Also Ag records kelaf-estal; and yer-kʰar, which also means 'Adam's apple'. Sk, Be record kyoɬer-kʰar; Bo records c̷aɬertar for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record c̷aɬe-kʰar for South QWS.	See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	layep	Also means 'good, pretty'. Also c̷ˀepac̷ewel, which also means 'clean'.	See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	aḳyawe	Also means 'darkness' 01.620. Also yakapc̷ewe, which also means 'get dark'. Bo, Be, SpC record akyowe; Sk records kɬepe, which also means 'dark', for Central QWS. Hy records ako; Fi, Hy record yolape for South QWS.	See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	nows	Sk, Bo, Co, Gui record lowɬ for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record nowɬ for South QWS.	See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	arxa-na		See Language page
one	uno	um	number	taḳ-so	Sk, Bo, Fe record tako-tako for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record takwayto for South QWS.	See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	yetaḳsa	Also kseksa.	See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	af	Gui records the same for Central QWS. Bo records xalel for Central QWS. SpS records af for South QWS.	See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	ḳawas-ḳʰar		See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	aperḳs	Neutral morpheme; no verb-noun differentiation. Also kapkas. Sk, Ir record apers; Bo, SpC record kapkas for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kapkas for South QWS.	See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	ḳyeyero	Sk, Bo, SpC record kyero for Central QWS. SpS records tˀel for South QWS. Cf. 'yellow' 15.690.	See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	ḳeyaxan-tereḳ	Means 'to the right'.	See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	wes-pel	wes is 'earth'. Also Ag records kskareks; alo. Bo records wes-epel for Central QWS.	See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	aḳs-na	From Ag. Cf. 'stinking' 15.260. Ag. records fkanoks-na; Gui records paskes.	See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	ḳyepc̷aḳs	Bo records kyapc̷akɬ for Central QWS. Hy records [pawntel] for South QWS, from Yagan 'pantel'.	See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	ese-tel	Also Ag records ase-lay.	See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	ye-ḳsor	Sk, Bo record le-ksor for Central QWS.	See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	yeftawas	Cf. 'throw a stick, hunt' yefto-lay; 'throw rocks' xowtas; 'to spear' akyar; kerkstes. Bo, Gui record kaynel; Bo records akyar for Central QWS. SpS records yeftela for South QWS.	See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	tˀaw		See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	taḳʰon	Bo records takʰol-kʰar for Central QWS.	See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	al		See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	pap	Sk, Bo, SpC record sakar for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record sokar for South QWS.	See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	ḳawes	Bo, Sk record kos; Bo records yelo for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kokolayek for South QWS.	See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	arḳa-c̷ewe	arka means 'up' 12.080. Also astes-c̷ewe. Bo, Sk record arka for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record akowa for South QWS.	See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	tḳame	Also Ag, Em, Ha record kwonak; kawokyar. Bo, Sk, Be record c̷erksta for Central QWS, cf. 'snore' 04.612. Fi, Hy record kekyol for South QWS.	See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	yeḳe	Also means 'few'. Sk, Bo, Gui record yekyot for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record yekwat for South QWS.	See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	ayeḳyo	Bo, SpC, Gui record tˀelks for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record tˀelks for South QWS. Cf. 'tobacco' 08.680.	See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	xanḳstas	Fi, Hy record oks for South QWS. Cf. 'fragrant' 15.250 and 'stinking' 15.260.	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	fteyes	Also yerksa. Bo records flokyar for Central QWS.	See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	altḳa	Means 'get up/rise'. 'Standing' is arkaw, cf. 'up' 12.080. Bo, Gui record arkaw for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record arko for South QWS.	See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	c̷elesewe	Also yekapc̷ewe-k-seles, which also means 'moon'. Bo, Sk, SpC, Ca, Gui record kolas for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, Sps record konas for South QWS.	See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	lol	Also means 'thief'. Bo, Gui record akwas for Central QWS.	See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	ḳyesaw	Also Em records alkareske. Bo, Sk, Co, Ca record kyeɬaw; AgC records kalkayeske for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record keɬaw for South QWS.	See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	c̷eptsas	Also Ag records c̷afakso. Bo records c̷afala for Central QWS. Cf. 