Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Qawasqar

Family
Kawesqaran
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
alc
Location
-49.70°, -75.38°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Clairis, Christos & José Pedro Viegas Barros. 2007. Qawasqar. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location arka See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment aymaḳʰar Bo, Sk record tasel for Central QWS. See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body taḳʰay-ḳte Also takʰay-tkal; kyot-kʰar, cf. 'behind' 12.011.Bo records kyotkʰar for Central QWS. Hy records tokʰol; Fi records tokʰal-kte for South QWS. See Language page
bad mal mal quality asar Sk, Bo, Fe record c̷eɬaper for Central QWS. See Language page
belly barriga barriga body aḳyaw From Ag. Also means 'womb' 04.470. Ag records kʰac̷en (also 'womb'); ows-kstay. Sk, Bo, Be, Co record kʰac̷el; Gui records kapatye, for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kopote for South QWS. See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location See Language page
big grande grande quality erlay Also Ag, Em record arakstawar. Bo records akwel for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record okwel for South QWS. See Language page
black negro preto colour semen Also akyawe, which also means 'night' and 'dark'. Bo, SpC record terekal; Gus, Sk record [pˀal], from Selknam 'pˀàr'. Fi records fkal; SpS records akyewokar for South QWS. See Language page
blood sangre sangue body ḳstanḳse ClC, Sk, Bo, Be record kyeplayek for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record [sopa], from Yagan 'sapa'. See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body See Language page
bone hueso osso body ḳʰar Sk, Bo record the same for Central QWS. Hy records the same for South QWS; Fi, Hy record oskya for South QWS. See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body c̷exyaw From Ag. See Language page
child niño, niña criança human eyxyol Also kaweskʰar-yeke, lit. 'person-?-small' (02.100 and 12.560). Bo, Fe record ayol for Central QWS. SpS records ayol for South QWS. Fi records kose 'baby' for South QWS. See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment arḳa-yeta Cf. 'up' 12.080 and 'weave' 06.330. Bo, Li record the same for Central QWS. Gui records ayel, (cf. 'fog' 01.740). Hy records yel for South QWS. See Language page
cold frío frio quality ḳyesas Also kyepc̷es, which also means 'freeze'. Sk, Bo, Be, Gui record kyesas for Central QWS. Fi, SpS record kesas for South QWS. See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality See Language page
day día dia time aswal Sk, Bo, Be, Gui record kala for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record anokwal for South QWS. See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality ḳʰayel Also means 'used'. See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality c̷elas Also c̷elas-na; both forms also mean 'to dry'. Ag records anktsok. See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment papas-ḳʰar See Language page
ear oreja orelha body ḳyawe Bo, Be, Co record the same for Central QWS. AgC, Sk, Bo, Lu, Gui record kwerkyal; Sk, Bo, Fe record tel-kyol, which also means 'hear, listen', for Central QWS. Hy records tel; Fi records tel-tel for South QWS. Cf. 'hear' 15.410. See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment xaley-tḳal Also wes-tkal. See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna yese Bo, SpC, Gui record leɬe; Sk, Bo, Fe record yoreɬ for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record leɬe for South QWS. See Language page
eye ojo olho body tes Sk, Bo, Co, Be, Li, Lu, Fe, Gui record teɬ for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record teɬ for South QWS. See Language page
far lejos longe quality talaḳ Also kyewyof. Bo records akate, cf. 'north' 12.470; Bo, Gui record xawel for Central QWS. See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship c̷ewal Also c̷ec̷ar. Sk, Bo record c̷ec̷ar; AgC, Bo record terweya for Central QWS. Fi records c̷awol; SpS records tarwaya for South QWS. See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna c̷apas 'Plumage' is takyes. Various types of feathers are: Em, terk-terk; atke; ayoyewara; away. Bo, Sk, c̷apaɬ; Cy, terkar, for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, ayes, for South QWS. See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment afc̷ˀar Also means 'firewood'. Bo, Fe, SpC, Li record c̷ˀarkwes; Sk records statal for Central QWS, (cf. 'embers' 01.841). Fi, Hy, SpS record tetel for South QWS. See Language page
flower flor flor environment yeḳstas Sk, Bo record yekstaɬ for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record yekstaɬ for South QWS. See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment ayxer Also kyeplas; alaxar. Sk records c̷etas for Central QWS. See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora See Language page
