Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

salt

Semantic Field
food
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
sal
Meaning Portuguese
sal

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla iŋ-ił salt inheritance *omCa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1865 other complex Seiler & Hioki 1979
Cupeño yewal salt unique Merriam confirms 48:511 other complex Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Luiseño engla salt, salt lick inheritance *omCa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1865 other complex Elliott 1999
Gabrielino ongo:r (H) salt inheritance *omCa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1865 other complex Hill Harrington notes
Serrano čuka't salt semantic shift *coka Uto-Aztecan Hill/Miller tso-03 'sour' other complex K. Hill Dict.
Kitanemuk hyavi-t salt unique other complex Anderton 1988
Tübatulabal ungāl salt inheritance *omCa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1865 other complex K. Hill Tb>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim ung-ahl salt inheritance *omCa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1865 other complex Merriam 49:199
Kawaiisu 7owa-vi salt inheritance *omCa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1865 other complex Zigmond et al. 1990
Chemehuevi 7owavI rock-salt inheritance *omCa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1865 other complex Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute oavI salt inheritance *omCa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1865 other complex Sapir
Southern Ute 7oa-vI salt inheritance *omCa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1865 other complex Givon
Tümpisa Shoshone ongwapi, omapi salt inheritance *omCa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1865 other complex Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone oha-pin salt inheritance *omCa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1865 other complex Crapo 1976
Comanche onaabI salt inheritance *omCa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1865 other complex R
Western Mono omAbi salt inheritance *omCa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1865 other complex Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute ongabe salt inheritance *omCa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1865 other complex Yerington 1987
Southern Sierra Miwok koj:o- salt inheritance *koj:o- (pMi) Proto-Utian Callaghan 1997:33 siplex Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok missing missing
Northern Sierra Miwok koj:o- salt inheritance *koj:o- Utian Callaghan 1997:33 simplex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok koj:o- salt inheritance *koj:o- Proto-Utian Callaghan 1997:33 simplex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok kójjo salt inheritance *koj:o- Utian Callaghan 1997:33 simplex Callaghan 1965
Maidu bám wasása salt inheritance *ba Proto-Maiduan Ultan 1964:362; bahm Merriam 41:285 phrase wasása 'things, stuff, material, ingredients' Shipley 1963
Nisenan ba7, ba salt inheritance *ba Proto-Maiduan Ultan 1964:362 simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani khuyu7 salt inheritance *khuyu7 Utian Callaghan 1997:33 simplex Golla 1964
Yokuts Yawdanchi koi'-yo salt inheritance Utian Callaghan 1997:33 simplex Merriam 44:353
Yokuts Palewyami kā'-yu salt inheritance Utian Callaghan 1997:33 simplex Berman 2002
Washo 7uŋábi, 7aŋabi salt loan Northern Paiute simplex Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu weL, we:L salt inheritance *we(:)L Proto-Wintun Shepherd 2006:194 simplex Schlichter 1981
Yuki kum salt inheritance *kum Proto-North Yukian simplex Schlichter 1985
Wappo čúme salt inheritance Proto-Yukian simplex Elmendorf 1993
Mutsun 7akkes salt inheritance *7akW:es ? Proto-Miwok-Mutsun Callaghan 1962:105 simplex Okrand 1977
Esselen mak-h<a-la-na salt unknown Henshaw other complex ncs suffix -na attested here Kroeber 1902
