Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

salt

Semantic Field: food
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: sal
Meaning Portuguese: sal

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
Achagua	iwíduma	iwíduma		inheritance										See Language page
Aché		itakɨrɨ iro		unknown										See Language page
Aguaruna	wɨɨ	wɨɨ		inheritance										See Language page
Akawaio	waiyoo	waɪjo		unknown		Akawaio-Pemon	shared Pemon							See Language page
Andoke	ñɒ'kɒ	ñɒʔkɒ		unique										See Language page
Apalai	sautu	sautu		loan			Dutch (via creole)							See Language page
Araona		--											Salt lick' is mehe. A seasoning, bano, is made from darkly roasted Brazil nuts, pounded in a trough. Tacn form is bano.	See Language page
Ashuar	wee	wee												See Language page
Ayoreo		e'čo-i											Ground s. is e'čo u'rui, lit. salt dust; cf. 'flour' 05.550. A chunk of s. is e'čo-i i'ribi-di; to sprinkle s. on the food u'n̥ute-gaay; s. crystals ũri'arõi ga'n̥ui, lit. a picture of molartooth 04.272.	See Language page
Baniwa	íiwi (=carurú, R01)	íiwi (=carurú, R01)		inheritance	*idɨwɨ	Proto Arawak					Simplex			See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	ung-ahl		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex			Merriam 49:199
Barasano	bõã	bõã												See Language page
Bardi	ka:ra			loan			Walmajarri
Bará		bṍã												See Language page
Barí		saabĩ											Colombia: 'sabirə.	See Language page
Baure	'čobi ~ 'čobe	tʃobi ~ 'tʃobe		inheritance										See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	oha-pin		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex			Crapo 1976
Bora	cánáámaá (salt); ume (salt made from plants)	kʰánáámaá (salt); ume (sal de monte)		unknown; inheritance			loan into Resigaro? direction uncertain							See Language page
Burarra	dyoḻp			unique
Cahuilla	iŋ-ił		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex			Seiler & Hioki 1979
Candoshi-Shapra	yomi	jomi		unknown										See Language page
Canela		kaac̷wa											Jê form is ka-c̷wa.	See Language page
Carapana	moa	moa												See Language page
Carijona	hame			inheritance										See Language page
Cavineña	bano	bano		inheritance										See Language page
Cayuvava		čopara; tææ ~ tæræ												See Language page
Central Aymara		xayu												See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	missing			missing
Cha'palaa		'tʸayu												See Language page
Chemehuevi	7owavI		rock-salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex			Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Chipaya		yaku											Rock salt' is ḳulo/ḳulu. Uru-J form is yiku.	See Language page
Chiriguano		ǰukɨ		inheritance - WW										See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		sifʷoniʔ												See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	tip		salt	inheritance	tepu(7), tipu(7)	Proto-Chumashan					simplex			Klar 1977
Chumash Ineseno	tip		salt	inheritance	tepu(7), tipu(7)	Proto-Chumashan					simplex			Klar 1977
Chumash Obispeno	tepu7		salt	inheritance	tepu(7), tipu(7)	Proto-Chumashan					simplex			Klar 1977
Chumash Ventureno	tip		salt	inheritance	tepu(7), tipu(7)	Proto-Chumashan					simplex			Klar 1977
Chácobo	čopara	čopara		loan			Cayuvava (direction unknown), prob. originally Arawak, cf. Baure tʃobi							See Language page
Cocopa	ş7ir		salt	inheritance	*7iR < s-7iR	Proto-Yuman				Mixco 1978:95	simplex			Crawford 1989
Cofán	ansi	ansi											phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	onaabI		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex			R
