Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

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Semantic Field
subsistence tool
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
flecha
Meaning Portuguese
flecha

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla huya-l arrow, bow & arrow inheritance *huca Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 63 other complex Seiler & Hioki 1979:62
Cupeño huyal arrow inheritance *huca Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 63 other complex Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Luiseño huula arrow, wisdom tooth inheritance *huca Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 63 other complex Elliott 1999
Gabrielino hu:r arrow inheritance *huca Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 63 other complex Hill Harrington Notes
Serrano hūç arrow inheritance *huca Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 63 other complex K. Hill Dict
Kitanemuk šumanat arrow inheritance *suhuma Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 64 -- Serran and TO "charm" -- areal, but old because TO has #h; also huč 'short, flint-tipped war arrow' other complex Anderton 1988
Tübatulabal pāhūl arrow, war arrow, bullet inheritance *huca Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 63 with pa- "big" other complex K. Hill Tb>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim pah'-hool stone-pointed arrow inheritance *huca Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 63 with pa- "big" other complex Merriam 49:187
Kawaiisu huwa-zi arrow, bullet inheritance *huca Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 63 what is /w/ doing here? other complex Zigmond et al. 1990
Chemehuevi huH arrow, cartridge, bullet, ammunition; sting of insect inheritance *huca Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 63 simplex Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute 7o:, u- S; uqqwi-S arrow inheritance *huca Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 63 simplex Sapir
Southern Ute 7uu arrow inheritance *huca Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 63 simplex Givon
Tümpisa Shoshone pakampotsa arrow, bullet, cartridge; constellation of Orio's sword inheritance *pakaN- Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1778; in meaning "arrow" only in Numic compound pakaN "reed" potsa "shaft of arrow" Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pakan arrow, penis inheritance *pakaN- Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1778; in meaning "arrow" only in Numic simplex Crapo 1976
Comanche paakA, paka arrow inheritance *pakaN- Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1778; in meaning "arrow" only in Numic simplex Robinson & Armagost 1990
Western Mono pAja arrow, bullet inheritance *pakaN- Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1778; in meaning "arrow" only in Numic simplex Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute pongosa arrow unique could this somehow be from *pakaN with some increment that triggered vowel assimilation, loss of lenited *k??? simplex Yerington 1987
Southern Sierra Miwok muckul- arrow unique also paj:uk- Yosemite simplex nt Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok pájpu- arrow inheritance Proto-Eastern Miwok see Mip 'hunt'; see pajuk in SSM, looks like the %pa arrow words simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
Northern Sierra Miwok jac:i- arrow, arrow shaft, arrowhead, flint unique simplex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok hawlo- arrow; bow and arrow; arrow shaft; arrow poing unique simplex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok kíwwa arrow, arrow shaft unique see Shepherd's Proto-Wintun p. 104 on the *khi- words meaning 'thorn, sharp object' simplex Callaghan 1965
Maidu nôk' arrow, bullet inheritance *nók' Proto-Maiduan Ultan 1964:365; Callaghan 2001:322 notes Proto-Wintun *no7 'arrow' simplex Shipley 1963
Nisenan 7olaw arrow unique simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani t'ujos arrow inheritance *t'ujos Proto-Nim-Yokuts talap Kroeber 284 (looks like 'bow') derived see t'uyu 'to shoot' Golla1964
Yokuts Yawdanchi t'uyosh arrow inheritance *t'ujos Proto-Nim-Yokuts Kroeber 1907:178 cikid 'hunting arrow' (< cokud 'pierce')' t'uyosh "war arrow" (p. 244); and note Wikchamni pah-hool' 'arrow, general name', from W. Mono or Tub Merriam 44:445 derived see t'uy 'to shoot' Golla1964
Yokuts Palewyami k'el-k'al arrow (P) unique g'el-g'el Kroeber 1907:344; unique in Kroeber's dialect survey list; Gamble wahayi7 'war arrow' reduplicated Gamble 1991
