Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Muinane

Family: Boran
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: bmr
Location: -0.87°, -72.42°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary

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Data Sources: Aschmann, R. P. 1993. Proto Witotoan, SIL and University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 114. Dallas: SIL and University of Texas at Arlington. Walton, James W. and Walton, Janice P. and Pakky de Buenaventura, Clementina. 1997. Diccionario bilingüe: muinane-español ; español-muinane. Santafé de Bogot: Lleras Camargo.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar				See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	mɨ́ɨ́-ʔai {pl}, mɨ́-si {m.d.}, mɨ́-ɸe {f.d.}	mɨ́ɨ́-ʔai {pl}, mɨ́-si {m.d.}, mɨ́-ɸɛ {f.d.}	no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	úú-xóʔo	úú-xóʔo	For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	amɨ́ɨ́-ʔai {pl}, amɨ́ɨ́-si {m.d.}, amɨ́ɨ́-ɸe {f.d.}	amɨ́ɨ́-ʔai {pl}, amɨ́ɨ́-si {m.d.}, amɨ́ɨ́-ɸɛ {f.d.}		See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	ɨ́ɨ́-xóʔo	ɨ́ɨ́-xóʔo		See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	díí-to {pl}, díítɨ-si {m.d.}, díítɨ-ɸe {f.d.}	díí-to {pl}, díítɨ-si {m.d.}, díítɨ-ɸɛ {f.d.}		See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	he: díi-bo, áxáa-nɨ; she: díi-go, áxáa-mo; it: xáá-no	he: díi-bo, áxáa-nɨ; she: díi-go, áxáa-mo; it: xáá-no		See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	cáamo (W97)	káamo		See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	dójɨcuvɨro (W97)	dóxɨkuβɨro		See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	ɸámóro (all people), ɸáá-no, párʸɨɨ-(kɨ-no) (everything)	ɸámóro (all people), ɸáá-no, párʲɨɨ-(kɨ-no) (everything)		See Language page
and	y	e	grammar	bu, jáánaa, jáánéri (W97)	bu, xáánaa, xáánéri		See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	rúúbuɨ (W97)	rúúbuɨ		See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body				See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	bai-gííxɨ	bai-gííxɨ		See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	-βɨ	-βɨ		See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	yóobai	jóobai		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	ími-tɨ-no	ími-tɨ-no		See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	(kuu)-mééʔu	(kuu)-mέέʔu		See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	íiba, xéebɨɨ	íiba, xέɛbɨɨ		See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	guííno, báavɨ (W97)	gííno, báavɨ (W97)		See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	mítya-no, gíráa-no, kééɸi-no bókkɨ-no, kóyɨ-no, tʸɨ́gaba	mítʲa-no, gíráa-no, kέέɸi-no bókkɨ-no, kójɨ-no, tʲɨ́gaba		See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	éédu-ʔi	έέdu-ʔi		See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	kɨβo-no	kɨβo-no		See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	tɨ́ɨ́-xóʔo	tɨ́ɨ́-xóʔo		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	ébásu-ʔi (light fire); búúsu-ʔi (fan); gísɨ-ʔi) (blow gun); ɸúúnɨ-ʔi (mouth); gíbú-ʔi) (wind)	έbásu-ʔi (light fire); búúsu-ʔi (fan); gísɨ-ʔi) (blow gun); ɸúúnɨ-ʔi (mouth); gíbú-ʔi) (wind)		See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	cáillɨno (W97)	káidʒɨno		See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	bákkɨ	bákkɨ		See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	woman's breast: míɸaɲo	woman's breast: míɸaɲo		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	jáguisɨhi (W97)	xáguisɨʔi		See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	xɨ́gasu-ʔi, mérai-βe-ʔi	xɨ́gasu-ʔi, mέrai-βɛ-ʔi		See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	désácuhi (W97)	désákuʔi		See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	séémene, gaí-ɸíí-séé {being-male-child}	sέέmɛnɛ, gaí-ɸíí-sέέ {being-male-child}		See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion				See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	áimúufai (W97) (=smoke)	áimúuɸai (W97) (=smoke)		See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	sɨɨku	sɨɨku		See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	sáá-ʔi	sáá-ʔi		See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	tɨ́ɨhi (W97)	tɨ́ɨʔi (W97)		See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	tḯkkóβo-bo, míyáá-no	tɯ́kkóβo-bo, míjáá-no		See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	éévehi (W97)	ééβeʔi		See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	táahi	táaʔi		See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	gáβɨ́rɨ́ɨ́ku-ʔi, kíttɨ-ʔi, tútúku-ʔi	gáβɨ́rɨ́ɨ́ku-ʔi, kíttɨ-ʔi, tútúku-ʔi		See Language page
