Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

maize, corn

Semantic Field
flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
mazorca, maiz
Meaning Portuguese
milho

Languages

Language Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
Akawaio Zea mays aknaik aʔnaɪk inheritance? Proto-Carib possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Baniwa Zea mays káana káana inheritance Central North Arawak Inland N. Arawak uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Carijona Zea mays anaci (SM) a’natʃi (H&R) inheritance? Proto-Carib possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Cubeo Zea mays veavʉ vɛavʉ, we'á (H&R) doubtful loan into protolanguage - old WW Proto-Tukanoan %bea Possible Wanderwort? Northern Embera: bée; Witoto: beja. Reconstructs to WT. Also a loan into Nukak, prob. from Cubeo. WW %be uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Dâw Zea mays ‘wat w'at loan Tupi-Guarani e.g. Cocama awati underived See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Desano Zea mays ojodᵾcaporo ohodɨkapoɾo, ohodɨ'ká (H&R) semantic shift (in protolg?) East Tukanoan from banana; cf. Hup, Bora uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Eñepa Zea mays keʔɲak; ke'ña', Var. ke'ñat, ke'ñai (MM) keʔɲak; keʔɲaʔ, Var. keʔɲat, keʔɲai (MM) doubtful loan North Arawak e.g. Piapoco: kanái and similar forms in other Arawak lgs. Also keʔɲat, keʔɲai WW %kana See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Guayabero Zea mays jes hes inheritance uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Hodï Zea mays jtamu ʰtãbu unique uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Waorani Zea mays caguingo unique North Arawak ka-, kana uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Hup Zea mays pɨhɨt-yṹm pɨhɨt-jṹm semantic shift parallel E.Tukanoan, Bora maize-sow' compound banana-plant See Language page 0 1 0 cultivated women very little raised; mostly used for beer 0 0 attained through exchange with Tukanoans widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Kakua Zea mays ho hû loan East Tukanoan East Tukanoan, e.g. Macuna, Siriano, Barasano oho-rika underived See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Macaguan Zea mays jetsá hetsá inheritance uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Makushi Zea mays aʔanáí aʔanáí inheritance? Proto-Carib possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Nheengatu Zea mays mílyu (from POR) mílju (from POR) loan Portuguese Also: auatí (awatí) Mello 2003 (inherited PTG) underived See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Ninam Zea mays lulumok, rIrimos (gom) lulumok, ɾɯrimos (gom) unique underived N-CLF ; mok = "seed" Goodwin-Gomez 90 See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Nukak Zea mays weá, kánáʔ (P07) loan - WW; loan - WW Tukanoan; Arawak wea = Cubeo or West Tukanoan; kana = Arawak WW %kana uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Maihiki Zea mays bea ja bea xã doubtful loan into protolanguage - WW Proto-Tukanoan %bea Possible Wanderwort? Northern Embera: bée; Witoto: beja. Reconstructs to WT and also appears in Cubeo. WW %be uncoded xã xã (orth. ja) = inanimate See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Pemon Zea mays aknaik (A1981) aʔnaɪk (A1981) inheritance? Proto-Carib possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Resígaro Zea mays veéká?ó veékáʔó doubtful loan - WW %bea (but not from Bora/Witoto?) Witoto, Bora shared forms bέdʒa WW %be uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Sanumá Zea mays sinimo sinimo inheritance? missing See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Sikuani Zea mays jaratabüjetsa (246), jetsa (2) hétsa inheritance also jaratabüjetsa (246) uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Tariana Zea mays kána kána inheritance Central North Arawak Inland N. Arawak uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Tukano Zea mays ohôka ohôka semantic shift (in protolg?) East Tukanoan from banana; cf. Hup, Bora uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Kotiria Zea mays yo jóó (stenz), jo (H&R) semantic shift (in protolg?) East Tukanoan from banana; cf. Hup, Bora Loan into Kakua ho uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Wapishana Zea mays maẓikʰi maẓikʰi inheritance Proto-Arawak See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Yanomam Zea mays shidi (WS76); uxirima (black grains), hrare (orange grains), aurima (white grains) (all WM99, nom. Class: mokɨ) ʃidi; uʃiɾima, hɾaɾe, auɾima inheritance? uxirima (black grains), hrare (orange grains), aurima (white grains) uncoded mokɨ See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Yanomami Zea mays yono mosi jono mosi unique mosi = CLF underived N+CLF mosi = CLF (class isn't well defined) (Ramirez 94) may actually be mo "CLF edible grain" and si "CLF ~grass" See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Yukuna Zea mays kaxné (h) kaxné (H&R) inheritance Central North Arawak Inland N. Arawak uncoded See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Yuhup Zea mays hóka hóka loan Tukano Tukano ohôka underived See Language page 0 1 0 0 0 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no plant
Achagua Zea mays ká:na ká:na inheritance Inland N. Arawak See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Piapoco Zea mays canái kanái See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Kabiyari Zea mays kanha (h) kanha (h) See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Yavitero Zea mays kana kana See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Wayuu Zea mays maiki See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Yine Zea mays šixi See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains *Piro-Apuriná form is *si-ki-mi.