Salinan A Ta:kai/' salt unknown Proto-Salinan other complex Mason 1918
Salinan M Takai/ salt unknown Proto-Salinan other complex Mason 1918
Chumash Obispeno tepu7 salt inheritance *tepu(7), *tipu(7) Proto-Chumashan simplex Klar 1977
Chumash Ineseno tip salt inheritance *tepu(7), *tipu(7) Proto-Chumashan simplex Klar 1977
Chumash Barbareno tip salt inheritance *tepu(7), *tipu(7) Proto-Chumashan simplex Klar 1977
Chumash Ventureno tip salt inheritance *tepu(7), *tipu(7) Proto-Chumashan simplex Klar 1977
Iipay 'Aa 7esily salt inheritance *7iR < s-7iR Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:95 simplex Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Cocopa ş7ir salt inheritance *7iR < s-7iR Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:95 simplex Crawford 1989
Mojave 7ath7ii salt inheritance Proto-Yuman see Yavapai 7thí: simplex Munro et al. 1992
Yavapai 7thí: salt inheritance Proto-Yuman see Mojave simplex Shaterian 1983
Kiliwa kw+7iy salt (what is salty) inheritance *7iR < s-7iR Proto-Yuman Mixco 1978:95 derived not transparent for kw+7il-y 'what is salty' Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) hantíp salt unknown hmm, note Chumashan *tip 'salt' simplex Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua nɨm-ni nɨm-ni unique Also ʧûj-ʧǎʔ 'salt.plant-clːlong.leaves' Derived be.salty-adjvz See Language page
Nheengatu yukira (C11) jukira (C11) inheritance - WW *jukɨr Proto-Tupi-Guarani Donor: Yucuna jukiɾa; Nadeb RN juki:ɾ; Cubeo jukila, etc. Simplex See Language page
Waorani kati (IDS) loan Quechua katʃi See Language page
Hodï ka'bayǝ doubtful loan Piaroa kɁærue buɨh See Language page
Yanomami mositima, mitirimɨ, sayu (MM07) mositima, mitirimɨ, saju (MM07) unique; loan Span/Port (via Carib?) Alternate: mitirimɨ, saju Derived mositi “to salt”, -ma nominalizer? See Language page
Yanomam sayu saju loan Span/Port (via Carib?) May originate in Span/Port sal Simplex See Language page
Ninam waihok waihok Doutbtful loan Pemon Simplex See Language page
Kotiria moa moa inheritance/sem shift? original meaning 'salt plant' Simplex See Language page
Cubeo yuquira jukira loan - WW %jukira WW %jukira Yucuna jukiɾa; Nadeb juki:ɾ; Daw xí:lʔ; Cubeo jukila la may mark mass nouns? See Language page
Tukano moâ' (HR 97) moâʔ (HR 97) inheritance/sem shift? original meaning 'salt plant' Simplex See Language page
Desano moa moa inheritance/sem shift? original meaning 'salt plant' Simplex See Language page
Maihiki cachi ja katʃi xã loan Quechua Simplex xã= neuter noun classifier See Language page
Hup b'ǒh b'ǒh unknown Simplex See Language page
Dâw xiìl’ xîl’ loan - WW %jukira WW %jukira Yucuna jukiɾa; Nadeb juki:ɾ; Daw xí:lʔ; Cubeo jukila Simplex See Language page
Sikuani jaho jaho loan, direction unknown Proto-MSC Saliba ʤeho Also: yáyo (Rivet 1948) Simplex See Language page
Macaguan yója jóha loan, direction unknown Proto-MSC Saliba ʤeho Simplex See Language page
Guayabero dom dom loan Achagua/Piapoco Simplex See Language page
Pemon pan, sararu (A1981); waiyoo (E 1980) pan, sararu (A1981); waijoo (E 1980) inheritance; loan Akawaio-Pemon Span/Port Alternate: pan, sararu See Language page
Akawaio waiyoo waɪjo unknown Akawaio-Pemon shared Pemon See Language page
Makushi pan pan inheritance Proto-Carib? See Language page
Eñepa paamë; sayu (MM) paamë; saju (MM) inheritance; loan Proto-Carib? Span/Port Alternate: saju See Language page
Yukuna yukira; (híwi=carurú) (R01) jukiɾa; (híwi=carurú) (R01) loan - WW; inheritance %jukira WW %jukira Alternate: hiwi (vegetable salt used in ceremonies). Yucuna jukiɾa; Nadeb juki:ɾ; Daw xí:lʔ; Cubeo jukila Simplex See Language page
Tariana íwi íwi rock salt inheritance *idɨwɨ Proto Arawak Simplex See Language page
Wapishana d̨i̵u d̨i̵u loan - WW *idɨwɨ Proto Arawak %jukira Simplex See Language page
Baniwa íiwi (=carurú, R01) íiwi (=carurú, R01) inheritance *idɨwɨ Proto Arawak Simplex See Language page
