Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

2pl

Semantic Field
grammar
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
ustedes
Meaning Portuguese
vocês

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ynnyn (sg), myhwyh (dl), mymmyn (pl) inheritance
Cahuilla et inheritance S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok miko\7 inheritance
Chemehuevi mym(i)/ (pl) inheritance
Chumash Barbareno p-ij- (pl; du is p-ish-); p-ij-ky (indep) inheritance Ono 1996:21
Chumash Cruzeno pishche (2), piche (pl) inheritance JPH
Chumash Ineseno p-, p-ish- dual, p-ij- plural A 166 A 166
Chumash Obispeno pikshy7 (pl) inheritance
Chumash Ventureno pi7 inheritance
Cocopa see “thou” inheritance
Comanche yny (sg), myhy, mykwy (dl), myny (pl) inheritance
Cupeño em [Ɂəm] inheritance
Esselen nomeT “You pl.) unknown Shaul 1995:197, 209
Gabrielino 7omoma (pl)- inheritance
Iipay 'Aa menyawaap [məɲaˈwaˑp] inheritance
Kawaiisu mumi inheritance
Lake Miwok mi/kko (plural) inheritance
Luiseño 7om-o/m (?) inheritance
Maidu mi/; mi/ncy “you all”, mi/nc'e “you two” inheritance
Mojave manych, many inheritance
Mutsun makam inheritance O77:159, 165
Nisenan mimik'e inheritance
Northern Paiute ymy (pl) inheritance SAA 1982
Northern Sierra Miwok miko- inheritance
Salinan A mo:m (A), you pl. unknown
Salinan M mom unknown Mason 1918:32
Seri (Comcaac) ma- (plural subject) unknown
Serrano i:m inheritance
Southern Paiute mym:i- you plur; -ngwy (encl) inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok mi-ko (plur) inheritance
Southern Ute ymY (sg), mynI (dl, pl) inheritance
Tübatulabal pum, puumu (subj plur) inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone ymmi inheritance
Wappo mi/si inheritance
Washo mi/: unknown J?
Western Mono yy/qwa (you pl.) inheritance
Wintu mil inheritance
Yavapai ma/chvchi inheritance
Yokuts Palewyami ma7an (2Pl; there is a dual) inheritance JPH Gamble 91
Yokuts Yawdanchi mam 270 inheritance K07:261,270
Yuki mo7os, mos inheritance S&S 1984
Arabana [missing] missing
Bardi ar-, ara- ar-, ara- inheritance
Bunuba [missing] missing
Burarra [missing] missing
Dhangu nyeli inheritance
Dhuwal nhuma semantic shift
Dhuwala nhuma semantic shift
Diyari yura inheritance
DiyariREU [missing] missing
Djambarrpuyngu nhuma semantic shift
Djapu nhuma semantic shift
Djinang ildji inheritance
Gajirrabeng genyegerr inheritance
Gooniyandi gidi
Gupapuyngu nhuma semantic shift
Gurindji nyurrulu inheritance
Jaru nyurra inheritance
Jawi kurr kurr inheritance
Karajarri -nyurra inheritance
Kija nengkerrepen inheritance
Malyangapa [missing] missing
Mangala nyurra inheritance
Miriwung nenggurr inheritance
Mithaka yura inheritance
Mudburra [missing] missing
Mudburra nyuntu tartu semantic shift
Ngamini yuRu inheritance
Ngarluma nyindaguru semantic shift
Ngumbarl koorrgarda, yinnara <koorrgarda, yinnara> inheritance
Nhirrpi yurra inheritance
Nimanburru gor kor inheritance
Northern Mangarla [missing] missing
Northern Nyangumarta wirrmanangulu inheritance
Nyangumarta nyurra inheritance
Nyikina kurrka kurrka inheritance
Nyulnyul kore korre inheritance
Paakantyi yubalugu loan English
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta nhura inheritance
Rirratjingu [missing] missing
Ritharrngu nhuma semantic shift
Walmajarri nyurrawarnti inheritance
Wangkayutyuru [missing] missing
Warrwa n kurra inheritance
Yan-nhangu nyili inheritance
Yandruwandha yura inheritance
Yarluyandi yurra inheritance
Yawarrawarrka yurra inheritance
Yawuru kurryirr kurryirr inheritance
Achagua ijá ijá inheritance See Language page
Piapoco píacué píakué See Language page
Yukuna iká iká inheritance See Language page
Tariana iha iha inheritance See Language page
Baniwa hía hía inheritance See Language page
Resígaro ha?á, i- (imperative) haʔá, i- (impeɾative) inheritance See Language page
Yavitero niya-ha nija-ha See Language page
Wapishana ɨnau ɨnau inheritance Proto North Arawak See Language page