Cubeo	yuquira	jukira		loan - WW			%jukira	WW	%jukira	Yucuna jukiɾa; Nadeb juki:ɾ; Daw xí:lʔ; Cubeo jukila		la may mark mass nouns?		See Language page
Cuiva		sare (SP)												See Language page
Cupeño	yewal		salt	unique						Merriam confirms 48:511	other complex			Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Desano	moa	moa		inheritance/sem shift?						original meaning 'salt plant'	Simplex			See Language page
Dhangu	dye'la			inheritance
Dhuwal	dye'la			inheritance
Djeoromitxi	kukänĩ	kukǝnĩ												See Language page
Djinang	munatya			semantic shift
Dâw	xiìl’	xîl’		loan - WW			%jukira	WW	%jukira	Yucuna jukiɾa; Nadeb juki:ɾ; Daw xí:lʔ; Cubeo jukila	Simplex			See Language page
Epena		tʰã												See Language page
Esselen	mak-h<a-la-na		salt	unknown						Henshaw	other complex	ncs suffix -na attested here		Kroeber 1902
Eñepa	paamë; sayu (MM)	paamë; saju (MM)		inheritance; loan		Proto-Carib?	Span/Port			Alternate: saju				See Language page
Gabrielino	ongo:r (H)		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex			Hill Harrington notes
Gajirrabeng	koyokin			inheritance									Miriwung karram
Gooniyandi	langa			loan			Walmajarri
Guayabero	dom	dom		loan			Achagua/Piapoco				Simplex			See Language page
Gumatj	dye'la			inheritance
Gupapuyngu	dye7la			inheritance
Gurindji	karang			inheritance				WW	%kerrela
Hodï	ka'bayǝ			doubtful loan			Piaroa kɁærue buɨh							See Language page
Huambisa	wee	wee												See Language page
Hup	b'ǒh	b'ǒh		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
Ignaciano		ičewe; -'ičewe-ra												See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	7esily		salt	inheritance	*7iR < s-7iR	Proto-Yuman				Mixco 1978:95	simplex			Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Ingá	kachi	katʃi												See Language page
Iquito	isája	isáha (Sp)		loan			Spanish or possibly Arawak, cf. čewe forms							See Language page
Itonama		o-belo												See Language page
Jaru	lungkarru			inheritance									listed as 'grey' in dict of hair
Jingulu	lungkarru			inheritance
Kabiyari	íiwi	íiwi												See Language page
Kaingang	sa (loan Pt?) (IDS)	sa												See Language page
Kakataibo		taši; ta'šĩ-ti											nami tašĩ-ti 'to salt meat' [lit. 'meat (to) salt']. Panoan taši.	See Language page
Kakua	nɨm-ni	nɨm-ni		unique						Also ʧûj-ʧǎʔ 'salt.plant-clːlong.leaves'	Derived	be.salty-adjvz		See Language page
Kamayurá	jukɨt (K12)	jukɨt (K12)		inheritance - WW										See Language page
Karajarri	karimarta			unique
Karajá		ǰuwɨra; ǰɨra												See Language page
Kariña	sowtu	sowtu	salt				Yamada 2010:805
Karitiana	tawara 'salty'	tawara 'salty'		loan - WW			%tewe							See Language page
Katukina		[sao]											From Port. 'sal'.	See Language page
Kawaiisu	7owa-vi		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex			Zigmond et al. 1990
Kija	kilyarn			loan direction unknown				WW	%kerrela	Mir. Karram Gaj. Kerrelangarin On karampa. Kula
Kiliwa	kw+7iy		salt (what is salty)	inheritance	*7iR < s-7iR	Proto-Yuman				Mixco 1978:95	derived	not transparent for kw+7il-y 'what is salty'		Mixco 1985
Kitanemuk	hyavi-t		salt	unique							other complex			Anderton 1988
Kokama	tewe, tsewe	tewe, tsewe		loan - WW			%tewe							See Language page
Koreguaje	ũha	ũha		inheritance?										See Language page
Kotiria	moa	moa		inheritance/sem shift?						original meaning 'salt plant'	Simplex			See Language page
Kwazá	tsɛ̃	tsɛ̃												See Language page
Lake Miwok	kójjo		salt	inheritance	*koj:o-	Utian				Callaghan 1997:33	simplex			Callaghan 1965
Lengua		yasik												See Language page
Lokono	khaban	kʰaban	salt											Pet 1987:369