good bueno bom quality layep Sk, Bo, Fe, Cy record the same for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record the same for South QWS. See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body eyoḳ Bo records the same for Central QWS. See Language page
hand mano mão body terwa Sk, Spc, Co, Li, Fe, Lu record the same for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record yekapar for South QWS, which also means 'forearm'. See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body tes-ḳʰar Lit. 'eye-instrumental' 04.210. Also kaftal-kʰar. Bo, Cy, Li record orkwar for Central QWS. Fi records oftsoka for South QWS. See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality paḳyel Fi, Hy record pakel for South QWS. See Language page
how? como como grammar ḳwa Also means 'what?' See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar c̷e Also means 'we' 02.940. Sk, Bo record c̷eɬ for Central QWS. SpS records c̷o for South QWS. See Language page
if si se grammar See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location alewe Also loy, which also means 'enter'. See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body ḳyoc̷-ḳtel Sk, Bo record kyoc̷-ktel for Central QWS. See Language page
lake lago lago environment c̷efa-lay-tḳal See 'lagoon' 01.341. See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment ḳse Also means 'branch' 08.550; and 'fishscale' 03.653. Sk records kɬe for Central QWS. SpS records kenar. See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body asan-tereḳ See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body ḳʰat Sk, Bo. Be, Fe, Lu, Gui record the same for Central QWS. North and Central form also means 'foot'. Fi, Hy record kʰot for South QWS. See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment See Language page
liver hígado figado body atʰaḳ Bo records atʰaken for Central QWS. See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality ḳstas See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna yeḳstawes Also Ag records tawanap; kamalay. Bo records teseper for Central QWS. See Language page
man/male hombre homem human aḳsenes Gus, Sk record akses for Central QWS. Fi records akyenes for South QWS. See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna c̷ewalc̷eḳ ClC, AgC, Sk, Bo, Ca, Se, Si, Fe record [yeper], from Selknam 'yèpr', for Central QWS. SpS records alkaɬ for South QWS. See Language page
moon luna lua environment yeḳaptsewe-ḳ-seles seles means 'female'. Cf. yekap-c̷ewe, 'toward evening'. Also arka-k-seles (cf. 'up' 12.080). Ag, Em record akyewe-k-seles (cf. 'dark' 15.630). Bo, Sk, Be, Gui record yekaps-alok for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record [konako], from Yagan, for South QWS. In See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship c̷ap Sk, Bo, SpC record the same for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record the same for South QWS. See Language page
mouth boca boca body af-ḳstay Sk, Bo, Be, Li, Cv, Lu record af-kɬtay for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record of-yare for South QWS. Cf. 'lip' 04.250; 'chin' 04.209. See Language page
name nombre nome human ḳtel See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality ḳwaḳyaḳ See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body ḳyasen-ḳyot From Ag. See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body ḳyelef-ḳʰar Also Ag records kelaf-estal; and yer-kʰar, which also means 'Adam's apple'. Sk, Be record kyoɬer-kʰar; Bo records c̷aɬertar for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record c̷aɬe-kʰar for South QWS. See Language page
new nuevo novo quality layep Also means 'good, pretty'. Also c̷ˀepac̷ewel, which also means 'clean'. See Language page
night noche noite time aḳyawe Also means 'darkness' 01.620. Also yakapc̷ewe, which also means 'get dark'. Bo, Be, SpC record akyowe; Sk records kɬepe, which also means 'dark', for Central QWS. Hy records ako; Fi, Hy record yolape for South QWS. See Language page
no/not no não grammar See Language page
nose nariz nariz body nows Sk, Bo, Co, Gui record lowɬ for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record nowɬ for South QWS. See Language page
old viejo velho quality arxa-na See Language page
one uno um number taḳ-so Sk, Bo, Fe record tako-tako for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record takwayto for South QWS. See Language page