'drink' 05.130.	See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	aswal-ḳ-seles	Lit. 'day-(suffix)-female' 14.410 + 02.240. Also arka-k-seles, which also means 'moon'. Also ac̷e-ksta; ac̷ˀayes, which both mean 'hot'. Bo, Sk, Be, SpC, Gui record arx-alok for Central QWS. South QWS is [lom], from Yagan 'lam'.	See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	selḳwaser	From Em.	See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	lalas	Sk records elpay for Central QWS. Fi, Hy records lempay for South QWS.	See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	ḳso	Also meltel, 'fish tail'. Ag, Em record kyoc̷ok, 'bird tail'.	See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	yesa	Also Ag, Em record keya. Sk, Bo record afke; Bo records kstas, cf. 'long' 12.570, for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record ofke for South QWS.	See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	ḳʰarsḳa	Also Ag, Em record kolet. Sk, Bo record ayep for Central QWS.	See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	c̷epas	Also c̷epa-lay, which also means 'remember'.	See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	woḳs-tow	From Ag. Sk, Bo record wokɬ-tow for Central QWS. Cf. 'two' 13.020 and 'other' tow. Fi, Hy record kopep for South QWS.	See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	ḳawora	Also kyelef-atel, cf. 'neck' 04.280. Em records arkstay. Sk, Bo, Gui record yel-kʰar; Sk records kyelef for Central QWS. Cf. 'neck' 04.280.	See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	aryor	Also Ag records keyero, which means 'red' 15.660. Bo, SpC, Gui record takal for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kayero for South QWS.	See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	altal		See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	ḳalaḳtes	Sk, Bo, Be, Co, Fe, Se, Lu record lekel for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record loken for South QWS.	See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	sereḳte	Sk, Bo, Be, Co, Fe, Se, Lu record the same for Central QWS.	See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	woḳs	Sk, Bo record wokɬ for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record telkwaw for South QWS.	See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	laal	Also Ag records tkal. ClC records kapelas for Central QWS.	See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	ḳsemnal	Also ksapatal; yestal; and as, which also means 'go'. Bo records as for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record as for South QWS.	See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	c̷efa-lay	Also akc̷awes; akc̷o-lay. Bo records akc̷o-lay for Central QWS. AgC, Gus, Sk, Bo, Be, SpC, Cy record akc̷o-kwar for Central QWS. All these forms also mean 'drink'. Fi, Hy, SpS record c̷awas for South QWS.	See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	c̷ams-na	Also c̷ams, which also means 'sea'. Sk records stolaka for Central QWS. Cf. 'drop' 10.160.	See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	aḳwaso	Also kwa, which also means 'how?'. Bo records akwaɬ for Central QWS.	See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	aḳwac̷ḳyoḳ		See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	aḳwac̷ḳyoḳ	Also means 'when?'.	See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	aḳyefḳyar	SpC records ekefkar; Sk, Bo, SpC record yekapeskar for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record akefkar for South QWS.	See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	paseso	Bo records peɬe for Central QWS. SpS records paɬeɬ for South QWS.	See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	aftsoḳ	Sk, Bo record kyawya for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record walok for South QWS, cf. 'female' 02.240.	See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	safḳyas	Bo, Sk record akatel for Central QWS. Fi, HY record orkwas for South QWS.	See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	terwa	From Em. Bo records tarwa for Central QWS. North and Central forms also mean 'hand' 04.330.	See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	esatap	SpC, Gui record eɬatap; AgC, Sk, Bo record serks for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record eɬarapes for South QWS.	See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	arḳyawe	Also Ag records antˀeleke. Bo records kartola for Central QWS.	See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	ḳaḳareḳs	From Em.	See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	tˀel	Bo records the same for Central QWS.	See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Phonemicized Form	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.		See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.		See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	saḳstar	See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	Bo records saktar for Central QWS. SpS records saktal for South QWS.
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia		See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	ḳc̷eryaap	See Language page		Also kerpowak. Bo records torkreyol for Central QWS. All mean a worm (in general).