Luiseño	engla		salt, salt lick	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex			Elliott 1999
Maca		witlepinek (m.)												See Language page
Macaguan	yója	jóha		loan, direction unknown		Proto-MSC	Saliba ʤeho				Simplex			See Language page
Maidu	bám wasása		salt	inheritance	*ba	Proto-Maiduan				Ultan 1964:362; bahm Merriam 41:285	phrase	wasása 'things, stuff, material, ingredients'		Shipley 1963
Maihiki	cachi ja	katʃi xã		loan			Quechua				Simplex	xã= neuter noun classifier		See Language page
Makiritare	sayu (IDS); sa :yu (KH)	saju (IDS); sa:ju (KH)		loan			Spanish/Portuguese							See Language page
Makuna	moa	moa		inheritance/sem shift?										See Language page
Makushi	pan	pan		inheritance		Proto-Carib?								See Language page
Mangala	rlaŋa			loan with semantic shift			Warnman						< dirt
Mapudungun		čaθi											Ranquel form is čaði.	See Language page
Matses	sa	sa		loan			Spanish							See Language page
Minica Witoto	ɯ́.aiθaɯ	ɯ́.aiθaɯ												See Language page
Miriwung	karram			loan direction unknown				WW	%kerrela	Gaj. Kerrelang
Mocoví		ʔwe												See Language page
Mojave	7ath7ii		salt	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				see Yavapai 7thí:	simplex			Munro et al. 1992
Mosetén-Chimané		hii'ko												See Language page
Movima	ɗoyon̉	ɗojon̉												See Language page
Muinane	ɨ́muhu 'salt'; átyóga 'sal de monte' (W97)	ɨ́muʔu 'salt'; átjóga 'sal de monte'												See Language page
Muisca	nygua, niwa	nɨgua, niwa												See Language page
Murui Witoto	ɯ.aiθaɯ	ɯ.aiθaɯ		inheritance/Witoto										See Language page
Mutsun	7akkes		salt	inheritance	*7akW:es ?	Proto-Miwok-Mutsun				Callaghan 1962:105	simplex			Okrand 1977
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect		juki:ɾ (Martins 1999)												See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	cachi	catʃi												See Language page
Ngarluma	tyintharr			doubtful inheritance
Nheengatu	yukira (C11)	jukira (C11)		inheritance - WW	*jukɨr	Proto-Tupi-Guarani				Donor: Yucuna jukiɾa; Nadeb RN juki:ɾ; Cubeo jukila, etc.	Simplex			See Language page
Ninam	waihok	waihok		Doutbtful loan			Pemon				Simplex			See Language page
Nisenan	ba7, ba		salt	inheritance	*ba	Proto-Maiduan				Ultan 1964:362	simplex			Uldall & Shipley 1966
Nivaclé		naʔpku-tax											A plant salt. Arribeños dialect is c̷ifoni.	See Language page
Northern Emberá	tã (IDS)	tã (IDS)												See Language page
Northern Paiute	ongabe		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex			Yerington 1987
Northern Sierra Miwok	koj:o-		salt	inheritance	*koj:o-	Utian				Callaghan 1997:33	simplex			Callaghan 1987
Nukak		taadn (H&R)		unique										See Language page
Nyikina	tyinytyirr			unique
Nyulnyul	ka:ri, karr			loan			Walmajarri
Nɨpode Witoto	ɯ́.aitaɯ	ɯ́.aitaɯ												See Language page
Ocaina	jááidya	hááidja		unique										See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní		ǰukɨ												See Language page
Paresi	salo	salo		loan			Portuguese							See Language page
Pemon	pan, sararu (A1981); waiyoo (E 1980)	pan, sararu (A1981); waijoo (E 1980)		inheritance; loan		Akawaio-Pemon	Span/Port			Alternate: pan, sararu				See Language page
Piapoco	iwi(duma) (R01)	iwi(duma) (R01)												See Language page
Piaroa	k'Erue buɨh	kɁærue buɨh		unique										See Language page
Pilagá		ḳaaʔnowa												See Language page
Plains Miwok	koj:o-		salt	inheritance	*koj:o-	Proto-Utian				Callaghan 1997:33	simplex			Callaghan 1984
Playero		sale-wa (SP)												See Language page
Puinave	sa-yu	sa-yu		loan			Span/Port							See Language page