Paresi Zea mays kozeto koðetu unknown See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Ignaciano Zea mays sipani See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Trinitario Zea mays sponi; sponɣi See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Baure Zea mays čoro tʃoro unique See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Waurá Zea mays maiki maiki inheritance See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Cha'palaa Zea mays 'pišu See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains 'Cornfield' is 'piš-'pala.
Bora Zea mays ïxɨ {kernel}, ḯxɨ-ï {ear}, ḯxɨ-ʔo {plant}, ïxɨ-ʔe ɯxɨ {kernel}, ɯ́xɨ-ɯ {ear}, ɯ́xɨ-ʔo {plant}, ɯxɨ-ʔe semantic shift? same as banana, as in Tukanoan and Hup See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Muinane Zea mays béǰa {borr. From Huitoto?} bέdʒa {borr. From Huitoto?} See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Apalai Zea mays oxinase oxinase inheritance? possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Wayana Zea mays ehnai ehnai inheritance? possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Tiriyó Zea mays aːnaci aːnaci inheritance? possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Makiritare Zea mays ənɲa (IDS) ənɲa inheritance? possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Mapoyo Zea mays ë'nai ɛ'nai See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Wai Wai Zea mays nasɨ-nasɨ nasɨ-nasɨ inheritance? possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Yabarana Zea mays nati, natiapə See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Yukpa Zea mays ipistapó, míʃk( r) meʔ (H&R) See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains Phon only in source plant
Kalapalo Zea mays a'na a'na inheritance? possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Muisca Zea mays aba aβa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Northern Emberá Zea mays bée bée; pe(H&R) See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Epena Zea mays pe; pe-'tau See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains 'Grain of corn' is pe-'tau 'tau, corn-round-unit.
Cuiva Zea mays hétsa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Playero Zea mays hétsa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Cofán Zea mays ppu´ppu phɯʔphɯ See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
Candoshi-Shapra Zea mays yovato jowato doubtful loan Tupi-Guarani See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Taushiro Zea mays ho´antu´ hoʔantuʔ See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Páez Zea mays cocavi kokavi; kutʲh(H&R) See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Tikuna Zea mays chawũ; tchá-que (Alv44) tʃawũ; tʃáʔke doubtful loan, direction unknown Jivaroan ʃaa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Urarina Zea mays katoḍzi katotʃi unique See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Camsa Zea mays mátse mátse See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Andoke Zea mays soboi soboi unique See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Pumé Zea mays pʰʊɛ See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Tinigua Zea mays coːxa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Puinave Zea mays kãn kãn loan North Arawak See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Warao Zea mays naukamo naukamo See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Ashuar Zea mays shaa ʃa: See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Huambisa Zea mays shaa ʃa: See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Aguaruna Zea mays sháa ʃáa doubtful loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown Ticuna tʃa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Nadëb/Roçado dialect Zea mays janati loan Carib or TG? See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Matses Zea mays picabo, shicshu pikabo, ʃikʃu unknown; loan into protolanguage Arawak/Tacanan See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Kakataibo Zea mays ṣ̌ɨki See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains 'To shell corn' ṣ̌ɨmɨ-. *Panoan *ṣ̌ɨʔmɨ-. *Panoan *ṣ̌ɨki.
Katukina Zea mays šɨki See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Pacahuara Zea mays 'ṣ̌ɨki See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains d'Orb šeki. Heath tséki. d'Orb šeki-šo 'young (green) corn'.
Shipibo-Konibo Zea mays ṣ̌ɨki See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Yaminahua Zea mays ṣ̌iki See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Chácobo Zea mays ṣ̌ɨki ṣ̌ɨki loan into protolanguage Arawak/Tacanan See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Yagua Zea mays didu ndindu unique See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Southern Pastaza Quechua Zea mays sara saɾa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Ingá Zea mays sara sára(H&R) See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Napo Lowland Quichua Zea mays sara saɾa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Quechua Ayacuchano Zea mays kaspa kaspa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Piaroa Zea mays (ear of corn) namɨt'ä namut'æ inheritance See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Sáliva Zea mays llomo ʤomo inheritance See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Bará Zea mays 'ódika See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Barasano Zea mays oh'ó-riká oh'ó-riká See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Carapana Zea mays orica ɔɾika, 'ó-ríka See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Makuna Zea mays ojorica oxolika, oho-rika semantic shift (in protolg?) from banana; cf. Hup, Bora See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Yuruti Zea mays órika órika See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Waikhana Zea mays joo joo See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Siriano Zea mays ojodʉca ohodɨka See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Tanimuca Zea mays o'aka o'aka semantic shift (in protolg?) from banana; cf. Hup, Bora See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Tatuyo Zea mays ó-'ríka ó-'ríka See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Tuyuka Zea mays jórika hórika See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Waimaja Zea mays ódikʰà ódikʰà See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Koreguaje Zea mays veavʉ beabʉ, βea doubtful loan into protolanguage - WW %bea See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Siona Zea mays huea wea doubtful loan into protolanguage - WW %bea See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Secoya Zea mays huea we'a See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Karitiana Zea mays gijo gijo unknown See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Kokama Zea mays ahuati awati inheritance See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Wayampi Zea mays awasi awasi inheritance See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Aché Zea mays wače inheritance See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Chiriguano Zea mays a'wati inheritance See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Paraguayan Guaraní Zea mays avati See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Sirionó Zea mays ibaši̯; abači̯ ibaši̯; abači̯ inheritance See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Kamayurá Zea mays awatsi (K12) awatsi (K12) inheritance See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Ocaina Zea mays xóɸiiro xóɸiiro unique See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Nɨpode Witoto Zea mays béǰa bέdʒa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Minica Witoto Zea mays béǰa bέdʒa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Murui Witoto Zea mays beǰa bɛdʒa loan (into protolanguage?) - WW %bea See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Iquito Zea mays siíquiraja (general term); cajíyaaqui (variedad de maíz que tiene granos de varios colores); cáraaqui (mazorcas de maíz chico con granos grandes y choclos que crecen después de las primeras plantas); sacáruuqui (mazorca de maíz) siíkiraha (general term); kahíjaaki (variedad de maíz ke tiene granos de varios colores); káraaki (mazorcas de maíz chico con granos grandes j choclos ke crecen después de las primeras plantas); sakáruuki (mazorca de maíz) doubtful loan into protolanguage - old WW %šiki See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Záparo Zea mays sawku sawku See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Wari Zea mays mapak, papak (Sousa2009) mapak, papak (Sousa2009) See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Araona Zea mays zia See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains *Tacn form is *ćixe.
Ese Ejja Zea mays šixe See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Ese Ejja/Huarayo Zea mays e-šixe e-šixe See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Tacana Zea mays ď̶ihe See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Cavineña Zea mays ihike ihike See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Central Aymara Zea mays tonqo tunḳu See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Cayuvava Zea mays šiki; hiiki ~ hiki See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains 'Boiled corn' is pɔ'ɔ-hiki.
Itonama Zea mays u-čuʔu; kanasbɨsča See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains First ex. refers to corn on the cob. Also udame kaboro 'dark corn'; mayukomomo 'short ear of c.'; udame ɨkasɨ 'hard c'.; awɨhwɨ 'soft c'.; kačˀaʔda 'white c.'.
Kwazá Zea mays atxitxi atxitxi See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Mosetén-Chimané Zea mays 'tara See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Movima Zea mays kʷah-taʔa kʷax-taʔa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Trumai Zea mays ot̯et̯ ot̯et̯ See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Kaingang Zea mays gãr ŋãr See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Suyá Zea mays wɔsɨ wɔsɨ See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Karajá Zea mays mai See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Djeoromitxi Zea mays txitxi tʃitʃi See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Chipaya Zea mays tara See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Pilagá Zea mays 'tawaʁa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Toba Zea mays ʔawaʁa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Lengua Zea mays latsehe See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité Zea mays latsihi; latsaktik See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains The latter is white corn.
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet Zea mays seʔheʔ; latseʔheʔ See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay Zea mays siput'ka See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains Refers to the ear of corn. A grain of corn is siput'ka ɬuʔ, lit. 'corn (its) seed'.
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja Zea mays ipyek (m.) See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Maca Zea mays naac̷ˀaxik (m.) See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Nivaclé Zea mays niklɔʔc̷ič See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
Ayoreo Zea mays edo ee'toi; edo ua'ha-di See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains Refers to hard c., 15.740. Sweet c. is edo pa'rataai, 15.750; yellow sweet c. is edo 'sarẽ-i 15.690; popcorn is 'geen̥a-pitai 12.560; blue c. is ugare-'tei; c. on the cob is 'geen̥a u'po-i, 15.680; shelled c. is geen̥a'ɲ̥u-nieʔ; 'geen̥a-pina'su-i; sparce
Mapudungun Zea mays uwa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains Ranquel form is wa.
Lokono Zea mays marishi mariʃi corn Fanshawe 1949:69 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no
Kariña Zea mays awasi awasi corn Courtz 2007:249 widespread, esp. in river floodplains no