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae		See Language page
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)		See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri		See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum		See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.		See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	ḳʰen	See Language page		From Ag. Also means 'grease, fat' 05.791.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	atoloc̷alaḳya	See Language page		From Ag. Bo records arc̷oyeskes for Central QWS.
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	[porota]	See Language page		From Span. 'poroto'. Also Em records aleyakstoska; c̷atalakska.
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		ḳayesḳa	See Language page		Bo, Cy record the same for Central QWS. SpS records the same for South QWS.
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala		See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba		See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	ḳyematela	See Language page		Fi records tomatola for South QWS. Cf. 'mosquito' 03.832.
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae		See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)		See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']		See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha		See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata		See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	c̷eḳelstaḳʰo	See Language page		Also yewelpaks. Bo records yarklatopa for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kyekyewol; Hy records pekyol for south QWS.
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris		See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda		See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea		See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.		See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria		See Language page
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu		See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua		See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura		See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae		See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.		See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	yeḳc̷al	See Language page		Gui records yec̷el for Central QWS. Refers to the 'huemul'.
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	ḳyoro	See Language page	Not native; widespread	ClC, AgC, Gus, Sk, Bo, SpC, Co, Fe Li, Gui record salkʰe for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record selokʰe for south QWS.
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae		See Language page
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	ḳayep	See Language page		AgC, Bo, Sk record the same for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record the same for South QWS. Refers to 'pato quetro'. Of the many names for 'duck', this term is the only one occurring in all three dialect areas.
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.		See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus		See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae		See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		yawc̷en	See Language page		Sk, Bo, Fe, Li record yawc̷el for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record [apompen], from Yagan 'apom', for South QWS.
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.		See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera		See Language page
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana		See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis		See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	c̷apḳstas	See Language page		From Ag, Em. Also means 'pasture' ksakawes. Bo record tsapɬ; Bo, Sk, Gui record sakalef for Central QWS. Hy records sakalef; Fi records ketare; Fi, Hy record kal for South QWS.
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans		See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba		See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti		See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.		See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola		See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi		See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae		See Language page
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis		See Language page
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus		See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]		See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae		See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.		See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.		See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic		See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca		See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura		See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra		See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.		See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays		See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.		See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta		See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta		See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa		See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	ḳyematela	See Language page		From Ag. Also means 'fly' 03.830. Bo records keyaltak for Central QWS.
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera		See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	atḳasap	See Language page		Also Ag records wosawa. Sk, Bo, Co, Gui record atkaɬap for Central QWS.
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)		See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis		See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae		See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	ḳoḳoles	See Language page	Widespread	Also Ag records takwatro. Bo records xolaps cor Central QWS. Fi, Hy record telkewol for South QWS.
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)		See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.		See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana		See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	parpar	See Language page	Widespread	Co records parpa for Central QWS. SpS records palpa for South QWS.
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes		See Language page
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea		See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus		See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae		See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas		See Language page		plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae		See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones		See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua		See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata		See Language page
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	taḳˀoyawes	See Language page		Also c̷akʰe; yamakʰas. Ag, Em record takwak. All forms refer to sea snails.
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		terḳoyasoḳ	See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox		See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	ḳac̷ayema	See Language page		Also c̷ekyenaxar. Gui records koplap for Central QWS.
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.		See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae		See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.		See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.		See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris		See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera		See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea		See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura		See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	tˀelḳs	See Language page		Also means 'cigarette'. Cf. 'smoke' 01.830', footnote. Bo records tˀelks for Central QWS.
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria		See Language page	Widespread
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		ḳʰar	See Language page		Sk, Bo record the same for Central QWS. North and Central forms also mean 'stick' and 'bone'. Fi, Hy record yaroka; Fi, Hy record kafsa for South QWS.
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella		See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui		See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	aḳorasap	See Language page	Widespread South America	Bo records yakaraɬap for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record akoreka for South QWS.