Washo mešgíc'et arrow unknown derived ic'ed 'to prick, sting', but Jacobson(p. 485) says meshg- is not productive Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu č'ipčus arrow (especially the shaft) inheritance *č'eb Proto-Wintun Shepherd 2006:76 simplex possibly from ch'ip 'to peel bark' (Pitkin) Schllichter 1981
Yuki kiu arrow unknown simplex Schlichter 1985
Wappo méche arrow inheritance Proto-Yukian cf. Yuki miT 'shoot' simplex Elmendorf 1993
Mutsun tuyos arrow loan Yokuts also Temo p 24, 272; for Arroyo (Mason) this was 'arrow with point' and the tuyos was 'wooden arrow' (no point) simplex see Okrand 245, no corresponding verb; this is only e.g. of sequence u-o; tiyo 'to shoot arrow' 245 Okrand 1977
Esselen lóto-s arrow unknown also pawi Kroeber 1902 53 other complex ncs -s Shaul 1995
Salinan A et'oi'yiN' all ' are 7 arrow loan Yokuts T-et'óy'en Turner p. 86 simplex Mason 1918
Salinan M etei'yini/' arrow loan Yokuts simplex Mason 1918
Chumash Obispeno tslewa jara unique simplex Harrington
Chumash Ineseno ya7 arrow inheritance *ya Proto-Central Chumash simplex Klar 1977
Chumash Barbareno ya' arrow inheritance *ya Proto-Central Chumash simplex Klar 1977, Beeler 1978:190
Chumash Ventureno ya arrow inheritance *ya Proto-Central Chumash simplex Klar 1977
Iipay 'Aa 7epal arrow, gun inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH simplex Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Cocopa 7i:pá arrow, bullet, cartridge inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH simplex Crawford 1989
Mojave 7ipa arrow, bullet inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH simplex Munro et al. 1992
Yavapai 7pá arrow, pointed weapon inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH derived pá 'to stick' Shaterian 1983
Kiliwa 7+pa7 arrow, bullet, ammunition inheritance Proto-Yuman JHH derived Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) haxáaza arrow unknown simplex Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua ɲɨ̌p-at-dobʔ ɲɨ̌p-at-dobʔ unique hunting, warfare See Language page
Nheengatu takaná, uiwa takaná, uiwa unique; inheritance *uʔɨß Proto-Tupi-Guarani cf. Apalai takɨ Alternate: takaná Simplex hunting, warfare See Language page
Waorani too pijæ̃ka-ĩ (IDS) unique hunting, warfare See Language page
Hodï lĩbẽlã ho lĩbẽlã ho bow, arrow? unique hunting, warfare See Language page
Yanomami shereka ʃeɾeka inheritance Proto-Yanomamo Simplex hunting, warfare See Language page
Yanomam šaraka ʃaɾaka inheritance Proto-Yanomamo Simplex hunting, warfare See Language page
Ninam šikawe, šakao (EM72) ʃ̌ikawe, ʃakao inheritance Proto-Yanomamo Alternate: ʃakao Simplex hunting, warfare See Language page
Kotiria bʉe bʉe inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan Simplex hunting, warfare See Language page
Cubeo bejo, bejoboca, bejoðo, tẽ́muyo bɛho, bɛhoboka, bɛhoðo, tɛ̃́mujo inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan Also: bɛhɔðɔ, tɛ̃́mujɔ Simplex hunting, warfare See Language page
Tukano bɨe-khɨ́, ãrɨ̃́ (h&r) bɨe-khɨ́, ãrɨ̃́ (h&r) inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan Also: ãrɨ̃́ Simplex hunting, warfare See Language page
Desano buiriwaca buiriwaca inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan Compound buiri-waka; shoot-dart hunting, warfare See Language page
Maihiki uiñaca ja uiɲaka xã unknown hunting, warfare See Language page
Hup mǔh mǔh unique Simplex hunting, warfare See Language page
Dâw çâàg (kĩnh ‘flechar’) cə̂g semantic shift from 'sharp' probably from 'sharp'; but see also ninam ʃakao, aguaruna ʃiki:t Simplex hunting, warfare See Language page
Sikuani xuátabo; baleni(2) (type of large arrow), kuyene (2), puyene (2) xuátabo; baleni(2) (type of large arrow), kujene (2), pujene (2) unknown; inheritance cf. Warao Classified Related to word for arrow cane xuáta-boto hunting, warfare See Language page
Macaguan kupálien, orék kupálien, oɾék inheritance Also: kupalién Simplex hunting, warfare See Language page
Guayabero buya; buitat, pialan (R18) búja loan; inheritance Achagua Simplex hunting, warfare See Language page
Pemon pereu pɨröʊ (E1980) inheritance Loan into Piaroa (p'oari)? hunting, warfare See Language page
Akawaio pöröu pöröʊ inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Makushi rupé rupé unknown Possible inheritance with metathesis? hunting, warfare See Language page
Eñepa kaʔka poin mən; ka'kapoñ (mën) (MM) kaʔka poin mən; kaʔkapoɲ (mǝn) (MM) unique Alternate: kaʔka poin mən hunting, warfare See Language page