day	día	dia	time	kúuxe	kúuxɛ		See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	gíxé-βe-ʔi, čééme-ʔi	gíxέ-βɛ-ʔi, tʃέέmɛ-ʔi		See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	séédi-ʔi	sέέdi-ʔi		See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna				See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	xííni-βa-no, béé-βa-no, mɨ́ʔɨni-βa-no, ɨ́díkku-no	xííni-βa-no, bέέ-βa-no, mɨ́ʔɨni-βa-no, ɨ́díkku-no		See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	tɨ́gahi (v.)	tɨ́gaʔi (v.)		See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	ádu-ʔi	ádu-ʔi		See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	ɸííga-ño	ɸííga-ɲo		See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	sɨ́ɨ́eβa-tɨ-no, gíʔi-no	sɨ́ɨ́ɛβa-tɨ-no, gíʔi-no		See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	pʰá-gíixɨ (powder classifier)	pʰá-gíixɨ (powder classifier)		See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	nɨ́xɨ-meeʔu	nɨ́xɨ-mɛɛʔu		See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	xíínɨ-(xe)	xíínɨ-(xɛ)		See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	dúú-ʔi {meat}, gééne-ʔi {fruit}, máčču-ʔi	dúú-ʔi {meat}, gέέnɛ-ʔi {fruit}, mátʃtʃu-ʔi		See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	ííyɨ	ííjɨ		See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	ááǰɨɨ	áádʒɨɨ		See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	námo (W97)	námo		See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	áákétte-ʔi (inanimate), áíɸe-ʔi (animate)	áákέttɛ-ʔi (inanimatɛ), áíɸɛ-ʔi (animatɛ)		See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	téʔesi-no	tέʔɛsi-no		See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	dɨ́ɨrɨba	dɨ́ɨrɨba		See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	gíʔí(rubi) {vocative}, kááni	gíʔí(rubi) {vocative}, kááni		See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	ígi-ʔi, ñɨ́ʔikku-ʔi	ígi-ʔi, ɲɨ́ʔikku-ʔi		See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	íxée-ne	íxέɛ-nɛ		See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	úse-gai-méeʔu {hand-finger-shell}	úsɛ-gai-mέɛʔu {hand-finger-shell}		See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	kɨ́ɨxɨ-gai, kusííbai	kɨ́ɨxɨ-gai, kusííbai		See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	niiβa-ʔi (tone not known), kuu-ʔi	niiβa-ʔi (tone not known), kuu-ʔi		See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	déeka, tá-dʸeeka-no (my flowers)	dέɛka, tá-dʲɛɛka-no (my flowɛrs)		See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	gáʔáɸe-ʔi	gáʔáɸɛ-ʔi		See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	áimúu-ɸai(ʔu) (cloud liquid/gas), súɨ	áimúu-ɸai(ʔu) (cloud liquid/gas), súɨ		See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	tɨ-ʔai	tɨ-ʔai		See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	óbáxákímaxe	óbáxákímaxɛ		See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	ími-(no)	ími-(no)		See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	attyɨ́βa-no	attjɨ́βa-no		See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	júsihi (W97)	xúsiʔi		See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	nígaɨ-xeene	nígaɨ-xɛɛnɛ		See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	úse	úsɛ		See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	nígaɨ	nígaɨ		See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	gúúbu-ʔi	gúúbu-ʔi		See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	kɨ́ɨdɨɨ, xéebɨɨ	kɨ́ɨdɨɨ, xέɛbɨɨ		See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	bókkɨ-no	bókkɨ-no		See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	fátánɨhi (W97)	ɸátánɨʔi		See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	ídʒáyu-ʔi, gáβíríku-ʔi, gánɨɨkɨ-ʔi, gáɸúúβe-ʔi (ref)	ídʒáju-ʔi, gáβíríku-ʔi, gánɨɨkɨ-ʔi, gáɸúúβɛ-ʔi (rɛf)		See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	ikka-ʔi (be), gááyɨkkɨnɨ-ʔi	ikka-ʔi (bɛ), gáájɨkkɨnɨ-ʔi		See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	áígúkku-no, ɸóómoβaku-no {warm}, gánúkúú-no {very}	áígúkku-no, ɸóómoβaku-no {warm}, gánúkúú-no {very}		See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	mɨdʒɨ	mɨdʒɨ		See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	-aččo, -aččixɨ	-atʃtʃo, -atʃtʃixɨ		See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	fáño (W97)	ɸáño		See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	íiba, ííba-no (pl)	íiba, ííba-no (pl)		See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body				See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	gíxé-βe-su-ʔi, gíxé-nɨ-ʔi, gáikkáau-ʔi	gíxέ-βɛ-su-ʔi, gíxέ-nɨ-ʔi, gáikkáau-ʔi		See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	gááxa-ʔi	gááxa-ʔi		See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	káási, xɨkkóoba	káási, xɨkkóoba		