Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Guayabero

Family: Guahiban
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: guo
Location: 2.90°, -71.84°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Huber, R.; Reed, R. 1992. Comparative vocabulary: selected words in indigenous languages of Colombia. Instituto Linguistico de Verano. Rivet, Paul. 1948 [1918], La famille linguistique Guahibo. Journal de la Societe des Americanistes, 37.1:191-240. Waller, John and Adreana de Waller. 1979. Guayabero. Aspectos de la Cultura Materiel de Grupos Etnicos de Colombia, vol. 2. Bogota: SIL.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	xatisel [Queixalos1993]	unique			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	-s, xatís	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	xan	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban	For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	xámal	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	xam	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	ha-pí	unique			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	ha-pón, -pon [he]; ha-pów, -pow [she]	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location		missing			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar		missing			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	púexa (póexa, póxa, póta)	unique			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar		missing			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body		missing			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body		missing			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	weruʔsa	unique			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	xot, -tat	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	peh matwɨ́ah-t	unique			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	pa-béh ('cosa mala, que no sirve' - 'bad thing, no good')	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	pa-bók-t, ne-bók-t	inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	peh-weh-t	unique			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	tónkese (R48)	Doubtful loan	Carib; Yabarana 'tɜhnɜ(mo); Mapoyo to'nekiri,		See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	pinhíx-ja [gloss of parts?], 'cosa grande' - 'large thing'	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	líkal	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	pa-ɸói (pa-ϕói-jax 'cosa negra' - 'black thing')	unique			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	hal, peh hal	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	ϕɨ,ϕɨl ('fuertemente' - 'strongly')	inheritance	Probably cognate Macaguan ('breathe'). Onomatopoeic; looks vaguely similar to Arawak/Carib forms		See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body		missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	tit	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	matíeɸ-t, mí-t	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body		missing			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	wɨhat, fórhow, taet	unknown; inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body		missing			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	jimxɨ́-tʃ	unique			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion		missing			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	ötlehe-nu	unique			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	bokóela, ('tener frío' - 'to be cold', lɨnk 'hacer frío', tɨl 'enfriarse la comida' - 'food gets cold')	unique			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	ϕaláen	unique			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact		missing			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	dieʧpáˀ (means, 'decir la verdad' - 'tell the truth')	unknown			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental		missing			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental		missing			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	tasíapa	doubtful loan	see Candoshi, Jivaroan		See Language page
day	día	dia	time	matkói	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	tɨp	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	kow	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna		missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality		missing			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental		missing			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	ʔáɸ	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	siow	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	bóel, bóˀel	unique			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	ˀas-bél-in ('en el mano' - in hand, ˀas sɨx 'en el aire' - in air)	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	netʃóʔ-t	unique			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	sat, as	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	xael	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	peh tabɨ́-t	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	ʔiɸú-t	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body		missing			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	hop (singular)	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	ˀatɨah	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	pasí	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	ʔax	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	peh-léw-la	unknown			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	pa-lá-t	unique			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	ki-bók-t	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	hit, law	unique			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	min ϕol	inheritance			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	patál	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	pa-pún	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	nasɨxan	unique			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	tɨ́ak	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	nae-báeʧ (ne-báeʧ, pa-báeʧ = 'fruto del árbol' - 'tree fruit')	unique			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	pat-tʃém	unique			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	pa-tói-jax	unknown			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state		missing			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	mat-lá	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	keʔé	unknown			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	mat-né-t	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	hum-tén, naewét	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	matpɨ́a-t	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	dém-nik	unique			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion		missing			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	ba (ref. to 'kill' - pa - sing. subject and object)	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	mamámta, haelt ('grab')	unknown			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	tɨ́ah-nik	unknown			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	ma-, maáʧ	inheritance			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	wɨt	unknown			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	tutat, -tat ('adentro' = 'within', 'inside')	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	peh ˀɨl	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body		missing			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	pa	unknown			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	matabíht	unknown			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	púka	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental		missing			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	nɨaɸɨ́-t	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	soena-lél	