Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Cofán

Family: Isolate (SAM)
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: con
Location: 0.28°, -77.06°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary

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Data Sources: Borman, M. B. (comp). 1976. Vocabulario Cofan: Cofán - Castellano, Castellano -Cofán. Serie de Vocabularios Indígenas Mariano Silva y Aceves. No. 19.ILV, Quito. Rodriguez, José Vicente, compiler, and others. 1995. Mamíferos colombianos: sus nombres comunes e indígenas. Bogotá: Conservation International, Fundación Mario Santo Domingo.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	ingi	iŋgi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	ña	ɲa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	que'i	kʸɛʔi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	que	kʸɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	jo´e, jondeccu, tsendeccu	hoʔɛ, hoⁿdɛkʰi, tsɛⁿdɛkʰi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	jova, tsa	hoβa, tsa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	poiyi'cco	pwijiʔkho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	tsu´tte nemba´cho	tsɯʔthɛ nɛmbaʔtʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	cusepa	kɯsɛpa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	(~ a place) -ni; -tti	ni, thi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	sepacco	sɛpakho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	egae, ega'o	ɛɣaʔo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	ttono	thono	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	tto´pa	thopa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	rande (Spanish loan?), -cco	ɾaⁿdɛ, kʰo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	tsaiye	tsaije	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	sinje´on, si'an	si̡ʔãn	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	anjampa	ãhãpa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	ufaye	ɯɸaijc	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	san'ccoa (meaning listed is "shin")	sãʔkhoa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	tsu´tta	tsɯʔtʰa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	utu´cho	ɯthɯʔtʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	qquendyaye	khyɛndjajɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	oqueye	okyɛjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	tse´tseye	tsɛʔtsɛjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	du´shu/pusheshu du´shu, aipano (baby)	dyʔʃɯ, aipano	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	unji´mba	ɯnhimba	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	cha´ndio	tʃaʔndio	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	jiye	hijɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	otaeñe	otaɛɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	ñoa´me	ɲoaʔmɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	i´nañe	iʔnaɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	chhiyiye, chattuye	tʃhijijɛ, tʃathɯjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
day	día	dia	time	a´ta	aʔta	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	panjen, paye	pajɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	canshaeñe, changoeñe	kãʃãe̡ɲɛ, tʃangwɛ̡ɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna	tsampi´su ain	tsampiʔsu ain	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	ámunde'tssi	amɯndɛʔtshi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	jeñe	hɛɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	cui´ye	kïiʔjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	samba	samba	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	tsimbi'cco	tsi̡mbiʔkho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	ande'su ccuttopa'si	andeʔsɯ khɯthopaʔsi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	tsosina	tsosina	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	ande	andɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	añe	ãɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	arapa dusu´cho	aɾapaⁿdɯsɯʔtʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	tso´fe	tsoʔɸɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	amppiye	ãphijɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	biani	biani	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	yaya'pa	jaijaʔpa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	quitsa	kitsa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	dyoye (v.)	dʒojɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	tose, te'ta	tosɛ, tɛʔta	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	quitsicco	kitsikho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	si´nge	siʔⁿgɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	ai'jeye	aihɛjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	te'ta	tɛʔta	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	chhajeye	tʃahɛje	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	ccuttopa'si	khɯthopaʔsi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	tsu´tte	tsɯʔthɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	na, tetacho	na, tɛtatʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	ño´a, ñotssi	ɲotshi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	inzian	indzi̡ã	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	coeñe	koɛɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	tose	tosɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	tive, tivenaccu	tiβɛ, tiβɛnakʰɯ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	tsove	tsoβɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	pañañe	paɲãɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	injama´cho	i̡hamaʔtʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	tssai'a	tshaiʔa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	ccúyaye	khɯjajɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	tssaiye	tshaije	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	indiye, a'mbiañe	indijɛ, aʔmbi̡ãɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	sa´vutssi, ju'rutssi	hɯʔɾɯtsi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	ma'caen	maʔkãɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	ta, -nda	ta, nda	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	tto'pa, tifocho'pa	thoʔpa, tiɸotʃoʔpa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	fi´ttiye	fiʔtʰijɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	in´jañe, atesuye	inʔhãɲɛ, atɛsyjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	singu'ccu	siŋgɯʔkhɯ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	féñañe	fɛɲaɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	naje, ccaque, ccaqueje	khakyɛ, khakyɛhɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	pave'fa	pavɛɸa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	ttena'ngo, tsu'tte	thɛnaʔŋgo, tsɯʔthɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	ccuiye	khɯijɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	tsanda veyaen	tsanda βɛʒãɛ̡	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	canseye	kansɛjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	sansan	sãsã	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	bia´a	biaʔa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	sinsin	si̡sin	