Wayuu hi-a Also hi-a-ir̃ua; pi-a-ir̃ua. See Language page
Yine hitʸa; hi- *Piro-Apuriná form is *'hĩtia; *hĩ-. See Language page
Paresi xiso ʃitso inheritance? See Language page
Ignaciano 'e-ti; 'etiana See Language page
Trinitario (zero); ʔʸ- The latter occurs before back vowels. Pronoun is eti. See Language page
Baure yi-'ti ji-'ti inheritance See Language page
Waurá yi-c̷u ji-¢u inheritance See Language page
Cha'palaa 'ɲu-lʸa Possessive: 'your' is 'ɲu-'lʸaʔ-; 'yours' is 'ɲu-i-či. See Language page
Bora ámïḯʔ-a {pl}, ámïʔ-tsʰi {m.d.}, ámïʔ-pʰɨ {f.d.} ámɯɯ́ʔ-a {pl}, ámɯʔ-tsʰi {m.d.}, ámɯʔ-pʰɨ {f.d.} inheritance See Language page
Muinane amɨ́ɨ́-ʔai {pl}, amɨ́ɨ́-si {m.d.}, amɨ́ɨ́-ɸe {f.d.} amɨ́ɨ́-ʔai {pl}, amɨ́ɨ́-si {m.d.}, amɨ́ɨ́-ɸɛ {f.d.} See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect amɤrɤʔnɔkoŋ amɤrɤʔnɔkoŋ See Language page
Apalai amarokomo amarokomo inheritance See Language page
Wayana ëmëlam kom ǝmǝlam kom inheritance See Language page
Carijona aɲamoro inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó ëmënjamo ǝmǝnjamo inheritance See Language page
Eñepa aɲimonton aɲimonton inheritance See Language page
Makiritare ənwanno (IDS); önwanno (KH) ənwanno inheritance See Language page
Makushi á-mɨ-rɨ́-nɨ-kóŋ á-mɨ-rɨ́-nɨ-kóŋ inheritance N Amaz subgroup See Language page
Mapoyo ankotomo ankotomo See Language page
Pemon amörönokon (M2000) inheritance N Amaz subgroup See Language page
Wai Wai amyamro amyamro inheritance See Language page
Yabarana mɨka See Language page
Yukpa amora a'mots̺a See Language page
Muisca mie mie See Language page
Barí bidyi See Language page
Northern Emberá bʉ́ bʉ́ See Language page
Epena 'pãra; 'pãči Respectively: unmarked; marked. See Language page
Guayabero xámal inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page
Sikuani pa-xámɨ inheritance See Language page
Cuiva pa-xám ustedes, you (plural) Huber & Reed 1992:206
Playero pa-xámɨ See Language page
Cofán que'i kʸɛʔi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra siya sija unique See Language page
Taushiro inte intɨ See Language page
Páez incuexs inkueʃ See Language page
Tikuna pemax [3, 4] pemaʔ unique See Language page
Urarina ɲaaɾa ɲa:ɽa unique See Language page
Camsa tɕɨngabtánga tɕɨngabtánga See Language page
Andoke kə̃ə kə̃ə unique See Language page
Waorani bĩ-di-tõ unique See Language page
Hodï kyeti doubtful loan Cofan kʸɛʔi See Language page
Pumé mẽnẽrõ See Language page
Puinave yam jam unique See Language page
Warao yatu, -ya yatu, -ya See Language page
Ashuar atúm atum See Language page
Huambisa atum atum See Language page
Aguaruna átum átum inheritance See Language page
Nukak jɛɛbm2 inheritance See Language page
Kakua jěbm inheritance See Language page
Hup nɨ́ŋ ~dɨ́g inheritance See Language page
Yuhup dɨ̌̃g ~dɨ̌g See Language page
Dâw nʉg nɨg inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect bǝːh, da- unique See Language page
Matses mi, mibi mi, mibi inheritance See Language page
Kakataibo mic̷o *Panoan *m[ato]; *mi. See Language page
Katukina mato; matõ; mã See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo mato See Language page
Yaminahua mã; mato Respectively: ergative; absolutive. See Language page
Chácobo ka- ka- unknown See Language page
Yagua jirye xirje unique See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua canguna kanguna See Language page
Piaroa ukutu ukutu inheritance See Language page
Sáliva ũcuhdo ũkuʔdo inheritance See Language page
Bará bɨ̃́hã See Language page
Barasano ~bɨa ~bɨa See Language page
Cubeo mʉja mɨxa inheritance See Language page
Carapana mʉjãã mɨyãã See Language page
Desano mʉa mɨa inheritance See Language page
Kotiria ~bʉsa mʉ̃sã inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page
Makuna ~bɨa ~bɨa inheritance See Language page
Yuruti bɨ̃́hã bɨ̃́hã See Language page
Waikhana bɨ-'sã bɨ-'sã See Language page
Siriano mʉʉsá mɨɨsá See Language page
Tanimuca bĩhã bĩhã inheritance See Language page
Tatuyo bɨ̃-'hã bɨ̃-'hã See Language page
Tukano mʉsã́ mɨsã́ inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page
Tuyuka 'bɨ̃ã ʔbɨ̃ã See Language page
Waimaja bɨ̃́hã bɨ̃́hã See Language page
Maihiki mɨsa mɨsa inheritance See Language page
Koreguaje mʉsanʉko mʉsanʉko inheritance See Language page
Siona mɨ̃ʔɨ̃-sa-koʔa; mɨ̃sakʷa mɨ̃ʔɨ̃-sa-koʔa; mɨ̃sakʷa inheritance See Language page
Secoya mësaru mɨsa'řu See Language page
Nheengatu peyẽ pejẽ inheritance See Language page
Kokama epe epe inheritance See Language page
Wayampi pɛ-; pɛyɛ pɛ-; pɛjɛ inheritance See Language page
Aché pẽ-ǰe inheritance See Language page
Chiriguano peⁿde; pee inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní peẽ See Language page
Sirionó hẽ hẽ inheritance See Language page
Kamayurá pehê pehê inheritance See Language page
Ocaina mon(hto)[pl], monxho (m.dual.),monhca (f.dual.) mõ(ʔto)[pl], mõxʔo (m.dual.),mõʔka (f.dual.) inheritance See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto ómaï {pl}, ómaï-ko {m.d.} ómaɯ {pl}, ómaɯ-ko {m.d.} See Language page
Minica Witoto ómoï {pl}, ómï-koï {m.d.}, ómï-ŋo {f.d.} ómoɯ {pl}, ómɯ-koɯ {m.d.}, ómɯ-ŋo {f.d.} See Language page
Murui Witoto omoï {pl}, omï-ko {m.d.}, omï-ñoï {f.d.} omoɯ {pl}, omɯ-ko {m.d.}, omɯ-ɲoɯ {f.d.} inheritance See Language page
Ninam kahowamak; wamak, kaho wehekə (dual, Em72), kaho wamakə (pl. EM72) kahowamak; wamak, kaho wehekə, kaho wamakə inheritance See Language page
Yanomam kafɨ wafɨk (dual EM72), kafɨ wamakə (pl. EM72) kafɨ wafɨk (dual EM72), kafɨ wamakə (pl. EM72) inheritance See Language page
Yanomami wa-makɨ, kahə wahəkɨ (dual EM72), kahə wamakɨ (pl. EM72) wa-makɨ, kahə wahəkɨ (dual EM72), kahə wamakɨ (pl. EM72) inheritance See Language page
Sanumá kaomak (plural EM72) kaomak (plural EM72) inheritance See Language page
Iquito quina-, quináaja (stand-alone pronominal form) kina-, kináaha (stand-alone pronominal form) inheritance See Language page
Záparo kinya, kinyaha kinja, kinjaha See Language page
Wari wahuʔ wahuʔ Emphatic pronoun. See Language page
Araona mikana; mikana-ha Dual form is mec̷eda; mec̷eada. *Tacn form is *mi-kana. See Language page
Ese Ejja mikiana; mekeanaya inheritance See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo mi-kiana; mi-kiana-ya mi-kiana; mi-kiana-ya See Language page
Tacana mikʷaneda See Language page
Cavineña mi-kʷana; mi-kʷana-ra (The former is the absolutive form, the latter is the ergative form) mi-kʷana; mi-kʷana-ra inheritance See Language page
Central Aymara xumamaka See Language page
Cayuvava pir- ~ ipir- ~ pri- Suffix -pere, for poss. and object, 'your, you'. See Language page
Itonama dihniʔtʸe See Language page
Kwazá xyitsɛ xyitsɛ See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané mi'ʔin See Language page
Movima i-ɓi i-ɓi See Language page
Trumai hi-uan hi-uan unique See Language page
Kaingang ãjag ʔãyaŋ See Language page
Chipaya anč̣ʰuk 'Yours' is anč̣ukalta. See Language page
Mocoví ḳamiri; ḳamii See Language page
Pilagá ʔami See Language page
Toba ḳamiʔ; ḳami See Language page
Lengua kyelɬiŋkyi-p Masc. form; feminine form is kyelɬiŋkyi. See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité ɬinkap; ɬinka See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet kellheyaʔ; kellheep See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay am-iɬ See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja am-el See Language page
Maca ekhewel-iɬ See Language page
Nivaclé a-'waača-eɬ you (plural) https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo 'uakeʔ; uak See Language page
Mapudungun eymɨn 'You (dual)' is eymu. Same forms in Ranquel. See Language page
Qawasqar c̷aw Bo records kwoy-kyekal for Central QWS. SpS records okakɬ for South QWS. See Language page
Selknam m-ah-y See Language page
Tehuelche mk; mš Respectively: dual and plural forms. See Language page
Lokono hi hi 2nd PL. Pet 1987:23
Kariña amyjaron amɨjaron 2pl Courtz 2007:52