See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	jéjébahi (W97)	xéxébaʔi		See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	áame	áamɛ		See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	náni-ʔɨgo	náni-ʔɨgo		See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	xúúnu-ga	xúúnu-ga		See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	cágáivehi (W97)	kágáiβeʔi		See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	náme-ba, námé-ba-no (verb)	námɛ-ba, námέ-ba-no (vɛrb)		See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	ícahi (W97)	íkaʔi		See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	íga-no, íigá {his}	íga-no, íigá {his}		See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	cáámovono (W97)	káámoβono		See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	gáañiʔu	gáaɲiʔu	order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	βáβáágano, βáaβaga (sing.), xɨ́-gisɨ-ba (blow?)	βáβáágano, βáaβaga (sing.), xɨ́-gisɨ-ba (blow?)		See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	gáí-ɸi {being-male}	gáí-ɸi {being-male}		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	úúku, dúú-xoʔo {edible}, asímɨ	úúku, dúú-xoʔo {edible}, asímɨ		See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	(ɸúkkuo) nɨ́ʔɨ-ba	(ɸúkkuo) nɨ́ʔɨ-ba		See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	gáʔá(rubi) {vocative}, sééxɨ	gáʔá(rubi) {vocative}, sέέxɨ		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	(-)báaɨ, -gáxɨ {gorge}, káamo-βo baaɨ́, káamo-βo-gaxɨ	(-)báaɨ, -gáxɨ {gorge}, káamo-βo baaɨ́, káamo-βo-gaxɨ		See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	íi-xɨ	íi-xɨ		See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	mómo	mómo		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body				See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	fíitɨhi (W97) (= 'to not be far')	ɸíitɨʔi		See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	kódááʔe	kódááʔɛ		See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	bóʔo-no, bo-, bu-	bóʔo-no, bo-, bu-		See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	ɸúkku	ɸúkku		See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	chá (W97)	tʃá (W97)		See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	tɨ́xɨ-ʔu	tɨ́xɨ-ʔu		See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	sɨ́kɨ́xeʔɨ-no, kóomo-bo {old age}	sɨ́kɨ́xɛʔɨ-no, kóomo-bo {old age}		See Language page
one	uno	um	number	sááno	sááno		See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	fááyɨ́cɨhi (W97)	ɸáájɨ́kɨʔi		See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	sí- (W97)	sí-		See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	dɨ́ɨ́cɨba (W97)	dɨ́ɨ́kɨba		See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	míyámɨnaa {people}	míjámɨnaa {people}		See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	gánɨɨcɨhi, gávírícuhi, púpúcuhi, úvútúsuhi (W97)	gánɨɨkɨʔi, gáβíríkuʔi, púpúkuʔi, úβútúsuʔi		See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	nííxa-ba	nííxa-ba		See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	tɨ́ɸai-no	tɨ́ɸai-no		See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	ímíyanago-no	ímíjanago-no		See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	xɨ́ɨ́-ʔai	xɨ́ɨ́-ʔai		See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	bakó-ʔoko {yajé root}, -tano	bakó-ʔoko {jajέ root}, -tano		See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	túúkɨ-no, núkúkuu-no	túúkɨ-no, núkúkuu-no		See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	xíínɨ-gai-yɨ-ʔai {earth-piece-?-?}	xíínɨ-gai-jɨ-ʔai {earth-piece-?-?}		See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	néehi, jɨ́ɨ́béguehi (W97)	néeʔi, xɨ́ɨ́bégueʔi		See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	dúnucɨhi (W97)	dúnukɨʔi		See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	áttyɨ́me-ʔi, méekkɨ-ʔi	áttjɨ́mɛ-ʔi, mέɛkkɨ-ʔi		See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	sɨ́ɨ́xéβa-no	sɨ́ɨ́xέβa-no		See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	áñɨ́hi (W97)	áñɨ́ʔi		See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	bááre-ne	báárɛ-nɛ		See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	xɨ́xe-baɨ	xɨ́xɛ-baɨ		See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	núcúfé- (W97)	núcúɸé-		See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	gɨ́ɨ́-kkɨ́nɨ́-ʔi	gɨ́ɨ́-kkɨ́nɨ́-ʔi		See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	méeʔe	mέɛʔɛ		See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	níkke-xe	níkkɛ-xɛ		See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	kɨ́ga-ʔi	kɨ́ga-ʔi		See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	núméné-na, áxášu-no, áxášu-no-gayɨ	númέnέ-na, áxáʃu-no, áxáʃu-no-gajɨ		