Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

school

Semantic Field: acculturation
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: escuela
Meaning Portuguese: escola

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
Aguaruna	[pa'pi] auh-tai ('paper-read')	[pa'pi] auh-tai ('paper-read')										See Language page
Akawaio	skur	skur		loan	English			English more likely than Spanish escuela; reasonable in context of Guyana history and American missionary presence.				See Language page
Apalai	amorepatopo	amorepatopo										See Language page
Ashuar	pápi áujtai	pápi áuhtai										See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	missing			missing
Bardi	kul			loan	English
Baure	eskoeči	eskoetʃi										See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	missing			missing
Bora	uwááboha (uwaabo 'teach')	ɯkwáápoʔa										See Language page
Cahuilla	sqeela		school	loan	Spanish	WW	%escuela		simplex			Sauvel and Munro 1981:133
Candoshi-Shapra	ískovíara	ískowíara										See Language page
Carapana	buerica wii	buerika wii										See Language page
Cavineña	escuela (C&L89)	eskwela										See Language page
Central Aymara	yatiña uta (P04)	jatiña uta (P04)										See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	missing			missing
Chemehuevi	missing			missing
Chumash Barbareno	missing			missing
Chumash Ineseno	7eskwela		school	loan	Spanish	WW	%escuela		simplex			Applegate 1972
Chumash Obispeno	missing			missing
Chumash Ventureno	missing			missing
Cocopa	7awnYúr 7usá:w	Caps are superscript in Crawford 1989	school	unique					phrase	(sa:w 'read' 7awnYur 'writing')		Crawford 1989
Cofán	escoera	eskoera									phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	missing			missing
Cubeo	bueiñami	buei-ɲami		Calque	Local			study house' all over Vaupes.		study + Classifier -ñami		See Language page
Cupeño	εskwεεla		school	loan	Spanish	WW	%escuela		simplex			Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Desano	escuela	eskuela		missing								See Language page
Dhangu	wukirri			semantic shift
Dhay’yi	wukirri			semantic shift
Dhuwal	goḻ			loan	English
Djapu	gu:rl			loan	English
Djeoromitxi	nikokäkoä	nikokǝkoǝ										See Language page
Dâw	êskol	ʔeskɔl		missing								See Language page
Esselen	missing			missing
Eñepa	kapeere yameñkëto' (MM); pirentya-nəto (IDS)	kapeere jameɲkëtɔʔ (MM); pirentja-nətɔ (IDS)		unique				Alternate: pirentja-nətɔ		kapeere= paper; jameɲ= drawing/letter; këtɔʔ=??		See Language page
Gabrielino	missing			missing
Gumatj	goḻ			loan	English
Gupapuyngu	wukirri			semantic shift
Hodï	anuediteka	anuediteka		unique								See Language page
Huambisa	papi aujtai	papi auhtai										See Language page
Hup	b'oy mɔy	b'oj mɔj		Unique					Compound	study house'		See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	skweel		school	loan	Spanish	WW	%escuela		simplex			Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Ingá	iachaikui wasi 'knowledge house'	iatʃaikui wasi 'knowledge house'										See Language page
Iquito	isacuhuíira (Sp)	isakuwíira (Sp)										See Language page
Kaingang	iɲkɔra; wɛ̃ɲ-kaɲrãn-yãΦã (IDS)	iɲkɔra; wɛ̃ɲ-kaɲrãn-yãΦã (IDS)										See Language page
Kakua	escuela			loan	Spanish				Simplex			See Language page
Karajarri	miranu tyanayiti maya			semantic shift
Kariña	shitjoro	ʃitjoro	school		Yamada 2010:804
Kawaiisu	missing			missing
Kiliwa	t-x+pha7=t-h-u7+sa-w-tay-u7		school (lit. shere they teach (cause to read)	unique					compound			Mixco 1985
Kitanemuk	missing			missing
Kokama	escuela	escuela										See Language page
Koreguaje	utija'o vʉ'e	utixa'o vʉ'e										See Language page
Kotiria	buheri wùhu	buheri wùhu		Calque	Local			study house/place' all over Vaupes.	Compound	buheri=to study/learn		See Language page
Kwazá	erewexynitɛxy	erewexynitɛxy										See Language page
Lake Miwok	papélweji		school (book-house)	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel	loan blend	compound			Callaghan 1965
Lokono	malhikhotoa-sikoa	maɽikʰotoa-sikoa	school									Pet 1987:370
Luiseño	piláchilash		school	unique					derived, other complex			Elliott 1999
Maidu	jawítikym hybó		schoolhouse	unique					phrase	jawí 'read', jawíti 'teach school, jawítiky 'teacher'		Shipley 1963
Maihiki	toya quɨa ue ja	toja kɨa ue xã		Calque					Other complex	toja=write; kia=(with 'write' means 'study'); ue= house		See Language page
Makiritare	wo:wanomatoho (KH)	wo:wanomatoho (KH)		unique								See Language page
Mojave	huchqol apóove		school	unique					phrase	youth container!!		Munro et al. 1992
Movima	eskʷela (from Sp.)	eskʷela										See Language page
Muinane	áámene ɨ́ɨ́fɨnɨcɨja (lit. 'house where one looks at books') (W97)	áámene ɨ́ɨ́ɸɨnɨkɨxa										See Language page
Murui Witoto	escuela	escuela (B83)										See Language page
Mutsun	missing			missing
Nheengatu	iskola (Port loan; C11)	iskola (Port loan; C11)		loan	Portuguese			also Akawaio skur; Yanomam eskuera	Simplex			See Language page