Pumé	ya-goe-mẽ													See Language page
Páez	nega [loan Muisca?]	nega [loan Muisca?]												See Language page
Qawasqar		c̷ams											Bo records c̷apɬ for Central QWS. North and Central forms also mean 'sea' 01.320. SpS records akes for South QWS.	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	kachi	katʃi												See Language page
Resígaro	kanaamáʔo; iíwi (R01)	kanaamáʔo; iíwi (R01)	table salt	loan; inheritance			Bora			Alternate: iiví (rock salt)		ʔó = classifier		See Language page
Salinan A	Ta:kai/'		salt	unknown		Proto-Salinan					other complex			Mason 1918
Salinan M	Takai/		salt	unknown		Proto-Salinan					other complex			Mason 1918
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		yamayasik												See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		yaasek												See Language page
Secoya	ã'si	ã'si												See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	hantíp		salt	unknown						hmm, note Chumashan *tip 'salt'	simplex			Moser & Marlett 2005
Serrano	čuka't		salt	semantic shift	*coka	Uto-Aztecan				Hill/Miller tso-03 'sour'	other complex			K. Hill Dict.
Shipibo-Konibo		taši												See Language page
Sikuani	jaho	jaho		loan, direction unknown		Proto-MSC	Saliba ʤeho			Also: yáyo (Rivet 1948)	Simplex			See Language page
Siona	ʔõwa	ʔõwa		inheritance?										See Language page
Siriano	bõ'ã́	bõ'ã́												See Language page
Sirionó	emikesa (Literally that which gives flavor)	emikesa		unique										See Language page
Southern Paiute	oavI		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex			Sapir
Southern Pastaza Quechua	cachi	katʃi												See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	koj:o-		salt	inheritance	*koj:o- (pMi)	Proto-Utian				Callaghan 1997:33	siplex			Broadbent 1964
Southern Ute	7oa-vI		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex			Givon
Suyá	katua	katua												See Language page
Sáliva	llejo	ʤeho		loan, direction unknown			Macaguan, Sikuani							See Language page
Tacana		bano												See Language page
Tanimuca	dyu'kira	dju'kira		loan - WW			%jukira							See Language page
Tariana	íwi	íwi	rock salt	inheritance	*idɨwɨ	Proto Arawak					Simplex			See Language page
Tatuyo	bõ'ã	bõ'ã												See Language page
Taushiro	chane	ʃanɨ												See Language page
Tehuelche		'hečn; 'čˀagaʔ											Also 'čˀeʔmr, 'pelusa de sal' that forms on the surface of a 'salitre'.	See Language page
Tikuna	yu3cü3ra5	jukɨra		loan - WW			%jukira							See Language page
Toba		towe; ḳaʔ ɲ-iʔiwa											The latter means 'salty'; lit. 'rock prefix-salty'.	See Language page
Trinitario		ʔčewe												See Language page
Trumai	iakɨr	iakɨr		loan - WW			%jukira							See Language page
Tukano	moâ' (HR 97)	moâʔ (HR 97)		inheritance/sem shift?						original meaning 'salt plant'	Simplex			See Language page
Tuyuka	móa	móa												See Language page
Tübatulabal	ungāl		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex			K. Hill Tb>Eng
Tümpisa Shoshone	ongwapi, omapi		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex			Dayley 1989
Urarina	tebe	tebe		loan - WW			%tewe							See Language page
Wai Wai	yɨmɨtɨ	jɨmɨtɨ		unique										See Language page
Waikhana	bõ'ã	bõ'ã												See Language page
Waimaja	bṍã	bṍã												See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	bakyma 'sour, salt'	bakɨma 'sour, salt'												See Language page
Walmajarri	karaka			inheritance				WW	%kerrela	karaka not in dict; kara bitter, salty= langa			karaka not in dict; kara bitter, salty= langa
Waorani	kati (IDS)			loan			Quechua katʃi							See Language page