See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	aimúu-ɸai(ʔu) {cloud-liquid/gas}	aimúu-ɸai(ʔu) {cloud-liquid/gas}		See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	xɨ́gíkku-ʔi (sniff), úsu-ʔi, nɨ́nɨɨkkɨ-ʔi	xɨ́gíkku-ʔi (sniff), úsu-ʔi, nɨ́nɨɨkkɨ-ʔi	primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	jɨ́ɨ́rébámáaihi (jɨɨre = saliva)	xɨ́ɨ́rébámáaiʔi (xɨɨre = saliva)		See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	quísíívehi (W97)	kísííβeʔi		See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	máámɨ-ʔi, áámɨ́su-ʔi (make hit), ñéñéku-ʔi, gátiañɨ-ʔi	máámɨ-ʔi, áámɨ́su-ʔi (makɛ hit), ɲέɲέku-ʔi, gátiaɲɨ-ʔi		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	káɸáttʸɨ́kkɨ-ʔi (punch)	káɸáttʲɨ́kkɨ-ʔi (punch)		See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	xúdʒééβe-ʔi	xúdʒέέβɛ-ʔi		See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	méékɨrɨ-gai	mέέkɨrɨ-gai		See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	nánihi (W97)	nániʔi		See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	ɨ́meeʔ-i, dʒári-ga	ɨ́mɛɛʔ-i, dʒári-ga		See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	gíisi-ba	gíisi-ba		See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	gééne-ʔi (fruit), múginɨ-ʔi (milk)	gέέnɛ-ʔi (fruit), múginɨ-ʔi (milk)		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	(kúuxe-o) nɨ́ʔɨ-ba	(kúuxɛ-o) nɨ́ʔɨ-ba		See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	túgáahi (W97)	túgáaʔi		See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	xúúri-ʔi	xúúri-ʔi		See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	ísi-ʔi	ísi-ʔi		See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	ííbuʔu	ííbuʔu		See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	xóʔono	xóʔono		See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	ɸééme-ne	ɸέέmɛ-nɛ		See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	ɨ́si-no, áñino	ɨ́si-no, áɲino		See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	ésámáá-ʔi	έsámáá-ʔi		See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	xíno, xííxe	xíno, xííxɛ		See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	míínokkɨ sááno {two one}	míínokkɨ sááno {two one}		See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	cójííhu (W97)	kóxííʔu		See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	gáɲú-ʔi, xɨkku-ʔi	gáɲú-ʔi, xɨkku-ʔi		See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	sísi	sísi		See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	sísɨ-ʔi, dúxéne-ʔi	sísɨ-ʔi, dúxέnɛ-ʔi		See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	néxe-ba	nέxɛ-ba		See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	íí-gai, íí-ga-ñe {pl}	íí-gai, íí-ga-ñɛ {pl}		See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	vííuhi (W97)	βííuʔi	may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	míínokkɨ	míínokkɨ		See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	íguíyuhi (W97)	íguíjuʔi		See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	ɨ́guehi (W97)	ɨ́gueʔi		See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	ɸaiʔu, nɨ́-ɸáíʔu {water-liquid/gas}	ɸaiʔu, nɨ́-ɸáíʔu {water-liquid/gas}		See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	ɸéé-ɸa-ño máá-ño	ɸέέ-ɸa-ɲo máá-ɲo		See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	xínéxe	xínέxɛ		See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	(kú)súmi	(kú)súmi		See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	kúúka	kúúka		See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	séséé-ne	sέsέέ-nɛ		See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	ká-xáá-nɨ {m}, ká-xáá-mo {f}, mɨ́xɨ́	ká-xáá-nɨ {m}, ká-xáá-mo {f}, mɨ́xɨ́		See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	táaba, áttʸáaba	táaba, áttjáaba		See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	gíbúʔu-ba	gíbúʔu-ba		See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	xɨ́xeku	xɨ́xɛku		See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	gáí-go {being-female}	gáí-go {being-female}		See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	dúdɨ́cámáaihi (W97)	dúdɨ́kámáaiʔi		See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body				See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	gíí-giβa-no	gíí-giβa-no		See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	nóobaba	nóobaba		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	ɸáttɨ	ɸáttɨ		See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	níhiba, meedúba (W97)	níʔiba, meedúba		See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	jámana (W97)	xámana		See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	báacu (W97)	báaku		See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	búúa, ígáíβatɨ	búúa, ígáíβatɨ		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora				See Language page