Resígaro kanaamáʔo; iíwi (R01) kanaamáʔo; iíwi (R01) table salt loan; inheritance Bora Alternate: iiví (rock salt) ʔó = classifier See Language page
Warrwa birimbirri unknown
Gumatj dye'la inheritance
Dhuwal dye'la inheritance
Dhangu dye'la inheritance
Gupapuyngu dye7la inheritance
Burarra dyoḻp unique
Bardi ka:ra loan Walmajarri
Nyulnyul ka:ri, karr loan Walmajarri
Yulparija kari inheritance
Yawuru kari loan Ngumpin-Yapa WW %kari
Karajarri karimarta unique
Djinang munatya semantic shift
Mangala rlaŋa loan with semantic shift Warnman < dirt
Yan-nhangu rrathaŋu semantic shift salt water
Ngarluma tyintharr doubtful inheritance
Nyikina tyinytyirr unique
Walmajarri karaka inheritance WW %kerrela karaka not in dict; kara bitter, salty= langa karaka not in dict; kara bitter, salty= langa
Jaru lungkarru inheritance listed as 'grey' in dict of hair
Gurindji karang inheritance WW %kerrela
Gooniyandi langa loan Walmajarri
Gajirrabeng koyokin inheritance Miriwung karram
Kija kilyarn loan direction unknown WW %kerrela Mir. Karram Gaj. Kerrelangarin On karampa. Kula
Miriwung karram loan direction unknown WW %kerrela Gaj. Kerrelang
Jingulu lungkarru inheritance
Achagua iwíduma iwíduma inheritance See Language page
Piapoco iwi(duma) (R01) iwi(duma) (R01) See Language page
Kabiyari íiwi íiwi See Language page
Yavitero yu'kira juʔkira See Language page
Wayuu iči See Language page
Yine tɨwɨ; mro The latter means 'salty'. See Language page
Paresi salo salo loan Portuguese See Language page
Ignaciano ičewe; -'ičewe-ra See Language page
Trinitario ʔčewe See Language page
Baure 'čobi ~ 'čobe tʃobi ~ 'tʃobe inheritance See Language page
Waurá ɨhɨwɨ ɨhɨwɨ inheritance See Language page
Cha'palaa 'tʸayu See Language page
Bora cánáámaá (salt); ume (salt made from plants) kʰánáámaá (salt); ume (sal de monte) unknown; inheritance loan into Resigaro? direction uncertain See Language page
Muinane ɨ́muhu 'salt'; átyóga 'sal de monte' (W97) ɨ́muʔu 'salt'; átjóga 'sal de monte' See Language page
Apalai sautu sautu loan Dutch (via creole) See Language page
Wayana pëma pǝma inheritance See Language page
Carijona hame inheritance See Language page
Makiritare sayu (IDS); sa :yu (KH) saju (IDS); sa:ju (KH) loan Spanish/Portuguese See Language page
Wai Wai yɨmɨtɨ jɨmɨtɨ unique See Language page
Waimiri Atroari bakyma 'sour, salt' bakɨma 'sour, salt' See Language page
Yabarana sa:jo See Language page
Yukpa pam pam See Language page
Muisca nygua, niwa nɨgua, niwa See Language page
Barí saabĩ Colombia: 'sabirə. See Language page
Northern Emberá tã (IDS) tã (IDS) See Language page
Epena tʰã See Language page
Cuiva sare (SP) See Language page
Playero sale-wa (SP) See Language page
Cofán ansi ansi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra yomi jomi unknown See Language page
Taushiro chane ʃanɨ See Language page
Páez nega [loan Muisca?] nega [loan Muisca?] See Language page
Tikuna yu3cü3ra5 jukɨra loan - WW %jukira See Language page
Urarina tebe tebe loan - WW %tewe See Language page
Andoke ñɒ'kɒ ñɒʔkɒ unique See Language page
Pumé ya-goe-mẽ See Language page
Puinave sa-yu sa-yu loan Span/Port See Language page
Ashuar wee wee See Language page
Huambisa wee wee See Language page
Aguaruna wɨɨ wɨɨ inheritance See Language page
Nukak taadn (H&R) unique See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect juki:ɾ (Martins 1999) See Language page
Matses sa sa loan Spanish See Language page
Kakataibo taši; ta'šĩ-ti nami tašĩ-ti 'to salt meat' [lit. 'meat (to) salt']. *Panoan *taši. See Language page
Katukina [sao] From Port. 'sal'. See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo taši See Language page
Yaminahua taši See Language page
Chácobo čopara čopara loan Cayuvava (direction unknown), prob. originally Arawak, cf. Baure tʃobi See Language page
Yagua tivyiy tiwjij loan - WW %tewe See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua cachi katʃi See Language page