other otro outro grammar See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body af Gui records the same for Central QWS. Bo records xalel for Central QWS. SpS records af for South QWS. See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human ḳawas-ḳʰar See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment aperḳs Neutral morpheme; no verb-noun differentiation. Also kapkas. Sk, Ir record apers; Bo, SpC record kapkas for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kapkas for South QWS. See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour ḳyeyero Sk, Bo, SpC record kyero for Central QWS. SpS records tˀel for South QWS. Cf. 'yellow' 15.690. See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body ḳeyaxan-tereḳ Means 'to the right'. See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture See Language page
root raíz raiz flora wes-pel wes is 'earth'. Also Ag records kskareks; alo. Bo records wes-epel for Central QWS. See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality aḳs-na From Ag. Cf. 'stinking' 15.260. Ag. records fkanoks-na; Gui records paskes. See Language page
sand arena areia environment ḳyepc̷aḳs Bo records kyapc̷akɬ for Central QWS. Hy records [pawntel] for South QWS, from Yagan 'pantel'. See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality See Language page
short corto curto quality tˀaw See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body taḳʰon Bo records takʰol-kʰar for Central QWS. See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental al See Language page
skin piel pele body ḳawes Bo, Sk record kos; Bo records yelo for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kokolayek for South QWS. See Language page
sky cielo céu environment arḳa-c̷ewe arka means 'up' 12.080. Also astes-c̷ewe. Bo, Sk record arka for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record akowa for South QWS. See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality yeḳe Also means 'few'. Sk, Bo, Gui record yekyot for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record yekwat for South QWS. See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment ayeḳyo Bo, SpC, Gui record tˀelks for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record tˀelks for South QWS. Cf. 'tobacco' 08.680. See Language page
star estrella estrela environment c̷elesewe Also yekapc̷ewe-k-seles, which also means 'moon'. Bo, Sk, SpC, Ca, Gui record kolas for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, Sps record konas for South QWS. See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment ḳyesaw Also Em records alkareske. Bo, Sk, Co, Ca record kyeɬaw; AgC records kalkayeske for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record keɬaw for South QWS. See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body ḳso Also meltel, 'fish tail'. Ag, Em record kyoc̷ok, 'bird tail'. See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar c̷aw Bo records c̷awɬ-kyekal for Central QWS. See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality yesa Also Ag, Em record keya. Sk, Bo record afke; Bo records kstas, cf. 'long' 12.570, for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record ofke for South QWS. See Language page
thin delgado fino quality ḳʰarsḳa Also Ag, Em record kolet. Sk, Bo record ayep for Central QWS. See Language page
this este/esta este grammar See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar c̷aw Bo, Sk, Gui record c̷awɬ for Central QWS. See Language page
throat garganta garganta body ḳawora Also kyelef-atel, cf. 'neck' 04.280. Em records arkstay. Sk, Bo, Gui record yel-kʰar; Sk records kyelef for Central QWS. Cf. 'neck' 04.280. See Language page
three tres tres number woḳs-tow From Ag. Sk, Bo record wokɬ-tow for Central QWS. Cf. 'two' 13.020 and 'other' tow. Fi, Hy record kopep for South QWS. See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment aryor Also Ag records keyero, which means 'red' 15.660. Bo, SpC, Gui record takal for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kayero for South QWS. See Language page
bite morder morder body c̷aḳˀawes Also kc̷erafna, which also means 'sting'. Gus records yetas, cf. North yetaxaf, 'to eat well'. Fi, Hy records ekanes for South QWS. See Language page
blow soplar soprar body seḳwas Also sekwayeks. Gui records sekwas; Bo records sekolayek for Central QWS. See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body aws Also aws-yenes; yer-lay. See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body yefa-tawan Cf. 'eat' 05.110. See Language page
climb subir subir motion See Language page
come venir vir motion yec̷al Also c̷eke-xak. Bo, Sk, Gui record lec̷al for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record yamaskona for South QWS. See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact awas Also peykyo, which also means 'to boil'. See Language page