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	tssotssopa	tshotshopa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	tsandie	tsandiɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	aña´cho, na	aɲaʔtʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	cose'su chiga, ccovu	kosɛʔsɯ tʃiɣa, khoβɯ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	chan	tʃan	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	ccota´cco	khotaʔkho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	aya´fa	aijaʔɸa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	inise	inisɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	pporotsse	phoɾotshɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	tsifo	tsiɸo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	cuna	kɯna	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	cose	kosɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	me'i, -mbi	me̡ʔI, mbi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	tsofa´ttu	tsoɸaʔtʰɯ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	tssoru	tshoɾɯ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
one	uno	um	number	fue´cco	ɸïɛʔkʰo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	fettaye	fɛthajɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	fuesu	ɸɯɛsɯ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	a´i	aʔi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	unjin	u̡hi̡	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	cu´a	kɯʔa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	tansin'fa	tãsi̡ʔɸa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	tsai'qui	tsaiʔki	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	setsa´fa	sɛtsaʔɸa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	congomba	koŋgomba	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	sisipa	sisipa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	suye	sɯjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	dequiañe	dɛkyiaɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	cañe, átteye	athejɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	tsintssia	tsi̡tshia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	re'richo	ɾɛʔɾitʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	opipa'cho	opipaʔtʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	dyaiye	dʒaijɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	ttono	thono	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	sefacco	sɛɸakho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	anañe	anãɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	re´ri, chipiri, -cho	tʃipiɾI, tʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	onfe´mba	õɸɛʔᵐba	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	shonchañe, tssu'juye	ʃõtʃaɲɛ, tshɯʔhɯjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	attuiye	athɯijɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	doñañe, tsse'tsseye	doɲãɲɛ, tshɛʔtshɛjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	mandyiye	mandʒijɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	ccutsuye	khɯtsɯjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	o´fe	oʔɸɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	cca´lnañe	khaʔlnaɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	quini'cco, ttemba	kiniʔkho, thɛmba	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	patu	patɯ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	sutsaye	sɯtsaijɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	coeje chiga	kwɛhɛ tʃiɣa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	ppuye	phɯjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	cca'yaye	khaʔjajɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	atse´fa	atsɛʔɸa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	tsa	tsa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	tombu'tssi, tombu'choa	tombɯʔtshi, tombɯʔtʃoa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	saije'ccoa	saihɛʔkhoa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	asi'ttaeñe	asiʔthãɛ̡ɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	vue, va	ɸa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	ccoanifué´cco (fue=one)	kʰʷanɪɸïɛʔkʰo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	tsifoma, andian'cho	tsiɸoma, andi̡ãʔtʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	ttovaye	thoβajɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	tsanda	tsanda	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	tandañe	tandaɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	menzanza´fa	mɛndzandzaʔɸa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	tte´tto	thɛʔtho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	ccoangi´cco	kʰʷaŋgiʔkʰo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	a´juye	aʔhɯjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	jácañe	hakãɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	tsa´ccu	tsaʔkʰɯ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	tssipa'o	tshipaʔo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	jongoesu	hoⁿgwɛsɯ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	maqui	maki	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	mani	mani	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	totoa	totoa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	majan	mãhã	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	cocama pushe (of a white person), chan (mother), pushe	kokama pɯʃɛ, tʃan, pɯʃɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	fingian	fiŋgi̡ã	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	sanccopa	sãkhopa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	pushesu	pyʃɛsɯ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	semañe	sɛmaɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	sha´ruye	ʃaʔɾɯjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	quiyopa	kijopa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Notes	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	cuña	kɯɲa			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.					See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	vatova				See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	fanjan				See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	otsepaecho tsaja	otsɛpaɛtʃo tsaha			See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	canjansi (same as boa)	kãhansi			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	iyofa	ijoɸa			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae					See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	betta	bɛtha			See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	iji	ihi			See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	caofa´cco	kaoɸaʔkho			See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	atsa	atsa			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.					See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	geño	ɣɛɲo			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	quitsa	kitsa			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	se´va	sɛʔβa			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		choin	tʃoi̡			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala					See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba					See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	tenquén'cho	tɛ̡kɛnʔtʃo			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	canjansi (same as anaconda)	kãhansi			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	cunonga censo, cunonga ccosu'cho 'calabaza larga con cuello, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl'; ichhoro'cho 'Crescentia cujete'				See Language page	indigenous gardens	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']					See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	con´sin				See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	congi, ono	koŋgi			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	sian, ttuviya	sian			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	yovuru	joβɯrɯ			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	shajasi	ʃahasi			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	zian´cho				See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	ccuccufa	khɯkhɯɸa			See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	shipicco	ʃipikho			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	saquira				See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	conshombi				See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	shichha ta´va	ʃitʃha taʔβa			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	ccosha	khoʃa			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	shishi (onomatopoeia?)	ʃiʃi			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	uttetsu				See Language page	Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	shan'cco	ʃanʔkho			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	ain	ai̡			See Language page	Not native; widespread	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis	joven, tsampi'su ain	tsampiʔsɯ ain			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	ppuppuju'cho	phɯphɯhɯʔtʃo			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	vacapi	βakapi			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	shiñosi, toro	toro			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	fambi (doesn't specify "electric", but root for "to electrocute" is fambiañe)	ɸambi			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	tumbamba	tumbamba			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		avu	aβɯ			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	seña´mba	sɛɲaʔmba			See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	binshin	binʃin			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana					See Language page	widespread lowland SA	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	choni (gen. otter)	tʃoni			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)					See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	tuntun				See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	ttesi vasaga, masha	thɛsi βasaga			See Language page	Widespread South America	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti					See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	vatsara´cco (OP79), pa´on (OP79)				See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola	ccumba	khɯmβa			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	oco yaje	oko jahɛ			See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	macama, cancancaon pindo (OP79)				See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	fancon, tuño nasi (honeybee)	tɯɲo nasi			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus					See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	ccoma	khoma			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	raju				See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	a'tse	aʔtsɛ			See Language page	Widespread	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	ivana (Arawak/Spanish loan?), ampashiro	iβana			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	fiño	ɸiɲo			See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic					See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	ttesi; siau tési (R95)	thɛsi			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura					See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	ufaque´su ta´va	ɯɸakyɛʔsɯ taʔβa			See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	dasa'ro	dasaʔro			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	comantsia, daécco	komantsia			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	oma'ndo	omaʔndo			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	ppu´ppu	phɯʔphɯ			See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.	macamarina (Sp. Loan)	makamarina			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	ccuivo	khɯiβo			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	seje´pa a´mba	sɛhɛʔpa aʔmba			See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensif
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	a´mba	aʔmba			See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa					See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	anchan	antʃã			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera					See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	dushupa	duʃupa			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	sina	sina			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	choni (gen. otter)	tʃoni			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	carachopa, pando	karatʃopa			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	poscongo, fundondo (OP79), poscongo (OP79)	poskoŋgo			See Language page	Widespread	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	chanange				See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.	garop´ita	garopiʔta			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana					See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	picori, sese, panicco oma´ndo, cu´a oma´ndo (OP79), tsove nanamba (OP79), tsanda ttofi (OP79), ttofi (OP79)	pikori			See Language page	Widespread	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	o'ma	o'ma	1) chontaduro 2) año, tiempo de una estación de chontaduro a otra	cf. oma'ndo 'macaw' (Borman1976:29)	Borman 1976: 29
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea	mani (S. or other loan)	mani			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	chiviya [loan Quechua]	tʃiβija			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	loro	loro			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	shinda	ʃinda			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	sisa, atta	sisa, atha			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	quefa (sweet potato), sisa, atta	kyɛɸa (sweet potato), sisa, atha			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae	fiju	ɸihu			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	cancho (Spanish loan)	cantʃo			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	tini, shishittoshe	tini			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua					See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	sa'ndi, noe´su	saʔndi			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	tofa				See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	choro	tʃoro			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		anttanfasi iyo				See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	tunto, cachapa iyo	katʃapa ijo			See Language page	Widespread South America	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.	cugupa'cho (variety of catfish with "yellow spots")	kɯgɯpaʔtʃo			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	onsinsiñe, ccayaju	onsinsiɲɛ			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	ccoa, cco'a (loan Tukanoan? 'calabaza, zapallo')	khoa, khoʔa			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	tutuye	tɯtɯjɛ			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	shipare				See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.					See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	ccovi danta; kubi, kuubi (R95)	khoβi danta			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	ovepa´cho, tsuttavu´vu (flying termite)	oβɛpaʔtʃo			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	tsuye	tsɯjɛ			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	fongo, macaco´va (OP79), firiccoshe (OP79)				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	ttesi, sapo (Sp. Loan)	sapo			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	ccumba	khɯmba			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	poca, taricaya	poka			See Language page	Widespread	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	socu, coya pishira (OP79), gio´ngion (OP79)	sokɯ			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		quini´cco	kiniʔkʰo			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	ongu	oŋgɯ			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui					See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	ccompana				See Language page	Widespread South America	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	pa'tta	paʔtha			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	ongu (gen. capuchin)	oŋgɯ			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	duye (gen. spider monkey)	dɯjɛ			See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	monda				See Language page		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	toronzé'nze, a´cho cocosumo (OP79)	toronzɛʔnzɛ			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	seje´cco	sɛhɛʔkho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	ovacco´cho	oβakhoʔtʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	tasa (Spanish loan)	tasa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	saparo (shared Quechua), otata´cco	saparo, otataʔkho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	poti	poti	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	anajenlcho		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	mesa (Spanish loan)	mesa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	ufacco´cco	ɯɸakhoʔkho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	patuvo´cho	patɯβoʔtʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	battittianccu	βathithi̡ãkhɯ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	fundui´si	ɸɯndɯiʔsi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	shago	ʃaɣo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	mishi	miʃi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	arapa	arapa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	coen ('old one, chief'; from 'adult')	koen ('old one, chief'; from 'adult')	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	sarupa (ropa); ondiccu'je (cushma)	sarupa; ondikhuʔhe	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	chiga (god, sun)	tʃiga (god, sun)	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	ayo'o	ajoʔo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	ccosha	khoʃa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture	ccosha	khoʃa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	finfincco	ɸinɸinkho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	otiffacu	otifakɯ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	na´inchoe, pporotsse	naʔintʃoɛ, phorotshɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	tsetse´pa	tsɛtsɛʔpa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology	settaen´cho	sethãɛ̡ʔtʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	si´tsi	siʔtsi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	mappi´choeñe	maphiʔtʃoɛ̡ɲɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	"quendecco (not specified only for fish)	kwɛndɛkho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	casave	kasaβɛ [loan]	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	ppu'ppu sundafo'cho 'harina de maiz'	phɯʔphɯ sɯndaɸoʔtʃo 'harina de maiz'	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	dendo´cco	dendoʔkho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	cocoya	kokoja	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	cunonga censo, cunonga ccosu'cho 'calabaza larga con cuello, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl'; ichhoro'cho 'Crescentia cujete'		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	atuʔtti	atuʔthi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	potaé'ngo (from 'shoot, scatter')	potaéʔngo (from 'shoot, scatter')	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	anae´ma	anaɛʔma	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	ontsianccu (from 'put/carry on head')	ontsiankhu	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology	coraga (Quechua loan from kuraka=chief)	coraɣa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	cuñajun'cho (sugar, honey)	kuñahunʔʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	etti, antteye	ɛthi, anthɛjɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	panzaye	pãdzajɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	chhichhi´cco	tʃhitʃhiʔkho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	machiti (Spanish loan)	matʃiti	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	chhochhori´ndi	tʃhotʃhoriʔndi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology	cáraña	karaɲa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	tevaen'je	teβaenʔhe	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	canchimba (Span loan)		phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	api	api	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	simba'fa	simbaʔɸa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	ansi	ansi	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	escoera	eskoera	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	coraga (Quechua loan from kuraka=chief)	coraɣa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feare	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	sapato	sapato	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	foño	ɸoño	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	sundaro, sondaro	sundaro, sondaro	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	setta'poen'cho	sethaʔpoenʔtʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	sata, dasan´cho (steel spear)	sata, dasanʔtʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	tumba´ccu	tɯmbaʔkhɯ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	sutsapa'cco (sugar cane); cuñajun'cho (sugar, honey)	sutspaʔkho; kuñahunʔʃo	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	ccaqueje	khakyɛhɛ	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	seje´pa	sɛhɛʔpa	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	tuño	tuño	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	oficco	oɸikho	phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology			phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 97 of 97 entries