Wapishana	d̨i̵u	d̨i̵u		loan - WW	*idɨwɨ	Proto Arawak	%jukira				Simplex			See Language page
Wappo	čúme		salt	inheritance		Proto-Yukian					simplex			Elmendorf 1993
Wari	namaje (Sousa2009)	namaje (Sousa2009)											From Portuguese.	See Language page
Warrwa	birimbirri			unknown
Washo	7uŋábi, 7aŋabi		salt	loan			Northern Paiute				simplex			Washo Project Dictionary
Waurá	ɨhɨwɨ	ɨhɨwɨ		inheritance										See Language page
Wayampi	[sautu]; yukɨ (palm ash salt)	[sautu]; jukɨ (palm ash salt)		loan; inheritance			Dutch, via Creole/Wayana							See Language page
Wayana	pëma	pǝma		inheritance										See Language page
Wayuu		iči												See Language page
Western Mono	omAbi		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex			Loether & Bethel 1993
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		ni'suy												See Language page
Wintu	weL, we:L		salt	inheritance	*we(:)L	Proto-Wintun				Shepherd 2006:194	simplex			Schlichter 1981
Yabarana		sa:jo												See Language page
Yagua	tivyiy	tiwjij		loan - WW			%tewe							See Language page
Yaminahua		taši												See Language page
Yan-nhangu	rrathaŋu			semantic shift									salt water
Yanomam	sayu	saju		loan			Span/Port (via Carib?)			May originate in Span/Port sal	Simplex			See Language page
Yanomami	mositima, mitirimɨ, sayu (MM07)	mositima, mitirimɨ, saju (MM07)		unique; loan			Span/Port (via Carib?)			Alternate: mitirimɨ, saju	Derived	mositi “to salt”, -ma nominalizer?		See Language page
Yavapai	7thí:		salt	inheritance		Proto-Yuman				see Mojave	simplex			Shaterian 1983
Yavitero	yu'kira	juʔkira												See Language page
Yawuru	kari			loan			Ngumpin-Yapa	WW	%kari
Yine		tɨwɨ; mro											The latter means 'salty'.	See Language page
Yokuts Palewyami	kā'-yu		salt	inheritance		Utian				Callaghan 1997:33	simplex			Berman 2002
Yokuts Yawdanchi	koi'-yo		salt	inheritance		Utian				Callaghan 1997:33	simplex			Merriam 44:353
Yokuts Yawelmani	khuyu7		salt	inheritance	*khuyu7	Utian				Callaghan 1997:33	simplex			Golla 1964
Yuki	kum		salt	inheritance	*kum	Proto-North Yukian					simplex			Schlichter 1985
Yukpa	pam	pam												See Language page
Yukuna	yukira; (híwi=carurú) (R01)	jukiɾa; (híwi=carurú) (R01)		loan - WW; inheritance			%jukira	WW	%jukira	Alternate: hiwi (vegetable salt used in ceremonies). Yucuna jukiɾa; Nadeb juki:ɾ; Daw xí:lʔ; Cubeo jukila	Simplex			See Language page
Yulparija	kari			inheritance
Yuruti	bṍã	bṍã												See Language page
Záparo	ichahwa	iʧahwa												See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bardi
Bará
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Burarra
Cahuilla
Candoshi-Shapra
Canela
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gumatj
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Jaru
Jingulu
Kabiyari
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Kamayurá
Karajarri
Karajá
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Mangala
Mapudungun
Matses
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngarluma
Nheengatu
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Plains Miwok
Playero
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Secoya
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Suyá
Sáliva
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Taushiro
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wari
Warrwa
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawuru
Yine
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawelmani
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yulparija
Yuruti
Záparo

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