Ingá kachi katʃi See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua cachi catʃi See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano kachi katʃi See Language page
Piaroa k'Erue buɨh kɁærue buɨh unique See Language page
Sáliva llejo ʤeho loan, direction unknown Macaguan, Sikuani See Language page
Bará bṍã See Language page
Barasano bõã bõã See Language page
Carapana moa moa See Language page
Makuna moa moa inheritance/sem shift? See Language page
Yuruti bṍã bṍã See Language page
Waikhana bõ'ã bõ'ã See Language page
Siriano bõ'ã́ bõ'ã́ See Language page
Tanimuca dyu'kira dju'kira loan - WW %jukira See Language page
Tatuyo bõ'ã bõ'ã See Language page
Tuyuka móa móa See Language page
Waimaja bṍã bṍã See Language page
Koreguaje ũha ũha inheritance? See Language page
Siona ʔõwa ʔõwa inheritance? See Language page
Secoya ã'si ã'si See Language page
Karitiana tawara 'salty' tawara 'salty' loan - WW %tewe See Language page
Kokama tewe, tsewe tewe, tsewe loan - WW %tewe See Language page
Wayampi [sautu]; yukɨ (palm ash salt) [sautu]; jukɨ (palm ash salt) loan; inheritance Dutch, via Creole/Wayana See Language page
Aché itakɨrɨ iro unknown See Language page
Chiriguano ǰukɨ inheritance - WW See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ǰukɨ See Language page
Sirionó emikesa (Literally that which gives flavor) emikesa unique See Language page
Kamayurá jukɨt (K12) jukɨt (K12) inheritance - WW See Language page
Ocaina jááidya hááidja unique See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto ɯ́.aitaɯ ɯ́.aitaɯ See Language page
Minica Witoto ɯ́.aiθaɯ ɯ́.aiθaɯ See Language page
Murui Witoto ɯ.aiθaɯ ɯ.aiθaɯ inheritance/Witoto See Language page
Iquito isája isáha (Sp) loan Spanish or possibly Arawak, cf. čewe forms See Language page
Záparo ichahwa iʧahwa See Language page
Wari namaje (Sousa2009) namaje (Sousa2009) From Portuguese. See Language page
Araona -- Salt lick' is mehe. A seasoning, bano, is made from darkly roasted Brazil nuts, pounded in a trough. *Tacn form is *bano. See Language page
Tacana bano See Language page
Cavineña bano bano inheritance See Language page
Central Aymara xayu See Language page
Cayuvava čopara; tææ ~ tæræ See Language page
Itonama o-belo See Language page
Kwazá tsɛ̃ tsɛ̃ See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané hii'ko See Language page
Movima ɗoyon̉ ɗojon̉ See Language page
Trumai iakɨr iakɨr loan - WW %jukira See Language page
Kaingang sa (loan Pt?) (IDS) sa See Language page
Canela kaac̷wa *Jê form is *ka-c̷wa. See Language page
Suyá katua katua See Language page
Karajá ǰuwɨra; ǰɨra See Language page
Djeoromitxi kukänĩ kukǝnĩ See Language page
Chipaya yaku Rock salt' is ḳulo/ḳulu. Uru-J form is yiku. See Language page
Mocoví ʔwe See Language page
Pilagá ḳaaʔnowa See Language page
Toba towe; ḳaʔ ɲ-iʔiwa The latter means 'salty'; lit. 'rock prefix-salty'. See Language page
Lengua yasik See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité yamayasik See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet yaasek See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay ni'suy See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja sifʷoniʔ See Language page
Maca witlepinek (m.) See Language page
Nivaclé naʔpku-tax A plant salt. Arribeños dialect is c̷ifoni. See Language page
Ayoreo e'čo-i Ground s. is e'čo u'rui, lit. salt dust; cf. 'flour' 05.550. A chunk of s. is e'čo-i i'ribi-di; to sprinkle s. on the food u'n̥ute-gaay; s. crystals ũri'arõi ga'n̥ui, lit. a picture of molartooth 04.272. See Language page
Mapudungun čaθi Ranquel form is čaði. See Language page
Qawasqar c̷ams Bo records c̷apɬ for Central QWS. North and Central forms also mean 'sea' 01.320. SpS records akes for South QWS. See Language page
Tehuelche 'hečn; 'čˀagaʔ Also 'čˀeʔmr, 'pelusa de sal' that forms on the surface of a 'salitre'. See Language page
Lokono khaban kʰaban salt Pet 1987:369
Kariña sowtu sowtu salt Yamada 2010:805