Ninam	liplu ua wei yãno	liplu ua wei yãno		unique				Loan blend, from loan 'paper'	Compound	liplu, “paper”; yãno, “house”; wei nominalizer; ua unclear		See Language page
Nisenan	7isku:l		school	loan	English	WW	%school		simplex			Uldall & Shipley 1966
Northern Paiute	sukoodunna	sykudynna	school	loan	English	WW	%school		simplex	in Numu puggwi sukoodunna "Stewart" (also sukoodu nobe)		Yerington 1987
Northern Sierra Miwok	7elelte7:a-		school	loan	Spanish	WW	%escuela		other complex	7elelte 'to read' < leer		Callaghan 1987
Ocaina	tyohóvuhxo (from 'book')	tjoʔóβɯʔxo (from 'book')										See Language page
Pemon	esenupandok			Unique								See Language page
Piapoco	néewáidacatáiwa (from 'teach/learn')	néewáidakatáiwa (from 'teach/learn')										See Language page
Piaroa	huya'ro pahkué wo'dE'	hujaɁro pahkué woɁdæɁ										See Language page
Plains Miwok	skwe:la-		school	loan	Spanish				simplex			Callaghan 1984
Puinave	mo-hui-dipən	mo-hui-dipən										See Language page
Pumé	gõẽ nĩbʊ-reã bɛ											See Language page
Páez	[skwela]	[skwela]										See Language page
Resígaro	té?aami-hú	téʔaami-hú		unique					Derived	téʔaami (related to writing/paper); -hú “long and horizontal” classifier		See Language page
Salinan A	missing			missing
Salinan M	missing			missing
Sanumá	(lit. 'the house in order to customarily explain paper to us')	(lit. 'the house in order to customarily explain paper to us')										See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	haaco ano hapáspoj cöicacóaat		school (house in which one teaches with paper)	unknown					phrase			Moser & Marlett 2005
Serrano	yskwela7		school	loan	Spanish	WW	%escuela		simplex			K. Hill Dict.
Siona	uti yeʔyetˀu	uti yeʔyetˀu										See Language page
Southern Paiute	missing			missing
Southern Sierra Miwok	missing			missing
Southern Ute	po7o-gani		school, literallly 'writing house'	unique					compound			Givon
Suyá	rowahutudzé	rowahutudzé										See Language page
Tikuna	poperapatá (Alv44)	poperapatá										See Language page
Tukano	bu'eri wi'i	bu'eri wi'i		missing								See Language page
Tübatulabal	ishkwele7		school	loan	Spanish	WW	%escuela		simplex			K. Hill Tb>Eng
Tümpisa Shoshone	natiingwanna		school	unique					derived	natiingwa" learn, study, go to school, be taught (na-?)		Dayley 1989
Urarina	eskwela	eskwela										See Language page
Wai Wai	eskora	eskora		unique								See Language page
Waorani	ekoeda (Sp loan, IDS)			loan	Spanish							See Language page
Wappo	missing			missing
Washo	škúl		school	loan	English	WW	%school		simplex			Washo Project Dictionary
Wayampi	[lɛkɔ]	[lɛkɔ]										See Language page
Wayana	sikolo (loan Maroon)	sikolo (loan Maroon)										See Language page
Western Mono	skunU7		school	loan	English	WW	%school		simplex			Loether & Bethel 1993
Wintu	missing			missing
Yagua	catera nũjyo 'place where one writes on paper'	katera nũxjo 'place where one writes on paper'										See Language page
Yanomam	eskuera	eskuera		loan	Spanish			Nheengatu iskola; see also Huaorani ekoeda	Simplex			See Language page
Yanomami	jahi hiramamotima			unique					Phrase	yahi 'collective house', hira 'teach' + NMLZ		See Language page
Yavapai	missing			missing
Yavitero	kanainta-kade maľ̥ikuyu 'place where children learn'	kanainta-kade maľ̥ikuju 'place where children learn'										See Language page
Yokuts Palewyami	missing			missing
Yokuts Yawdanchi	missing			missing
Yokuts Yawelmani	missing			missing
Yuki	papel han		school (lit. paper house)	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel	loan blend	phrase			Schlichter & Sawyer 1984
Yukpa	otuámpapo, papirtana	otuámpapo, papirtana										See Language page
Yukuna	jewíña'akajo ñakarelana	hewíɲaʔakaho ɲakarelana		unique					Phrase	hewíɲaʔakaho = “study” ɲakarelana “house with a special use”		See Language page


Aguaruna
Akawaio
Apalai
Ashuar
Bankalachi Toloim
Bardi
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Cahuilla
Candoshi-Shapra
Carapana
Cavineña
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhay’yi
Dhuwal
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Dâw
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gumatj
Gupapuyngu
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Kaingang
Kakua
Karajarri
Kariña
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lokono
Luiseño
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Mojave
Movima
Muinane
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Nheengatu
Ninam
Nisenan
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Ocaina
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Resígaro
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanumá
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Siona
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Suyá
Tikuna
Tukano
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waorani
Wappo
Washo
Wayampi
Wayana
Western Mono
Wintu
Yagua
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawelmani
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna

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