Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

school

Semantic Field
acculturation
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
escuela
Meaning Portuguese
escola

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla sqeela school loan Spanish WW %escuela simplex Sauvel and Munro 1981:133
Cupeño εskwεεla school loan Spanish WW %escuela simplex Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Luiseño piláchilash school unique derived, other complex Elliott 1999
Gabrielino missing missing
Serrano yskwela7 school loan Spanish WW %escuela simplex K. Hill Dict.
Kitanemuk missing missing
Tübatulabal ishkwele7 school loan Spanish WW %escuela simplex K. Hill Tb>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim missing missing
Kawaiisu missing missing
Chemehuevi missing missing
Southern Paiute missing missing
Southern Ute po7o-gani school, literallly 'writing house' unique compound Givon
Tümpisa Shoshone natiingwanna school unique derived natiingwa" learn, study, go to school, be taught (na-?) Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone missing missing
Comanche missing missing
Western Mono skunU7 school loan English WW %school simplex Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute sukoodunna sykudynna school loan English WW %school simplex in Numu puggwi sukoodunna "Stewart" (also sukoodu nobe) Yerington 1987
Southern Sierra Miwok missing missing
Central Sierra Miwok missing missing
Northern Sierra Miwok 7elelte7:a- school loan Spanish WW %escuela other complex 7elelte 'to read' < leer Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok skwe:la- school loan Spanish simplex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok papélweji school (book-house) loan Spanish WW %papel loan blend compound Callaghan 1965
Maidu jawítikym hybó schoolhouse unique phrase jawí 'read', jawíti 'teach school, jawítiky 'teacher' Shipley 1963
Nisenan 7isku:l school loan English WW %school simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani missing missing
Yokuts Yawdanchi missing missing
Yokuts Palewyami missing missing
Washo škúl school loan English WW %school simplex Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu missing missing
Yuki papel han school (lit. paper house) loan Spanish WW %papel loan blend phrase Schlichter & Sawyer 1984
Wappo missing missing
Mutsun missing missing
Esselen missing missing
Salinan A missing missing
Salinan M missing missing
Chumash Obispeno missing missing
Chumash Ineseno 7eskwela school loan Spanish WW %escuela simplex Applegate 1972
Chumash Barbareno missing missing
Chumash Ventureno missing missing
Iipay 'Aa skweel school loan Spanish WW %escuela simplex Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Cocopa 7awnYúr 7usá:w Caps are superscript in Crawford 1989 school unique phrase (sa:w 'read' 7awnYur 'writing') Crawford 1989
Mojave huchqol apóove school unique phrase youth container!! Munro et al. 1992
Yavapai missing missing
Kiliwa t-x+pha7=t-h-u7+sa-w-tay-u7 school (lit. shere they teach (cause to read) unique compound Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) haaco ano hapáspoj cöicacóaat school (house in which one teaches with paper) unknown phrase Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua escuela loan Spanish Simplex See Language page
Nheengatu iskola (Port loan; C11) iskola (Port loan; C11) loan Portuguese also Akawaio skur; Yanomam eskuera Simplex See Language page
Waorani ekoeda (Sp loan, IDS) loan Spanish See Language page
Hodï anuediteka anuediteka unique See Language page
Yanomami jahi hiramamotima unique Phrase yahi 'collective house', hira 'teach' + NMLZ See Language page
Yanomam eskuera eskuera loan Spanish Nheengatu iskola; see also Huaorani ekoeda Simplex See Language page
Ninam liplu ua wei yãno liplu ua wei yãno unique Loan blend, from loan 'paper' Compound liplu, “paper”; yãno, “house”; wei nominalizer; ua unclear See Language page
Kotiria buheri wùhu buheri wùhu Calque Local study house/place' all over Vaupes. Compound buheri=to study/learn See Language page
Cubeo bueiñami buei-ɲami Calque Local study house' all over Vaupes. study + Classifier -ñami See Language page
Tukano bu'eri wi'i bu'eri wi'i missing See Language page
Desano escuela eskuela missing See Language page
Maihiki toya quɨa ue ja toja kɨa ue xã Calque Other complex toja=write; kia=(with 'write' means 'study'); ue= house See Language page
Hup b'oy mɔy b'oj mɔj Unique Compound study house' See Language page
Dâw êskol ʔeskɔl missing See Language page
Pemon esenupandok Unique See Language page
Akawaio skur skur loan English English more likely than Spanish escuela; reasonable in context of Guyana history and American missionary presence. See Language page
Eñepa kapeere yameñkëto' (MM); pirentya-nəto (IDS) kapeere jameɲkëtɔʔ (MM); pirentja-nətɔ (IDS) unique Alternate: pirentja-nətɔ kapeere= paper; jameɲ= drawing/letter; këtɔʔ=?? See Language page
Yukuna jewíña'akajo ñakarelana hewíɲaʔakaho ɲakarelana unique Phrase hewíɲaʔakaho = “study” ɲakarelana “house with a special use” See Language page
Resígaro té?aami-hú téʔaami-hú unique Derived téʔaami (related to writing/paper); -hú “long and horizontal” classifier See Language page
Gumatj goḻ loan English
Dhuwal goḻ loan English
Bardi kul loan English
Karajarri miranu tyanayiti maya semantic shift
Gupapuyngu wukirri semantic shift
Dhay’yi wukirri semantic shift
Dhangu wukirri semantic shift
Djapu gu:rl loan English
Piapoco néewáidacatáiwa (from 'teach/learn') néewáidakatáiwa (from 'teach/learn') See Language page
Yavitero kanainta-kade maľ̥ikuyu 'place where children learn' kanainta-kade maľ̥ikuju 'place where children learn' See Language page
Baure eskoeči eskoetʃi See Language page
Bora uwááboha (uwaabo 'teach') ɯkwáápoʔa See Language page
Muinane áámene ɨ́ɨ́fɨnɨcɨja (lit. 'house where one looks at books') (W97) áámene ɨ́ɨ́ɸɨnɨkɨxa See Language page
Apalai amorepatopo amorepatopo See Language page
Wayana sikolo (loan Maroon) sikolo (loan Maroon) See Language page
Makiritare wo:wanomatoho (KH) wo:wanomatoho (KH) unique See Language page
Wai Wai eskora eskora unique See Language page
Yukpa otuámpapo, papirtana otuámpapo, papirtana See Language page
Cofán escoera eskoera phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra ískovíara ískowíara See Language page
Páez [skwela] [skwela] See Language page
Tikuna poperapatá (Alv44) poperapatá See Language page
Urarina eskwela eskwela See Language page
Pumé gõẽ nĩbʊ-reã bɛ See Language page
Puinave mo-hui-dipən mo-hui-dipən See Language page
Ashuar pápi áujtai pápi áuhtai See Language page
Huambisa papi aujtai papi auhtai See Language page
Aguaruna [pa'pi] auh-tai ('paper-read') [pa'pi] auh-tai ('paper-read') See Language page
Yagua catera nũjyo 'place where one writes on paper' katera nũxjo 'place where one writes on paper' See Language page
Ingá iachaikui wasi 'knowledge house' iatʃaikui wasi 'knowledge house' See Language page
Piaroa huya'ro pahkué wo'dE' hujaɁro pahkué woɁdæɁ See Language page
Carapana buerica wii buerika wii See Language page
Koreguaje utija'o vʉ'e utixa'o vʉ'e See Language page
Siona uti yeʔyetˀu uti yeʔyetˀu See Language page
Kokama escuela escuela See Language page
Wayampi [lɛkɔ] [lɛkɔ] See Language page
Ocaina tyohóvuhxo (from 'book') tjoʔóβɯʔxo (from 'book') See Language page
Murui Witoto escuela escuela (B83) See Language page
Sanumá (lit. 'the house in order to customarily explain paper to us') (lit. 'the house in order to customarily explain paper to us') See Language page
Iquito isacuhuíira (Sp) isakuwíira (Sp) See Language page
Cavineña escuela (C&L89) eskwela See Language page
Central Aymara yatiña uta (P04) jatiña uta (P04) See Language page
Kwazá erewexynitɛxy erewexynitɛxy See Language page
Movima eskʷela (from Sp.) eskʷela See Language page
Kaingang iɲkɔra; wɛ̃ɲ-kaɲrãn-yãΦã (IDS) iɲkɔra; wɛ̃ɲ-kaɲrãn-yãΦã (IDS) See Language page
Suyá rowahutudzé rowahutudzé See Language page
Djeoromitxi nikokäkoä nikokǝkoǝ See Language page
Lokono malhikhotoa-sikoa maɽikʰotoa-sikoa school Pet 1987:370
Kariña shitjoro ʃitjoro school Yamada 2010:804