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	generic ant: ɸíimo	generic ant: ɸíimo		See Language page
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	xééxɨ, túúxe	xééxɨ, túúxe		See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	góóɨ, nɨɨguiba (dasypus kappleri, R95)	góóɨ		See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	búi-ga	búi-ga		See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	cúújɨ (W97)	kúúxɨ		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	túúgaiyɨ (W97)	túúgaijɨ		See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	ɨxe-(ba) (H&R92); táávaɨ́jehi (W97)	ɨxe-(ba) (H&R92); tááβaɨ́xeʔi (W97)		See Language page		Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	kíkíxe	kíkíxe		See Language page
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				See Language page		plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		xóóɨ	xóóɨ		See Language page
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala				See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba				See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	gíinixa	gíinixa		See Language page
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	búua, ígáiba (W97)	búua, ígáiba		See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	xááxe, xáʔaxe, dúutuʔu; domeco, merígɨ (Allin, 'gourd'); théʔkhépa (H&R 'gourd')	xááxɛ, xáʔaxɛ, dúutuʔu		See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']	jéréécu (W97)	xérééku		See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	cɨɨmi (R95)	kɨɨmi		See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	tɨ́ɨ́fomogai (W97)	tɨ́ɨ́ɸomogai		See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	tyúhútyúba (W97)	tjúʔútjúba		See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	nimɨ́-tɨ́ɨ́ʔe	nimɨ́-tɨ́ɨ́ʔe		See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	aacába, rálláhiigai, rɨ̵́ɨ́llɨhu (W97)	aakába, rádʒáʔiigai, rɨ̵́ɨ́dʒɨʔu		See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	llááríbaje, llíreyɨ (W97)	dʒááríbaxe, dʒírejɨ		See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	múúhuɨ 'vine' (W97)	múúʔuɨ 'vine'		See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	xííbi-(ʔo)	xííbi-(ʔo)		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	góogaiba (W97)	góogaiba		See Language page
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	méeni; faafaiba, saamaiba (R95)	méeni		See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	iigomɨ, noobaiigo (R95)	iigomɨ, noobaiigo (R95)		See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	xáʔadi	xáʔadi		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	nɨhɨbaje (W97)	nɨhɨbaxe		See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	séseruba, cháhácába, síísi (W97)	séseruba, tʃáʔákába, síísi		See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	kɨ́gáʔo	kɨ́gáʔo		See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	níiβɨ-gai {red}, xííbai {white}	níiβɨ-gai {red}, xííbai {white}		See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	xɨ́kku {see jaguar/puma}	xɨ́kku {see jaguar/puma}		See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	nímɨihu (W97)	nímɨiʔu		See Language page
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	víheje (W97)	βíhexe		See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	áfaicu (W97)	áɸaiku		See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus				See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	méécɨrɨgai (W97)	méékɨrɨgai		See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		táaβa	táaβa		See Language page
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	jɨ́ɨ́mino (W97)	xɨ́ɨ́mino		See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	xɨ́ɨ́ku-gai	xɨ́ɨ́ku-gai		See Language page
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana	cáatɨ (=leaf for paint) (W97)	káatɨ (=leaf for paint) (W97)		See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	bumóomo (R95)	bumóomo (R95)		See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	súkkumexe (weeds), ɸáíxɨ	súkkumɛxɛ (weeds), ɸáíxɨ		See Language page
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans				See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	jíhíchɨ́ba (W97)	xíʔítʃɨ́ba		See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	jɨɨcimo (R95)	dʒɨɨkimo (R95)		See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	ɸéékaxe	ɸéékaxe		See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola				See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	bákotamɨ	bákotamɨ		See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	búcaɨ, túúnumo (W97)	búkaɨ, túúnumo		See Language page