count contar contar mental See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental aḳtel-ḳsta Sk, Bo, SpC, Li record at-ksta for Central QWS. Fi, SpS record yel-ksta for South QWS. See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact c̷era- Also Em records kenc̷as; oftak. Bo records c̷ereseso for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kopa for South QWS. See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state yexanar Also kʰanana 'dead one'. Gus, Sk, Bo, Cy record tˀef; Fe records alkelera for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record welarkarwona for south QWS. See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact ḳawe-lay From Ag. See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental aseḳsor See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body c̷efa-lay Also aktsa-wes; aktso-lay. Bo records aktso-lay; aktso-kwar for Central QWS. The North and Central forms also mean 'water' 01.310. Fi, Hy record afkela; Hy records c̷akol for South QWS. See Language page
eat comer comer body yefa-yes Also asake. Sk, Bo, Gui, Li record lefes; Bo, Be, SpC record tool for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record lofes for South QWS. See Language page
fall caer cair motion c̷eḳar Also karksayeks. Both forms mean 'slip and fall'. Sk, SpC record korkal for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record alas for South QWS. Cf. 'fly' 10.370. See Language page
fear miedo medo mental fte Also means 'to be afraid'. Sk records kyelo for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record otɬe for South QWS. See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion c̷elḳwas See Language page
fly volar voar motion alas Also alayek. Sk records apas for Central QWS, cf. 'swift' 14.210. Fi, Hy record alas for South QWS. See Language page
grow crecer crescer state fsay-na Also Ag records anas. See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental tel-ḳsor From Ag, Em, also means 'listen'. Sk records tel-kyol for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record teles for South QWS. See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion ḳol Sk records akwal. See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact c̷eḳows Also c̷elayker; c̷eyekar; c̷enak; c̷ektsaar; yerkʰo-lay. See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other See Language page
kill matar matar impact ḳaar Also eykwaker, which also means 'hit'. Em records yerakyar, 'kill with a stick'. Bo records kar for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record oftokola for South QWS. See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental ḳowloḳ Sk records koy for Central QWS. See Language page
laugh reír rir mental ane-ḳsta Sk, Bo record aleksta for Central QWS. Fi records feayel for South QWS. See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion talay Sk, Bo record pap for Central QWS. Cf. 'sit' 12.140. See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body ḳsḳyal See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other yetaḳsa Also kseksa. See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact See Language page
say decir dizer mental ese-tel Also Ag records ase-lay. See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact See Language page
see ver ver mental ye-ḳsor Sk, Bo record le-ksor for Central QWS. See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact yeftawas Cf. 'throw a stick, hunt' yefto-lay; 'throw rocks' xowtas; 'to spear' akyar; kerkstes. Bo, Gui record kaynel; Bo records akyar for Central QWS. SpS records yeftela for South QWS. See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state pap Sk, Bo, SpC record sakar for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record sokar for South QWS. See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body tḳame Also Ag, Em, Ha record kwonak; kawokyar. Bo, Sk, Be record c̷erksta for Central QWS, cf. 'snore' 04.612. Fi, Hy record kekyol for South QWS. See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body xanḳstas Fi, Hy record oks for South QWS. Cf. 'fragrant' 15.250 and 'stinking' 15.260. See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body fteyes Also yerksa. Bo records flokyar for Central QWS. See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state altḳa Means 'get up/rise'. 'Standing' is arkaw, cf. 'up' 12.080. Bo, Gui record arkaw for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record arko for South QWS. See Language page
steal robar roubar other lol Also means 'thief'. Bo, Gui record akwas for Central QWS. See Language page
suck chupar chupar body c̷eptsas Also Ag records c̷afakso. Bo records c̷afala for Central QWS. Cf. 'drink' 05.130. See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion lalas Sk records elpay for Central QWS. Fi, Hy records lempay for South QWS. See Language page