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	peh tit	unique			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	ˀóel, ˀok	unique			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	ʧamx	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body		missing			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	pa-háp-t, peh hap-t	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	pakʧó-wax ('cosa larga' - long thing), pakʧó-n 'hombre alto' - tall man	unique			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	tɨ́aʔ-an	unknown		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	peh xataedal	unique			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	poi	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	pa-wí-t	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	huím-t madói píh-in	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	ʔen	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	ʔiabót, mɨax	unknown; unknown			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	kátʃa	unique			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	peh wɨl	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body		missing			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	mox	inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	peh kaʧa-ríama	unique			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	pa-rél-ax	inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	madói	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	dóˀdoˀ ('no más' - no more)	unique			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	ɸumú	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	patíʔ-in	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
one	uno	um	number	káe-, káe-jax	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other		missing			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	ása-x (inanimate, ása-n 'otro hombrel - other man)	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body		missing			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	hiw	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact		missing			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	ˀiam	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	pa-sói-jax	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	pokla-lél (espec: 'lado derecho' - right side)	unknown			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	nɨam-t	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	tatín-t, ne-tatín-t	unique			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	xoep ('frutas podridas' - 'rotten fruit', sáˀla 'herida infectada' - infected wound, xasái 'carne podrida' - 'rotten meat'	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	táeh-t	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	hum-ˀáeʧ	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact		missing			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	tén	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	pabɨaˀ	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact		missing			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	mɨramáta-x ('cosa corta o hajita' - 'short or low thing')	inheritance			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	peh táka	inheritance			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental		missing			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	ˀék	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	bɨʔ-t	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	tat-baxó	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	moiht	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	tʃaʔél-ax	unknown			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	ʔitmúm	unique			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	xatúka	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban	primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body		missing			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	tíˀa, horizontal; tawáka, vertical	unknown; doubtful loan	Piapoco		See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	takɨ́kt, takɨ́ka (pl)	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	xɨ́ala (con espina - with thorn, xɨaˀla (sing.), xɨaˀɨat (plur.), con cuchillo (with a knife), xadón (sing.) con aguja (with a needle)	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	nuk	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	ʔit-táeh-t	unique			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other		missing			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	ne, nae	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	ʔia-t	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	suw	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	huím-t matkói píh-in	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body		missing			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	pɨ́dal	inheritance			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	how	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	peh toʔtí-t	unique			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	ha-póx	unknown			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	dáˀ-nik	unique			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	híap ('flaco' - 'thin', tatáelk, como papel 'like paper')	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	nehʧahóel	unknown			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	ʔam-póx	unknown			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	pamópa-x-he	unique			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	čiriame	unique			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	fóˀa 'pelt' (obj)	unknown			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	ˀíam nahúw (ref. see 'lightning' - ʧamx)	unique			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact		missing			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	katʃiéʔ-t	unique			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	bɨaʔ-t	unique			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other		missing		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	koʔlé-n-he	unique			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	ʧaká	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	léha	unique			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	min	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	páetʃ-nik	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	ʔatʃá-x	unique			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	mas-wɨ́t	unique			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	am-xót (am-xót xotóx)	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	pa-póe-jax	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	ʔatʃá-n	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	píh-ow	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	hóewa, wik	inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	pa-bá, peh baˀ	unknown			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	puwís	unique			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other		missing			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body		missing			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	pa-wáerla-jax	inheritance			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (136)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	jois	hoes-t	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	bɨl	bɨl	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	mɨakléh, makléh	mɨakléh, makléh	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis			missing					missing		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	hombói	hombói	loan (into protolanguage?)	