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita		See Language page
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons		See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus		See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari		See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology			See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	ḳyeraḳʰana	Also [flec̷a], from Span. 'flecha'. Sk, Bo, Ir record arkyel for South QWS. Fi, Hy record anokwa for South QWS.	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	ḳaryesḳa	Also means 'coipo's tooth' (a rodent). Sk, Bo record kareske for Central QWS. SpS record karaskal.	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool		can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	tayo	Also kalakso. Sk, Bo, Co, Fe, Gui record tayo; Bo, Co record c̷ˀepas for Central QWS, which also means 'rush'. Fi, Hy record kayko for South QWS.	See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material			See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material			See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	talay-xo-tḳal	Sk, Bo record pap-e-tkal for Central QWS. Cf. 'lie down' 12.140.	See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	pap-o-tḳal	Cf. 'sit' 12.130.	See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool			See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation			See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture		if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	ḳyeraḳʰana	From Ag. Bo records kerakʰala for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kerekʰana for South QWS.	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	ḳelḳsta-ḳʰar	From Em. Cf. 'trash' kalksta.	See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	yemase	Cf. 'white man' yema; and 'go' as 10.470.	See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	ḳeyeto	Sk, Bo, Ca record yereto for Central QWS.	See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation			See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	c̷efteyxor	Also yerwose, which also means 'give orders'. Sk, Bo record sefteyor for Central QWS.	See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	awelḳa	AgC, Sk, Bo, Ca, Ir record ac̷ec̷o for Central QWS.	See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology		malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool		hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	arḳac̷ewe-ḳc̷es	From Ag. Cf. 'sky' 01.510. Also Ag records yema-arkac̷ewe-c̷kes, cf. 'white man' yema. Bo records arka-kerc̷es.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool			See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	aseḳsor		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology			See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture		Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	yec̷etḳana	From Ag.	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture		prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology			See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other			See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	afc̷ˀar	Also means 'fire'. Sk, Bo, Cy, Li, Gui record kakas for Central QWS. SpS records afsar for South QWS.	See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool			See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool			See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	tasensḳa	Also means 'bread' 05.510. Also [areyna] from Span. 'harina'.	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology			See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	ḳeyer-ḳstay	From Ag. Bo records kawakwer for Central QWS. Cf. 'bury' 04.780.	See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	c̷aleḳa	SpC records selekɬe for Central QWS. SpS records senekye for South QWS. All the forms means 'gun'. Cf. 'sling' 20.230. Bo records takal-kwa, 'cannon' for Central QWS, cf. 'thunder' 01.560, footnote.	See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	yeneḳ	Also Em records ktasekseya. Both forms actually mean 'cap'.	See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology		Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics			See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	at	Sk, Bo, SpC record the same for Central QWS. AgC, Bi, SpC record at-apye for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record at for South QWS.	See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	yepˀas	Also yektel; yefto-lay, which also means 'to throw a stick'. Bo records yepˀat for Central QWS.	See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	afsasḳe	Also c̷eraske, cf. 'cut' 09.220. ClC, AgC, Sk, Bo, Cy record aftaske for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record aftayla for South QWS.	See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress			See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool			See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	ḳc̷ewes-ḳʰar	Also means 'fish hook'. Also Ag records tafakay.	See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology			See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology			See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	teres	Cf. 'bark' 08.750, footnote. Sk, Fe record taykalka for Central QWS.	See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool			See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	tˀalḳs-ḳʰar	Sk, Bo record tˀelks-kʰar for Central QWS.	See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material			See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation			See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	peyḳyo-ḳʰar	Cf. 'cook' 05.210.	See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology			See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology			See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	c̷epaḳye-na	Also asaks. Gui records kapec̷elar for Central QWS.	See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	c̷ams	Bo records c̷apɬ for Central QWS. North and Central forms also mean 'sea' 01.320. SpS records akes for South QWS.	See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation			See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	[c̷eḳwor]	From Tehuelche 'čekor'. Bo, SpC record the same for Central QWS.	See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material			See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation			See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	yeḳtal	Bo, Li record lektal for Central QWS.	See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool			See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material			See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation			See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology			See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture		use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool		agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other			See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology		a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 97 of 97 entries