think pensar pensar mental c̷epas Also c̷epa-lay, which also means 'remember'. See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact altal See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body laal Also Ag records tkal. ClC records kapelas for Central QWS. See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion ḳsemnal Also ksapatal; yestal; and as, which also means 'go'. Bo records as for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record as for South QWS. See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other arḳyawe Also Ag records antˀeleke. Bo records kartola for Central QWS. See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body ḳaḳareḳs From Em. See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body ḳalaḳtes Sk, Bo, Be, Co, Fe, Se, Lu record lekel for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record loken for South QWS. See Language page
tooth diente dente body sereḳte Sk, Bo, Be, Co, Fe, Se, Lu record the same for Central QWS. See Language page
two dos dois number woḳs Sk, Bo record wokɬ for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record telkwaw for South QWS. See Language page
water agua agua environment c̷efa-lay Also akc̷awes; akc̷o-lay. Bo records akc̷o-lay for Central QWS. AgC, Gus, Sk, Bo, Be, SpC, Cy record akc̷o-kwar for Central QWS. All these forms also mean 'drink'. Fi, Hy, SpS record c̷awas for South QWS. See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality c̷ams-na Also c̷ams, which also means 'sea'. Sk records stolaka for Central QWS. Cf. 'drop' 10.160. See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar aḳwaso Also kwa, which also means 'how?'. Bo records akwaɬ for Central QWS. See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar aḳwac̷ḳyoḳ See Language page
where? donde onde grammar aḳwac̷ḳyoḳ Also means 'when?'. See Language page
white blanco branco colour aḳyefḳyar SpC records ekefkar; Sk, Bo, SpC record yekapeskar for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record akefkar for South QWS. See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar paseso Bo records peɬe for Central QWS. SpS records paɬeɬ for South QWS. See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship aftsoḳ Sk, Bo record kyawya for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record walok for South QWS, cf. 'female' 02.240. See Language page
wind viento vento environment safḳyas Bo, Sk record akatel for Central QWS. Fi, HY record orkwas for South QWS. See Language page
wing ala asa body terwa From Em. Bo records tarwa for Central QWS. North and Central forms also mean 'hand' 04.330. See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human esatap SpC, Gui record eɬatap; AgC, Sk, Bo record serks for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record eɬarapes for South QWS. See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour tˀel Bo records the same for Central QWS. See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar c̷aw Bo records kwoy-kyekal for Central QWS. SpS records okakɬ for South QWS. See Language page
foot pie pé body ḳʰat Also means 'leg' 04.350. Bo, Co record the same for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kʰot-lekolkol for South QWS. See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar ḳoteyo See Language page
all todo todos other See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body ḳʰat-ḳʰar From Ag, cf. 'calf of leg' 04.352. Fi, Hy record akolapa for South QWS, which also means 'wrist' 04.321. See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body xanḳstay From Ag. See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body ḳˀyeyeḳ Sk, Bo record akot for Central QWS. See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body paroḳs From Ag. See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body selḳwaser From Em. See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body See Language page
bark corteza casca environment ḳʰar-ḳawes Lit. 'tree-skin' 04.120. Gui records kowas; Bo records taras for Central QWS, cf. 'paper' 18.560. SpS records penar for South QWS. See Language page
fingernail uña unha body ḳsteyes-ḳʰar Cf. ksteyes 'scrape, scratch'. Sk records yekɬ for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record eskol for South QWS. See Language page
heart corazón coração body c̷enaḳs Sk, Bo record c̷elak for Central QWS. SpS records c̷ena- for South QWS. See Language page
sun sol sol time aswal-ḳ-seles Lit. 'day-(suffix)-female' 14.410 + 02.240. Also arka-k-seles, which also means 'moon'. Also ac̷e-ksta; ac̷ˀayes, which both mean 'hot'. Bo, Sk, Be, SpC, Gui record arx-alok for Central QWS. South QWS is [lom], from Yagan 'lam'. See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment arḳa-ḳʰar Bo and Gui record the same for Central QWS. Cf. 'sky' 01.510; 'up' 12.080. Also wes-kʰar; cf. 'earth' 01.210. See Language page
green verde verde quality arḳʰa Sk, Bo also record arkʰar for Central QWS. North and Central forms also mean 'blue'. See Language page
hot caliente quente quality apʰen Also aw-af-na, which also means 'burn'. Sk, Bo, Gui record apʰel for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record ketkayk for South QWS. See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. atoloc̷alaḳya See Language page From Ag. Bo records arc̷oyeskes for Central QWS.
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna ḳayesḳa See Language page Bo, Cy record the same for Central QWS. SpS records the same for South QWS.
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes ḳoḳoles See Language page Widespread Also Ag records takwatro. Bo records xolaps cor Central QWS. Fi, Hy record telkewol for South QWS.
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica parpar See Language page Widespread Co records parpa for Central QWS. SpS records palpa for South QWS.
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae See Language page
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae aḳorasap See Language page Widespread South America Bo records yakaraɬap for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record akoreka for South QWS.
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family ḳayep See Language page AgC, Bo, Sk record the same for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record the same for South QWS. Refers to 'pato quetro'. Of the many names for 'duck', this term is the only one occurring in all three dialect areas.
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris ḳyoro See Language page Not native; widespread ClC, AgC, Gus, Sk, Bo, SpC, Co, Fe Li, Gui record salkʰe for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record selokʰe for south QWS.
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna yawc̷en See Language page Sk, Bo, Fe, Li record yawc̷el for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record [apompen], from Yagan 'apom', for South QWS.
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata See Language page
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna terḳoyasoḳ See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis saḳstar See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls Bo records saktar for Central QWS. SpS records saktal for South QWS.
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes See Language page
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. ḳʰen See Language page From Ag. Also means 'grease, fat' 05.791.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. [porota] See Language page From Span. 'poroto'. Also Em records aleyakstoska; c̷atalakska.
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) c̷apḳstas See Language page From Ag, Em. Also means 'pasture' ksakawes. Bo record tsapɬ; Bo, Sk, Gui record sakalef for Central QWS. Hy records sakalef; Fi records ketare; Fi, Hy record kal for South QWS.
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum tˀelḳs See Language page Also means 'cigarette'. Cf. 'smoke' 01.830', footnote. Bo records tˀelks for Central QWS.
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna ḳʰar See Language page Sk, Bo record the same for Central QWS. North and Central forms also mean 'stick' and 'bone'. Fi, Hy record yaroka; Fi, Hy record kafsa for South QWS.
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis See Language page
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera c̷eḳelstaḳʰo See Language page Also yewelpaks. Bo records yarklatopa for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kyekyewol; Hy records pekyol for south QWS.
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora ḳc̷eryaap See Language page Also kerpowak. Bo records torkreyol for Central QWS. All mean a worm (in general).
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera ḳyematela See Language page Fi records tomatola for South QWS. Cf. 'mosquito' 03.832.
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. ḳyematela See Language page From Ag. Also means 'fly' 03.830. Bo records keyaltak for Central QWS.
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita See Language page
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda taḳˀoyawes See Language page Also c̷akʰe; yamakʰas. Ag, Em record takwak. All forms refer to sea snails.
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae ḳac̷ayema See Language page Also c̷ekyenaxar. Gui records koplap for Central QWS.
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus atḳasap See Language page Also Ag records wosawa. Sk, Bo, Co, Gui record atkaɬap for Central QWS.