Arawak, cf. Piapoco umawali	same term - anaconda and boa			compound		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	ɸaóe-t	ɸaóe-t	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	mesabéhen, tʃoél	tʃoél, mesabéhen	inheritance		l to n correspondence elsewhere			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	túha	túha	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	makleh-ád-t	makleh-ád-t	unique		alligator-?'			other complex		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.			missing					missing		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	parátna	parátna	loan	Spanish 'platano', prob via Arawak	Piapoco palátuna; Wanderwort	WW	%palana	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	hɨ́awa-t	hɨ́awa-t	doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	Yanomami hɨwɨ, hewesi	Yanomami hewǝ			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		mia-n	mia-n	doubtful loan	West Tukanoan, e.g. Siona bĩʔã	e.g. Orejon bĩjã			uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba			missing					missing		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	dáetʃn-it	dáetʃn-it	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	hombói	hombói	unknown	formed from 'snake'; but cf. Piapoco umawali	same term - anaconda and boa			compound		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	haʔ-t	haʔ-t ('gourd', H&R); há-of ('calabazo', prob. Crescentia, Waller)	unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata			missing					missing		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	homóe-t, hombóe-t	homóe-t, hombóe-t	inheritance					compound	from snake + ?	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	mãmaø 'bejuco'		missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca			missing					missing		See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	tʃáma	tʃáma	loan (into protolanguage?)	North Arawak	e.g. Baniwa dzamolíto			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	papúd, papúd-ne	papúd, papúd-ne	inheritance	possibly semantic shift				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	kuis-tɨʔba, kuis	kuis-tɨʔba, kuis	loan	North Arawak	e.g. Mandawaka kuíːʒi (no info Piapoco); not into protolanguage			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	ʔawói	ʔawói	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	wɨr	wɨr	loan (into protolanguage?)	Arawak: Achagua/Piapoco	Achagua áuli			uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	catso		loan	Arawak: Achagua				missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		baxí	baxí	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	chon	tʃon	unknown					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	taɸíɸ-t	taɸíɸ-t	unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana			missing					missing		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	bohléw	bohléw, tʃarmáʔ	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	polá	polá	inheritance		l to n correspondence			uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	anpát	anpát	unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	maráew, kótʃo	maráew, kótʃo	loan (into protolg?) - WW	%mare	Piapoco malài; see also Yanomami	WW	%mare	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola										See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	tuip	tuip	loan into protolanguage? direction unknown - WW	%tuipa				uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	ban-t	ban-t, hɨa-t	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	nol-t	nol-t	inheritance		l to n correspondence			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	ʔárowat	ʔárowat	loan - WW	Carib, via Achagua/Piapoco?	Achagua or Piapoco àlawàta; or Carib, e.g. Mapoyo arawata			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	sisíʔw-it, sasíʔw-it	sisíʔw-it, sasíʔw-it	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	matíw	matíw	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	nud, nusa	nud, nusa (R95)	unique					uncoded		See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.		ɸaóe-t	unknown					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	máha	máha	loan into protolanguage	Tukanoan?				uncoded		See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	jes	hes	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	jelwøj; mayne-lon, bao ('manioc', Rivet 1918)	halwɨ́ah	unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	báva, báwa, báw (Keels 1985)	baw	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa			missing					missing		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	waes	waes	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus		tadí-t	unique					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)			missing					missing		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	bohléw	bohléw, tʃarmáʔ	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	tʃahoʔo-wat	tʃahoʔo-wat	unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	ʔaɸɨ́a	ʔaɸɨ́a	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	bam'øf		missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	xuʔ, ʔól	xuʔ, ʔól	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	wibúx-tot	wibúx-tot	unknown					missing		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	dúind (Keels 1985)		inheritance					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	leʔ	leʔ	unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	dɨahd (Keels 1985), dɨd (CM72)	dɨad	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua			missing					missing		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		hom	hom	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox		casadora negra	missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	ʔamɨ́a	ʔamɨ́a	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	haʔ-t	haʔ-t	unknown		same as 'bottle-gourd'			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	na, na-t	na, na-t	doubtful loan	Unknown	Tukanoan, e.g. Desano ñamu; Carib, e.g. Yukpa ɲáme			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	mésa	mésa	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	ʔóɸ-t	ʔóɸ-t	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	bus	bus	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	xo	xo	inheritance		compare Muisca hoska			uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	hatʃk, haʔ	hatʃk, haʔ	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	tʃahɨ́a	tʃahɨ́a	doubtful loan	North Arawak	e.g. Yucuna jahe, jase, Piapoco tʃáse; see also Carib: ʧaha’ko			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		nae, ne	nae, ne	inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	ɸófa	ɸófa	missing					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui			missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	buzzard	tɨ´da (buzzard)	unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita			missing					missing		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	ɸófa	ɸófa (? 'Machín')	unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	tʃóka	tʃóka	unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	ʔatí-t	ʔatí-t	doubtful loan	Arawak				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae			missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 136 of 136 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	buya; buitat, pialan (R18)	búja		loan; inheritance		Achagua				Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	sparǝ, fiapan (R18)			loan - WW	Proto-Guahiban	%sipara/sapere, via Piapoco	WW	%sapara	in other languages this WW means 'machete	Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool				missing								can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	cønør			unknown						Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	hoel			Unique						Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	joel (carrying basket)	hoel		unique									See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material				missing									See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material				missing									See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material				missing									See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	tɨa-ék-ax	tɨa-ék-ax		unknown	Proto-Guahiban (doubtful)								See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	ɸumói	ɸumói-t		unknown						Simplex		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation				missing									See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture				missing								if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	fadoit, woijta; lut (R18)	ɸadói-t		unknown					(Also: wohita)	Simplex		arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material				missing									See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	kanáw	kanáw		loan - WW		%kanawa	WW	%kanawa	###############################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################	Simplex			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation				missing									See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation				missing									See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