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	nɨ́ɨ́bɨri, mɨ́ɨbɨriʔɨ (cf. Tukano??)	nɨ́ɨ́bɨri, mɨ́ɨbɨriʔɨ		See Language page
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	jééjɨ (also = anteater; mule) (W97)	xééxɨ (also = anteater; mule)		See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	déé	dέέ		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	íyu; yu (R95), illumɨ (R95) (cf. Minica/Murui)	íju, ijumɨ		See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	ɸááibe, rúúbéǰɨ	ɸááibe, rúúbédʒɨ		See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	mááɲáʔu, xúúčáíʔi {chameleon}	mááɲáʔu, xúútʃáíʔi {chameleon}		See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	tɨ́ɨsi (W97)	tɨ́ɨsi		See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	xɨ́kku {=dog}; heko, hoku (R95); uunubajiecu (R95)	xɨ́kku {=/dog}		See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra				See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	tááhu (W97)	tááʔu		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	ííhɨjoɨ (W97)	ííʔɨxoɨ		See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	xéeβa, ínóʔai, ééréda	xéeβa, ínóʔai, ééréda		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	béǰa {borr. From Huitoto?}	bέdʒa {borr. From Huitoto?}		See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	mácáaba, mɨ́hɨba táfáihu (W97) (both catfish types)	mákáaba, mɨ́ʔɨba táɸáihu (W97) (both catfish types)		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	féeca (W97)	ɸéeca		See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	fáicúumɨɨ (W97)	ɸáikúumɨɨ		See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	ínoho (W97)	ínoʔo		See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	gáai-xɨ-ba, upijˇɨ	gáai-xɨ-ba, upijˇɨ		See Language page
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	gíiɸo {field mouse}, bííččaɨ {house mouse}	gíiɸo {field mouse}, bíítʃtʃaɨ {house mouse}		See Language page
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	tóotoba (W97)	tóotoba		See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	súkku	súkku		See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	uuga (R95)	úuga		See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	βááú, márúúku, búru, βádu (H&R92)	βááú, márúúku, búru		See Language page	Widespread
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	tákkɨ	tákkɨ		See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	jáje (W97)	xáxe		See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	kɨ́ɨ́rába, {many more}	kɨ́ɨ́rába, {many more}		See Language page	Widespread
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	móomo	móomo	chonta palm (chonta)	Aschmann 1993: 141
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	quíllaha (W97)	kídʒaʔa		See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	gáíkku-xe, nítta	gáíkku-xe, nítta		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	dááráɨ, tánííniba (W97)	dááráɨ, tánííniba		See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	ǰírúúmɨba	dʒírúúmɨba		See Language page		plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae	dúúmójo, éjeecuga (W97)	dúúmóxo, éxeekuga		See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	máaquinicu (W97)	máakiniku		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	júúvehu (W97)	xúúβeʔu		See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	cumare (W97)	kumare		See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	dáágui (W97)	dáágui		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	júúchaihi, maatyícu (W97)	xúútʃaihi, maatjíku		See Language page
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	xɨ́siku	xɨ́siku		See Language page
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		xíinimo; íttɨ {small snake}	xíinimo; íttɨ {small snake}		See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	rattlesnake: táakaʔo {sabanera}	rattlesnake: táakaʔo {sabanera}		See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.	tánóoba (W97)	tánóoba		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	ɸáaga-xe, xɨ́ɨ́múʔai, ííkkuxe	ɸáaga-xe, xɨ́ɨ́múʔai, ííkkuxe		See Language page
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.				See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	tiitiu (R95) [cf. Cofan]	tiitiu (R95)		See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	báje (W97)	báxe		See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	kɨ́ni-rumi	kɨ́ni-rumi		See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	tɨ́ɨʔe	tɨ́ɨʔe		See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	mɨ́ǰɨ́gíyɨ, máʔarɨ, táabano	mɨ́dʒɨ́gíyɨ, máʔarɨ, táabano		See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	tɨfímɨje (W97)	tɨɸímɨxe		See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	cúúváru (W97)	kúúβáru		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	xakúkúga, bɨ́ɨ́riʔi, níxaga, mɨ́ɨ́méba, xáákkɨba, βaúra	xakúkúga, bɨ́ɨ́riʔi, níxaga, mɨ́ɨ́méba, xáákkɨba, βaúra		See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	báñójɨ	báñíxɨ		See Language page		plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	xúʔúpúku	xúʔúpúku		See Language page	Widespread
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	nɨ́go, xɨ́ɨ́kkɨgai, rɨ́ʔúúʔu, bárʸígai	nɨ́go, xɨ́ɨ́kkɨgai, rɨ́ʔúúʔu, bárʲígai		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		ɨ́mo-ʔo	ɨ́mo-ʔo		See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	chullilli (R95); kɨdʒíba, tʃujíjí (H&R92)			See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui				See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	áñɨ, súkkuga	áɲɨ, súkkuga		See Language page	Widespread South America
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	guísɨ́re (W97)	guísɨ́re		See Language page
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	jímuhai (R95)			See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	xɨ́bííǰaxe; méecu (R95) [Carib loan]	xɨ́bíídʒaxe		See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	ɸááɸaiba; meení (R95)	ɸááɸaiba		See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	babáiho, jɨ́suɨ (W97)	babáiʔo, xɨ́suɨ		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	tɨɨbú-ga {arrow-long}	tɨɨbú-ga {arrow-long}	hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	xɨ́gáá-xe {axe-flat}	xɨ́gáá-xɛ {axe-flat}	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	worm: xɨ́ʔɨba, čúʔúi	worm: xɨ́ʔɨba, tʃúʔúi	can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	tazáhillu (W97) [Sp loan]; cábɨ́ɨ́cɨga (W97)	tazáhidʒu; kábɨ́ɨ́kɨga		See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	jɨhicu, jɨííbai, sáicɨbai (W97)	xɨʔiku, xɨííbai, sáikɨbai		See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material				See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material				See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	kɨ́ga-íixe, kɨ́ga-taxe	kɨ́ga-íixɛ, kɨ́ga-taxɛ		See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	íkka-ga	íkka-ga		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	gisɨ́-xɨ {blow-tube}	gisɨ́-xɨ {blow-tube}	currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	sáyu (W97)	sáju		See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture			if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	tɨɨbú-ga	tɨɨbú-ga	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	guíjáaba (W97)	guíxáaba		See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	mééne-ga {canoe-long}	mέέne-ga {canoe-long}		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	mííshi	mííʃi		See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	cátáva (W97)	kátáβa		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	áivojɨɨbo (W97)	áiβoxɨɨbo		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	gááchehu, -chéhu (W97)	gáátʃeʔu, -tʃéhu		See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	gáihuɨdaahe (W97)	gáiʔuɨdaaʔe		See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology	méei (W97)	méei	malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool			hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	mócaani ('our father=God'); mohéédeebe (traditional deity)	mókaani ('God'); moʔéédeebe (traditional deity)	In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	tɨ́gahi ('to dream') (W97)	tɨ́gahi		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology				See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture	kɨ́ɨ́mɨ-ba	kɨ́ɨ́mɨ-ba	Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	pépecuta (W97)	pépekuta	esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	mínɨhai (W97)	mínɨʔai		See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other			may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	móomoba {peach-palm}	móomoba {peach-palm}	prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology				See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	kúúxo-ʔo {firewood-wood}	kúúxo-ʔo {firewood-wood}		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	cáánɨhi (W97)	káánɨhi		See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	cádéréyɨcɨhi (W97)	kádéréjɨkɨʔi		See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool				See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	cabóvono, cabóhovo, cábuucuba, ígáhaiba, jɨ́hicu, sésu, úújúmeebe (W97)	kabóβono, kabóʔovo, kábuukuba, ígáʔaiba, xɨ́ʔiku, sésu, úúxúmeebe		See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	máahu, áigúúcúhɨ́ca (casabe caliente o fresco), ítaɨca (casabe de almidón), túucɨ máahu (casabe preparado de la yuca podrida), súcúga (casabe tostada)	máaʔu, áigúúcúʔɨ́ca (casabe caliente o fresco), ítaɨca (casabe de almidón), túucɨ máahu (casabe preparado de la yuca podrida), súcúga (casabe tostada)"	usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	máchuguiijɨ (cf. machu 'food') (W97)	mátʃuguiixɨ	agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	mɨríícu (Yurupari trumpet?); sírumeeje, tyotyítyiba	mɨrííku (Yurupari trumpet?); sírumeexe, tjotjítjiba	multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	ási 'animal (gen.)' (W97)	ási 'animal (gen.)'	Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	gáija (W97)	gáixa		See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	xááxe, dúutuʔu (Allin, 'gourd'); théʔkhépa (H&R 'gourd')	xááxɛ, dúutuʔu, théʔkhépa		See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	tɨááfai (W97)	tɨááɸai [loan Witoto]	esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	cɨ́ɨ́hójɨ (W97)	kɨ́ɨ́ʔóxɨ		See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	mééje (W97), -iixe (A93)	mééxe, -iixe (A93)		See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	jɨ́goba (W97)	xɨ́goba	agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	áñɨ́jɨ (from 'shoot') (W97)	áñɨ́jɨ		See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	gááí-ba	gááí-ba		See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	nɨ́jega (from 'shelter') (W97)	nɨ́xega (W97)		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology	táábúmɨnaaɸi	táábúmɨnaaɸi	Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	íímɨhu (W97)	íímɨʔu	only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	íí-xa, káamooxa {with floor}	íí-xa, káamooxa {with floor}		See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	dúúdújahi (W97)	dúúdúxaʔi		See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	mééyuʔu	mέέjuʔu		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	nɨ́ɨtahɨ (W97)	nɨ́ɨtaʔɨ		See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	níísúga	níísúga		See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	cábɨ́ɨ́cɨga (W97)	kábɨ́ɨ́kɨga		See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	búʔúdú-ga	búʔúdú-ga		See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology				See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology	gáánaba	gáánaba		See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	áame (=leaf) (W97)	áame		See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	cábɨ́ɨ́cɨga (W97)	kábɨ́ɨ́kɨga		See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	búútáje (W97)	búútáxe		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	gírí-ʔiǰu	gírí-ʔidʒu		See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	xáá-ku, gáadai	xáá-ku, gáadai		See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	máani (W97)	máani		See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	gáaibaɨ (of hammock), dúuxe-yɨ	gáaibaɨ (of hammock), dúuxɛ-jɨ		See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	ɨ́muhu 'salt'; átyóga 'sal de monte' (W97)	ɨ́muʔu 'salt'; átjóga 'sal de monte'		See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	áámene ɨ́ɨ́fɨnɨcɨja (lit. 'house where one looks at books') (W97)	áámene ɨ́ɨ́ɸɨnɨkɨxa		See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	ápíchúubo (W97)	ápítʃúubo	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress				See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	guíínooja (W97)	guíínooxa		See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	ámócasimɨnaafi (='fighter') (W97)	ámókasimɨnaaɸi		See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	másijɨ (W97)	másixɨ		See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	áámɨ	áámɨ		See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	ítácu (W97)	ítáku		See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	náámoguiijɨ 'sweet powder' (W97)	náámoguiixɨ 'sweet powder'		See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	cáágɨnɨcu (W97)	káágɨnɨku	agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	jáje (W97)	xáxe		See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	gádameehu (W97)	gádameeʔu	word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture			use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool			agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	námita (W97)	námita	hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other				See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	nítɨba (W97)	nítɨba (W97)	agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology			a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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