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus yeḳc̷al See Language page Gui records yec̷el for Central QWS. Refers to the 'huemul'.


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material tayo Also kalakso. Sk, Bo, Co, Fe, Gui record tayo; Bo, Co record c̷ˀepas for Central QWS, which also means 'rush'. Fi, Hy record kayko for South QWS. See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material talay-xo-tḳal Sk, Bo record pap-e-tkal for Central QWS. Cf. 'lie down' 12.140. See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material pap-o-tḳal Cf. 'sit' 12.130. See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport yemase Cf. 'white man' yema; and 'go' as 10.470. See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material ḳelḳsta-ḳʰar From Em. Cf. 'trash' kalksta. See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology awelḳa AgC, Sk, Bo, Ca, Ir record ac̷ec̷o for Central QWS. See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other yec̷etḳana From Ag. See Language page
firewood leña lenha other afc̷ˀar Also means 'fire'. Sk, Bo, Cy, Li, Gui record kakas for Central QWS. SpS records afsar for South QWS. See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology arḳac̷ewe-ḳc̷es From Ag. Cf. 'sky' 01.510. Also Ag records yema-arkac̷ewe-c̷kes, cf. 'white man' yema. Bo records arka-kerc̷es. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material afsasḳe Also c̷eraske, cf. 'cut' 09.220. ClC, AgC, Sk, Bo, Cy record aftaske for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record aftayla for South QWS. See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool ḳaryesḳa Also means 'coipo's tooth' (a rodent). Sk, Bo record kareske for Central QWS. SpS record karaskal. See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool ḳyeraḳʰana Also [flec̷a], from Span. 'flecha'. Sk, Bo, Ir record arkyel for South QWS. Fi, Hy record anokwa for South QWS. See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool ḳyeraḳʰana From Ag. Bo records kerakʰala for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record kerekʰana for South QWS. See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport ḳc̷ewes-ḳʰar Also means 'fish hook'. Also Ag records tafakay. See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool peyḳyo-ḳʰar Cf. 'cook' 05.210. See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool See Language page
wax cera cera other See Language page
honey miel mel food only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture c̷epaḳye-na Also asaks. Gui records kapec̷elar for Central QWS. See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation teres Cf. 'bark' 08.750, footnote. Sk, Fe record taykalka for Central QWS. See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology aseḳsor See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology ḳeyer-ḳstay From Ag. Bo records kawakwer for Central QWS. Cf. 'bury' 04.780. See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other tˀalḳs-ḳʰar Sk, Bo record tˀelks-kʰar for Central QWS. See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress [c̷eḳwor] From Tehuelche 'čekor'. Bo, SpC record the same for Central QWS. See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation ḳeyeto Sk, Bo, Ca record yereto for Central QWS. See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation c̷aleḳa SpC records selekɬe for Central QWS. SpS records senekye for South QWS. All the forms means 'gun'. Cf. 'sling' 20.230. Bo records takal-kwa, 'cannon' for Central QWS, cf. 'thunder' 01.560, footnote. See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress yeneḳ Also Em records ktasekseya. Both forms actually mean 'cap'. See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology c̷efteyxor Also yerwose, which also means 'give orders'. Sk, Bo record sefteyor for Central QWS. See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool See Language page
salt sal sal food c̷ams Bo records c̷apɬ for Central QWS. North and Central forms also mean 'sea' 01.320. SpS records akes for South QWS. See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology yeḳtal Bo, Li record lektal for Central QWS. See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food yepˀas Also yektel; yefto-lay, which also means 'to throw a stick'. Bo records yepˀat for Central QWS. See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food tasensḳa Also means 'bread' 05.510. Also [areyna] from Span. 'harina'. See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other at Sk, Bo, SpC record the same for Central QWS. AgC, Bi, SpC record at-apye for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record at for South QWS. See Language page