coca			narcotics				Missing									See Language page
cook food			food				Missing									See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology				missing								malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology				Missing									See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool				missing								hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology				missing								In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing									See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				missing								Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	juit			doubtful loan (into protolg?)	Proto-Guahiban	cf. Yavitero mahu'ita, Sikuani huata, Kokama wauta			But compare Yavitero mahu'ita	Simplex		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other				missing								may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	saxa	sáxa		doubtful loan		Mapoyo (Carib)						prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing									See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	hĩ (R18)	ʔi		unknown					Also: hĩ (Rivet 1918)	Simplex			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	chon ('fish-poison, barbasco')			inheritance									See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	húw ('catch fish', Keels 1985)		catch a fish'	unknown						Simplex			See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	chon			Inheritance	Proto-Guahiban				Shared Sikuani ('fish with timbo')	Simplex			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	ben (Waller); mayne (Rivet 1918)			doubtful loan (into protolanguage?)		North Arawak; but cf. 'dust' and 'meal'			Could be loan into protolanguage. Also: man 'corn bread' (Keels 1985), mayne 'bread/manioc' (Rivet 1918)	Simplex		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	benilon	báenal		unique		formed from loan 'flatbread', or from 'dust'?				Other complex	Contains 'manioc' (loan)	agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology				missing								multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food				missing								Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology				Missing									See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	dẽep (R18), phɛhmác̶ (Keels)			unknown									See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool		haʔ-t ('gourd', H&R); há-of ('calabazo', prob. Crescentia, Waller)		unknown									See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	míd (Keels 1985)			unknown						Simplex		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	checa			unknown		Unknown				Simplex		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation				missing									See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	búu	búu (CM72)		inheritance	Proto-Guahiban								See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress				missing									See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology		pinhóʔ-in		unknown								Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				missing									See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	bán (Keels 85)			inheritance	Proto-Guahiban				But compare Carib wan, wanɛ	Simplex		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other		bu		inheritance		Proto-Guahiban							See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	wɨlwek			unique						Simplex			See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material				missing									See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress				missing									See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	sierat	síera		doubtful loan		Spanish sierra 'saw'?	WW			Simplex			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	canä́f			unknown									See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology													See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation				missing									See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				Missing									See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				missing									See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	kanáeɸ	kanáeɸ		loan - WW		%parapi, via Arawak?							See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing									See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	béax (clay pot, Keels 1985)		clay pot	inheritance					Also: kandermata, herbuyrd (Rivet 1918)	Simplex			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	márma	márma-t		unique						Simplex			See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	mäst	hawétʃ		unique						Simplex			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology		ba		missing									See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	mɨa-t			inheritance		Proto-Guahiban							See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	dom	dom		loan		Achagua/Piapoco				Simplex			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation				missing									See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	pinhóʔ-in	pinhóʔ-in		unknown								In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress				missing									See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material				missing									See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation				missing									See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	baóin			unknown						Simplex			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food				missing									See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				missing									See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation				missing									See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food				missing								agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	ba-bɨ́t			unknown									See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	wáa			unknown					Similar to Macaguan wabá-t; possible loan?	Simplex		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	xo			Unknown					Compare Muisca, hoska	Simplex			See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing								use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool				missing								agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool				missing								hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	bénθit			unique		from 'bee'							See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	sur			doubtful loan		North Arawak (*tsiiru-li)				Simplex		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology				missing								a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 106 of 106 entries

Ethnographic Information

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
	medium	HG	medium	mobile

Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries