Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Yanomam

Family: Yanomaman
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: guu
Location: 1.68°, -64.88°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Ferreira, Helder Perri. 2017. Yanomama Clause Structure. LOT dissertations series. Migliazza, Ernest C. 1972. Yanomama grammar and intelligibility. PhD diss, Indiana University. Milliken, William, Bruce Albert, with Gale G. Gomez. 1999. Yanomami, A Forest People. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Smole, William J. 1976. The Yanoama Indians. University of Texas Press: Austin.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	kamiyafɨk (dual excl. Em72)	kamijafɨk	inheritance			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	kamiyamak (pl. incl. EM72)	kamijamak	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	kamiyə (EM72)	kamije	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	kafɨ wafɨk (dual EM72), kafɨ wamakə (pl. EM72)	kafɨ wafɨk (dual EM72), kafɨ wamakə (pl. EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	kafɨwa (EM72)	kafɨwa (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	kama kəp (dual EM72), kama thəp (pə) (pl. non-dist. EM72), thəp (pl. inan. EM72)	kama kəp, kama tʰəp (pə), tʰəp	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	kama (he/she, EM72), thə (it, inanimate EM72)	kama, tʰə	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	fesika	fesika	inheritance			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	kõ, kotao	kõ, kotao	inheritance			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	prewə, kõmiri	pɾewə, kõmiɾi	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar	šo	ʃo	inheritance			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body			missing			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body			missing			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	yɨpušip	jɨpuʃip	inheritance			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			missing			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	yaupə	jaupə	inheritance			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	hošimi, manahikə	hoʃimi, manahikə	unique			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	fisi	fisi	inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	pɨs	pɨs	inheritance			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location			missing			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	pata (animate), prewə	pata, pɾewə	inheritance			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	wɨtɨ	wɨtɨ	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	uši	uʃi	inheritance			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	ĩyə, ĩə	ĩjə, ĩə	inheritance			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	hora	hoɾa	inheritance			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	ũ	ũ	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	sufu up	sufu up	inheritance			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	hẽrekamo	hẽɾekamo	inheritance			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	ĩši, fraa	ĩʃi, fɾaa	inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	watika, waški	watika, waʃki	inheritance			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	ufuru (boy), moko (EM72 "girl")	ufuɾu, moko	inheritance			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	tu	tu	inheritance			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	kroke	kroke	unique			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	sãi, sãhi, wahati (to feel cold) (EM72)	sãi, sãhi, wahati (to feel cold) (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	fuime	fuime	inheritance			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	hari	haɾi	inheritance			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality			missing			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental			missing			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	ɨ̃kɨ	ɨ̃kɨ	inheritance			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	paka, manɨ	paka, manɨ	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	wakara, haru (both EM72, "light time")	wakaɾa, haɾu	inheritance			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	noma	noma	inheritance			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	tiə, thətha	tiə, tʰətʰa	inheritance			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	šami	ʃami	inheritance			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	mahari	mahaɾi	inheritance			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	koa	koa	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	wehe, ariki	wehe, aɾiki	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	pusi	pusi	inheritance			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	hĩ	hĩ	unique			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	yə̃məka	jə̃məka	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	mašitha (EM72 "earth")	maʃitʰa	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	wa (trans.), ia (intrans.), wɨtɨ (bite, EM72)	wa (trans.), ia (intrans.), wɨtɨ (bite, EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	nathe	natʰe	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	mamo	mamo	inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body			missing			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	ke	ke	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	praha, payək	pɾaha, pajək	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	wĩte, tapɨ (both "fat")	wĩte, tapɨ	inheritance			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	fa	fa	inheritance			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	kɨri	kɨɾi	inheritance			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna			missing			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	imi (finger), nasik (EM72, "nail, claw")	imi, nasik	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	wakə	wakə	inheritance			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	yuri (small, generic)	juri	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	karə	kaɾə	inheritance			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	horehore	hoɾehoɾe	inheritance			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	yə	jə	inheritance			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	irowasi	iɾowasi	inheritance			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	mafuk (EM72)	mafuk (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	himohimo	himohimo	inheritance			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	totihi (EM72), topra (EM72)	totihi, topɾa	inheritance			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality			missing			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	kau	kau	unique			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	fethak (EM72)	fetʰak	inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	imik (EM72)	imik (EM72)	doubtful loan (into protolg?)	Panoan		See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	wiik (face), fe (head)	fe (head), wi:k (face)	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	hĩri	hĩri	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	mašikop (EM72)	maʃikop	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality		hute	missing			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	hõya	hõja	unique			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	šə	ʃə	inheritance			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	fua	fua	inheritance			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	yopi, fuuši (both EM72)	jopi, fu:ʃi	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	wetinaha	wetinaha	inheritance			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar			missing			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	fišomiha	fiʃomiha	inheritance			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	šik	ʃik	inheritance			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	natoši, šuhuti	natoʃi, ʃuhuti	inheritance			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	waika, nomama	waika, nomama	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	ta (EM72)	ta	inheritance			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	yokoto	jokoto	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	ĩka, ĩkara	ĩka, ĩkaɾa	inheritance			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	fena	fena	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	hai	hai	inheritance			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	mathak	matʰak	inheritance			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	pɨrɨa	pɨɾɨa	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment			missing			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body			missing			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	amok (EM72)	amok	inheritance			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	rape	ɾape	inheritance			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	noma (EM72)	noma	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body			missing			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	wãro (EM72)	wãɾo	doubtful loan (into proto-language?)	MAYBE Carib source; cf. warawok in Akawaio, warayoʔ in Macushi, warato in Pemon		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	yãhi	jãhi	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	poripo (EM72)	poɾipo	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	na	na	inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	hefu (EM72), maamak (EM72)	hefu, ma:mak	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	kafik, fes (both EM72)	kafik, fes (both EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	wãfe (EM72)	wãfe (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body			missing			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	ahate	ahate	inheritance			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	orafi	oɾafi	inheritance			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	tute	tute	inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	tɨtɨ, rua (both EM72, "dark time")	tɨtɨ, ɾua	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	ma (EM72)	ma	doubtful loan	Arawak		See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	fušu (EM72)	fuʃu	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	repa (EM72, inanimate), hote (EM72, inanimate), pata (EM72, elderly, respected)	ɾepa, hote, pata	inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	moni (EM72)	moni (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	kero (EM72)	keɾo	inheritance			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar			missing			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	hariri, rãamo (EM72)	haɾiɾi, ɾãamo	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	yãnomam	jãnomam	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	pasu (EM72)	pasu	inheritance			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	maa (EM72)	maa	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	wakə	wakə	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	tɨma (EM72)	tɨma	inheritance			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	piriyo	pirijo	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	nasiki (EM72)	nasiki	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	tare (EM72)	taɾe	inheritance			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	mrakmrakap (EM72)	mɾakmɾakap	inheritance			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	ku	ku	inheritance			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	kikoka (EM72)	kikoka	inheritance			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	mɨ, ta (both EM72)	mɨ, ta (both EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	namo (EM72)	namo	inheritance			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	nia (EM72)	nia	inheritance			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	hotohi (EM72)	hototi	inheritance			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	hako (EM72)	hako	inheritance			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental			missing			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	ro (EM72)	ɾo	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	si (EM72)	si	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	hutumos (EM72)	hutumos	inheritance			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	mi (EM72)	mi	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	wãsiap, sĩrip (both EM72)	wãsiap, sĩɾip	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	wakɨši (EM72)	wakɨʃi	inheritance			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	rĩša, rĩarišipra (EM72)	ɾĩʃa, ɾĩaɾiʃipɾa	inheritance		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	kašə (EM72)	kaʃə	inheritance			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	pakaropre (EM72)	pakaɾopɾe	unique			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	afufa (EM72)	afufa	inheritance			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact			missing			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	upra (EM72)	upɾa	inheritance			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	pirim ãfu, šitikari (EM72)	piɾim ãfu, ʃitikaɾi	loan (into protolanguage?)	Carib, e.g. Pemon sírikɨ́		See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	thõmɨmu (EM72)	tʰõmɨmu	inheritance			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora			missing			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	maama (EM72)	ma:ma	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	ususa (EM72)	ususa	inheritance			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	motokaši (EM72)	motokaʃi	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body			missing			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	šuwə, furu (EM72)	ʃuwə, fuɾu	inheritance			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	pokatu, karɨ, hərə (EM72), kərə (EM72)	pokatu, kaɾɨ, həɾə, kəɾə	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	šina (EM72)	ʃina	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	mihi, kihi (both EM72)	mihi, kihi (both EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	šuɨ, šuwə	ʃuɨ, ʃuwə	inheritance			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	ahate	ahate	inheritance			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	pifi, pifiku	pifi, pifiku	inheritance			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	fei (EM72)	fei (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	yãmi (EM72 "few")	jãmi	inheritance			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body			missing			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	šəyə	ʃəjə	inheritance			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	yãrɨ	jãɾɨ	inheritance			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	õka, faroko	õka, faɾoko	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	aka (EM72)	aka (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	na (EM72)	na (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	šimore	ʃimoɾe	inheritance		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	porakapi (EM72)	poɾakapi	inheritance			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	sufra	sufɾa	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	fu (EM72)	fu (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	maup (EM72)	maup	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	here (EM72)	heɾe	inheritance			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	wɨtipi (EM72)	wɨtipi	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	wɨti thəm	wɨti tʰəm	inheritance			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	wɨti ha	wɨti ha	inheritance			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	au, aɨ (both EM72)	au, aɨ	inheritance			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	wɨtipi (EM72)	wɨtipi (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	thɨwə- (EM72)	tʰɨwə-	inheritance			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	watori, iproko	watoɾi, ipɾoko	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	fako	fako	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	thɨwə (EM72)	tʰɨwə	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	kĩa, ohotemo	kĩa, ohotemo	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	kafik rerea	kafik ɾeɾea	inheritance			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	frãre (EM72)	fɾãɾe	inheritance			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	nana (WS76); manokorima (bold), ɨrepërima (white-haired)(both WM99, nom. Class: si)	nana (WS76); manokoɾima (bold), ɨɾepəɾima (white-haired		inheritance		cf. Witoto	Witoto nonó-; see also Yan manokorima (bold), ɨrepërima (white-haired)				uncoded	si		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	thõmɨ	tʰõmɨ		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis				missing							missing			See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	õema ahi (pourouma bicolor ssp.), waraka ahi (pourouma melinonii) (both WM99)	õema ahi, waɾaka ahi		unknown			waraka ahi (pourouma melinonii)				uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes				missing							missing			See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	šiho, koye (both unknown species)	ʃiho, koje (both unknown species)		inheritance							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	opo	opo		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	xaraka si yai, xuhutima si, napë si (WM99 - three varieties of Gynerium sagitt.)	ʃaɾaka si jai, ʃuhutima si, napə si		inheritance			other Gynerium sagitt.: ʃuhutima si, napə si; si = CLF "palm" (Ferreira)				uncoded	si	si = "palm" (Ferreira)	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	ahuãri hi (WM99)	ahuãɾi hi		inheritance			hi = CLF "tree" (Ferreira)				uncoded	hi	hi = "generic tree" (Ferreira)	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	maima si (WM99)	maima si		inheritance		but cf. North Arawak manáka	si = CLF "palm" (Ferreira)				uncoded	si	si = "palm" (Ferreira)	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	koratha (generic); [types: manito, paixima, rëprare, rokoa, rokoma, uxipirima, xiahima, yarimɨna (all WM99, nom. Class: si)]	koɾatʰa (generic); [types: manito, paiʃima, ɾəpɾaɾe, ɾokoa, ɾokoma, uʃipiɾima, ʃiahima, jaɾimɨna]		loan (into protolanguage?)		Carib, prob. original meaning 'bastard plantain (sororoca?)'	Yukpa kuratana; also see Yan manito, paixima, rëprare, rokoa, rokoma, uxipirima, xiahima, yarimɨna (all WM99, nom. Class: si)				uncoded	si		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		fek, yaro (EM72	fek, jaɾo		inheritance			also fek				uncoded			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala	hwapoma hi (WM99, fusaea longifolia)	hwapoma hi		unique			hi = CLF "tree" (Ferreira)				uncoded	hi	hi = "generic tree" (Ferreira)	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	hoko si (WM99)	hoko si		inheritance			si = CLF "palm" (Ferreira)				uncoded	si	si = "palm" (Ferreira)	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	mroro (EM72)	mɾoɾo		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	maɨfɨs ('calabash'), horokoto ('gourd', EM72)	maɨfɨs ('calabash'), horokoto ('gourd', EM72)		inheritance			also maɨfɨs				uncoded			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']	wãro uhi (couepia caryophylloides), hɨha amo hi (couepia sp.), hawari hi (bertholletia excelsa)(all WM99)	wãɾo uhi, hɨha amo hi, hawaɾi hi		inheritance			also wãro uhi (couepia caryophylloides), hɨha amo hi (couepia sp.); hi = CLF "tree" (Ferreira)				uncoded	hi	hi = "generic tree" (Ferreira)	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	unknown species	ʃiho		missing			also koje?				uncoded			See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	kayu	kaju		loan (into protolg?)		North Arawak	e.g. Wapishana kaʃu				uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	kaxetema (dioscorea piperifolia, vine, not tuber WM99)	kaʃetema (WM99)		unique							uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	oru xihi (WM99)	oɾu ʃihi		loan - WW		%eroi, Carib					missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum	oɾu ʃihi	oɾu ʃihi		loan		Carib	WaiWai orosɨ; see other Carib eroi forms	WW	%eroi		uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca				missing							missing			See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	poxe nakɨ (WM99)	poʃe nakɨ		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	yɨ̃ɨkɨk (EM72)	jɨ̃:kɨk (EM72)		unique							uncoded			See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	oko	oko		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	paruri	paɾuɾi		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	kaya	kaja		loan		Arawak? cf. Yukuna kawaja or Carib? cf. Carijona kayak					missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna			kaja		unique										See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	hiem (EM72)	hiem (EM72)		unknown	shared Yan-Yanmi						uncoded			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		hiem	hiem		inheritance										See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	mapiapë (WM99)	mapiapə		unknown							uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		yuri (small, generic)	juɾi		inheritance	subgroup					Narrower	uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	noma	noma		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana	tana (IDS)	tana (IDS)		loan		North Arawak					missing			See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola														See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	hoɾoma	hoɾoma		unknown							missing			See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	himoto	himoto		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	iro (EM72)	iɾo		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	tẽšo (EM72)	tẽʃo (EM72)		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	krepu uhi (Inga edulis WM99), rĩa moxiririma hi (inga acumitata)	krepu uhi (WM99),kɾepu uhi, ɾĩa moʃiɾiɾima hi		inheritance		Nadëb	also rĩa moxiririma hi (inga acumitata)				uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	tɨhɨ (EM72)	tɨhɨ		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	ara (EM72, red), kurikaya (EM72, blue)	ara (EM72, red), kurikaja (EM72, blue)		loan into protolanguage - WW		%arara	Panare ara; also Arawak, e.g. Mandawaka adáːlu; see also Yan kurikaya (blue macaw)	WW	%ara	Narrower	uncoded			See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	shidi (WS76); uxirima (black grains), hrare (orange grains), aurima (white grains) (all WM99, nom. Class: mokɨ)	ʃidi; uʃiɾima, hɾaɾe, auɾima		inheritance?			uxirima (black grains), hrare (orange grains), aurima (white grains)				uncoded	mokɨ		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	naškoko (EM72); aurima ("white"), hayokoari("mythical tapir-like animal"), hutuwisasi("capuchin monkey tail"), puuxirima("short"), wakërima ("red"), yanaema ("ant") (all WM99, nom. Class.: koko); kõaimirima (WM99, bitter manioc general term, nom. Class:	naʃkoko, auɾima, hajokoaɾi, hutuwisasi, pu:ʃiɾima, wakəɾima, janaema, kõamiɾima		inheritance			also aurima ("white"), hayokoari("mythical tapir-like animal"), hutuwisasi("capuchin monkey tail"), puuxirima("short"), wakërima ("red"), yanaema ("ant") (all WM99, nom. Class.: koko); kõaimirima (WM99, bitter manioc general term, nom. Class: si); koko =				uncoded	si, koko	koko="round tuber" (Ferreira)	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	watim kok (EM72); nashi (WS76); raparima ("long"), uxirima ("black"), yãhihirima ("sticky") (all WM99, nom. Class. Koko); witatirima (WM99 - sweet manioc generic term, nom class: si)	watim kok; naʃi; ɾapaɾima, uʃiɾima, jãhihiɾima, witatiɾima		inheritance			nashi (WS76); raparima ("long"), uxirima ("black"), yãhihirima ("sticky") (all WM99, nom. Class. Koko); witatirima (WM99 - sweet manioc generic term, nom class: si); koko = CLF "round tuber" (Ferreira)				uncoded	si, koko	koko="round tuber" (Ferreira)	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	rioko si (WM99)	ɾioko si		unique			si = CLF "palm" (Ferreira)				uncoded	si	si = "palm" (Ferreira)	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	ukiši (EM72)	ukiʃi		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)				missing							missing			See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	kuai si (WM99)	kuai si		loan		Carib kuwai (Mauritia sp.)	Nheengatu kawajá; si = CLF "palm" (Ferreira)				uncoded	si	si = "palm" (Ferreira)	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica				missing							missing			See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	rasa; raša	rasa	peach-palm (pupunha); peach palm	inheritance							uncoded			Ferreira 2017: 117; Migliazza 1972: 313	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	jucomo (WS76); ãkõtarima, õsimõhõrima, wakërima ("red") (all WM99, nom. Class: kɨkɨ); hõkõmo uritʰeri a (WM99, wild sweet potato)	hukomo, ãkõtaɾima, õsimõhõɾima, wakəɾima, hõkõmo uɾitʰeɾi a		inheritance			also ãkõtarima, õsimõhõrima, wakërima ("red") (all WM99, nom. Class: kɨkɨ); hõkõmo uritʰeri a (WM99, wild sweet potato)				uncoded	kɨkɨ		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	koanari si (WM99)	koanaɾi si		unique			si = CLF "palm" (Ferreira)				uncoded	si	si = "palm" (Ferreira)	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	šɨmɨ (EM72)	ʃɨmɨ		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	sinokoma aka (WM99, giant land snail)	sinokoma aka		unique							uncoded			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		orukɨk (EM72)	oɾukɨk		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	aja aco (WS'76); aurima ("white"), keteterima ("sweet"), uxirima ("black/deep blue") (all WM99, nom. Class: akɨ)	aha ako; auɾima, keteteɾima, uʃiɾima		inheritance			aurima ("white"), keteterima ("sweet"), uxirima ("black/deep blue") (all WM99, nom. Class: akɨ)				uncoded	akɨ		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	šama (EM72)	ʃama		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura				missing							missing			See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	peenahe (EM72); bee najeco (WS76)	pe:nahe; beenaheko		inheritance			also beenaheko				uncoded			See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria				missing							missing			See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	mayup (Em72)	majup		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		futifi (EM72)	futifi (EM72)		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui	paxo hwãtemo hi (pouteria caimito), hõrõmana hi (pouteria cladantha), yãwaxi hi (pouteria hispida), poxe mamokasi hi (pouteria sp.) (all WM99)	paʃo hwãtemo hi, hõɾõmana hi, jãwaʃi hi, poʃe mamokasi hi		unique			also hõrõmana hi (pouteria cladantha), yãwaxi hi (pouteria hispida), poxe mamokasi hi (pouteria sp.) ; hi = CLF "tree" (Ferreira)				uncoded	hi	hi = "generic tree" (Ferreira)	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita				missing							missing			See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	pašo (EM72)	paʃo		inheritance							uncoded			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari				missing							missing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae				missing							missing			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	šaraka	ʃaɾaka		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	poo (palm wood); haowatima (steel fragment set in stick) (both WM99)	poo; haowatima (both WM99)	palm wood, steel fragment set in stick	inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: haowatima	Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool				missing									can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material				missing										See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	wɨ:		large carrying basket, most common basket	Doubtful loan into protolanguage		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam	Carib, Makiritari				Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	wɨɨ (WM99, large carrying basket)	wɨ:		inheritance										See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	wɨɨ (most common); xotehe (WM99, for food storage)	wɨ: , ʃotehe	basket for food storage	Doubtful loan						This word and the one for “disposable basket” look almost like they could have been borrowed from the same language at different stages of development or different languages in the same family, but no likely candidate.	Simplex			See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	topə	topə	bead	inheritance		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam					Simplex			See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	kama	kama		loan			Span/Port			Also appears in Arawak (e..g Yavitero kama); Eñepa kaama; Hup káma; Siona cama; Yanomam kama	Simplex			See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material				missing										See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool				missing									currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation				missing										See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture				missing									if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	šarak nafi	ʃaɾak nafi		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Compound	ʃaɾak, “arrow”	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material				missing										See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	kanawa	kanawa		loan - WW		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam?	%kanawa	WW	%kanawa	Could be loan into protolanguage. WW occurs in e.g. Wapishana, khanawa; various Carib (kanau, kanawa, kanowa, kanáw); Guayabero, kanáw; Candoshi, kánó; Jivaro, kán; Matses, cano; Napo Lowland Quichua, kanu; Siriano, cũma; Yanomam (kanaw, kanae). Ultimate	Simplex			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	mɨʃɨ			missing			North Arawak?	WW	%miʃi	Quechua source? mishi; Bora míichi; Yucuna, michi; Resígaro, miishí; Eсepa,miǩi; Makiritari, mēši; Orejon, michi agu; Yanomami mishi, Sikuani mitsi	Simplex			See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	poyo	pojo		loan			Spanish				Simplex			See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	pata	pata	leader, elder	inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo?				shared ninam, yanomam; doubtful inheritance	Simplex			See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	iɾo sikɨ	iɾo sikɨ		inheritance										See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	napɾuʃi, himo	napɾuʃi, himo		inheritance		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam				Alternate: napɾuʃi	Simplex			See Language page
coca			narcotics				Missing										See Language page
cook food			food	haɾi		cook in pot	Unknown							Simplex			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology				missing									malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	heɾi			Inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo?				Not attested in Sanuma; Alternate: pɾaɨa	Simplex			See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool				missing									hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	omama (WM99 - progenitor figure)	omama	progenitor figure	unknown							Simplex		In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing										See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	mahaɾi	mahaɾi		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex			See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				missing									Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	yafufa, yauwa	jafufa, jauwa		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: jauwa	Simplex		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other				missing									may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture				missing									prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing										See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	kõã ãʃo	kõã ãʃo		inheritance		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam					Compound	koa, “fire”; ãšo “unclear”		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food				missing										See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	rəkə (EM72)	ɾəkə		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex			See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool				Missing										See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	matiɾiawə ãʃitʰa	matiɾiawə ãʃitʰa [materiawǝ is Pt loan]		loan			Portuguese			material' + 'string'	Compound	matiɾiawə 'material' ãsitʰa 'string, thread'		See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	naši (EM72)	naʃi		semantic shift?		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam	from 'manioc'				Simplex		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	hĩkɨ̃ (IDS)	hĩkɨ̃ (IDS)	manioc flour	inheritance/sem shift?		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam					Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	puɾinama usi	puɾinama usi	flute	doubtful loan			Arawak, cf. Baniwa pheelóma				Other complex	identified as a multimorphemic word, but unclear what the parts mean	multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	yaro (EM72)	jaɾo		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology	tana		genipa (paint)	Loan		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam	North Arawak			Could be loan into protolanguage	Simplex			See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	xapiri (generic spirit WM99)	ʃapiɾi		inheritance										See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	maɨfɨs ('calabash'), horokoto ('gourd', EM72)	maɨfɨs ('calabash'), horokoto ('gourd', EM72)		unknown; doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW	*fesi	Proto-Yanomamo	%koto/matoko			inherited form is 'gourd'	Simplex			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	hɨrɨka (EM72)	hɨɾɨka		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool				missing									agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	kopeta			missing			Spanish				Simplex			See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	rakamthok (EM72)	ɾakamtʰok	vine hammock, cotton hammock	inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: yɨ̃kɨk; The word for cotton is “yɨ̃ɨkɨk,” the word for a cotton hammock seems to come from this.	Simplex			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	he yoho-a	he joho-a		semantic shift?		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam					Phrase	he yoho-a”head cover”		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology				inheritance									Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				missing										See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	puu, puu u(ku) (MM07)	puu, puu u(ku) (MM07)	honey (most common)	inheritance		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam					Compound	puu, “bee”	only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	yãno (EM72)	jãno		inheritance										See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	rame fu (EM72)	ɾame fu (EM72)		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Other complex	unclear		See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	thõmɨna (EM72)	tʰõmɨna	knife (tooth of agouti)	inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex			See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress				missing										See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material				missing										See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	kanarete (IDS)	kanaɾete (IDS)		inheritance										See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology														See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	papʰeo	papʰeo		loan			Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				Missing										See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				missing										See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	prato (IDS)	pɾato (IDS)	dish	loan			Spanish/Portuguese			Nheengatu parátu (from POR); see also Arawak (e..g Yucuna paɾatú); Carib (e.g. Makushi pɨratu); Jivaro (e.g. Aguaruna parátu); Hup padatu=b'ɔk	Simplex			See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing										See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	hapoka (EM 72)	hapoka (EM 72)		inheritance		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam					Simplex			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	weyeri hi (WM99)	wejeɾi hi (WM99)		missing										See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	ãsitʰa (IDS), natha, thok nak (EM72)	ãsitʰa (IDS), natʰa, tʰok nak		inheritance										See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	sayu	saju		loan			Span/Port (via Carib?)			May originate in Span/Port sal	Simplex			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	eskuera	eskuera		loan			Spanish			Nheengatu iskola; see also Huaorani ekoeda	Simplex			See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	šapori (EM72)	ʃapoɾi		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	sapato	sapato		loan			Spanish/Portuguese			Tariana sapatu; Yanomam sapato; Hup capatu	Simplex			See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material				missing										See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	wayu	waju		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	šokopi, faɾo (EM72); rahaka (WM99)	ʃokopi, faɾo; ɾahaka		inheritance; unknown						Alternate: faɾo, ʃokopi	Simplex			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food				missing										See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				missing										See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	asuka	asuka		loan			Spanish/Portuguese				Simplex			See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food				missing									agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	yaasfenak, kuai si (palm for thatch; WM99)	yaasfenak, kuai si (palm for thatch; WM99)	roofing leaves	inheritance		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam					Simplex			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	koyotomasi (WM99)	kojotomasi		inheritance?		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam					Simplex		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	peenahe		tobacco	Inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex			See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing									use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool				missing									agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool				missing									hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other				missing										See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool				missing									agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology				missing									a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
9000	large	HG	medium	seasonal	Interfluvial

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