Yukuna ijijila ihihila unique Simplex hunting, warfare See Language page
Tariana siduána siduána inheritance Proto North Arawak Alternate: pa-ita-nípe (?-CL:inanimate,instrument-PL) Derived -na = "long vertical" classifier, sidua = "cane" hunting, warfare See Language page
Wapishana ˀbairii ˀbairii unique Possibly Carib loan; see Akawaio pöröu Simplex hunting, warfare See Language page
Baniwa kaapáwi, ttídoa kaːpáwi, t̪ídoa ?, inheritance Proto North Arawak Alternate: kaːpáwi Simplex hunting, warfare See Language page
Resígaro noótsígú noótsígú loan Boran 'machete/metal' Simplex -gu "long, flat" classifier hunting, warfare See Language page
Achagua θitúwa (hr01), púja (h&r) θitúwa (hr01), púja (h&r) inheritance; loan, direction unknown Mapoyo pua 'spear' hunting, warfare See Language page
Piapoco θitúa (hr01), demá[pu] (dp91), chucùlu θitúa (hɾ01), demá[pu] (dp91), tʃukùlu hunting, warfare See Language page
Kabiyari t̪inúá t̪inúá hunting, warfare See Language page
Yavitero ʃumetsa, c̷awita ʃumetsa, tsawita hunting, warfare See Language page
Bare dabid'aha dabid'aha hunting, warfare See Language page
Wayuu hatɨ; siwar̃ai; kaľepɨsɨ The second form refers to metal arrow, 'doble filo'; latter refers to metal a. in form of fishhook. Arrows are labeled according to shape and use. Also ir̃amaouwa, has a ring made of horn around the point; kočompakir̃ɨ, 'de cabeza abultada y roma' general See Language page
Yine kašri *Piro-Apuriná form is *ka-siri-pi-c̷i. See Language page
Paresi kore kuˈre inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Ignaciano takirikire Also takiriki; kurinaki. See Language page
Trinitario hit ~ hid Verbal form is (ha)šomta. A ceremonial arrow is opep. See Language page
Baure kori kori inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Waurá u'ku u'ku inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Cha'palaa 'muute; 'kaa 'c̷uta hunting, warfare See Language page
Bora tubóóco; wáñuú- tɯpóó-kʰo, wáñɯɯ́- inheritance; unknown hunting, warfare See Language page
Muinane tɨɨbú-ga {arrow-long} tɨɨbú-ga {arrow-long} hunting, warfare See Language page
Apalai pyrou pɨrou inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Wayana pïle pɨle inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Carijona wɨraha (SM) inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Tiriyó (pï)rëu (pɨ)rǝu inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Makiritare šimāda (IDS); shima:da (KH) ʃima:da loan Arawak, cf. Wapishana sumara hunting, warfare See Language page
Mapoyo rëu rɛu hunting, warfare See Language page
Wai Wai waywɨ wajwɨ inheritance? hunting, warfare See Language page
Waimiri Atroari pyruwa pɨruwa hunting, warfare See Language page
Yabarana pakuri hunting, warfare See Language page
Yukpa mikuirsi mikuirsi hunting, warfare See Language page
Muisca quyecho kuɨeʂo hunting, warfare See Language page
Northern Emberá chaa tʃa: hunting, warfare See Language page
Epena 'sia 'Blowgun dart' is u-'kʰida, lit. 'blowgun-tooth'. See Language page
Cuiva kujéni (CM72) hunting, warfare See Language page
Cofán seje´cco sɛhɛʔkho phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS hunting, warfare See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra tipállĩzi tipántʃĩʂi doubtful loan cf. Aguaruna tupu 'bow'; also Bora 'arrow' hunting, warfare See Language page
Taushiro hunting, warfare See Language page
Tikuna déne (Alv44) déne unique hunting, warfare See Language page
Urarina soḍzoḍzihi sodʒodʒihi unique hunting, warfare See Language page
Andoke pãče (RW52) unique hunting, warfare See Language page
Pumé boĩčʰĩ hunting, warfare See Language page
Tinigua wanatʃa hunting, warfare See Language page
Puinave bop bop unique hunting, warfare See Language page
Máku čimála hunting, warfare See Language page
Warao hatabu hatabu hunting, warfare See Language page
Ashuar wáchi, nángki waʧi, naŋki hunting, warfare See Language page
Aguaruna shikiít ʃiki:t unique hunting, warfare See Language page
Nukak dii unique hunting, warfare See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect katoj unique hunting, warfare See Language page
Matses pia pja inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Kakataibo pia *Panoan *pia. See Language page
Katukina pia hunting, warfare See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo eruu; uu; uuba Point of arrow is erakʷa; erakoi. See Language page
Yaminahua čʰitõ hunting, warfare See Language page
Chácobo pia; kɨrɨkɨ, tɨopi, and βikoβi pia; kɨrɨkɨ, tɨopi, and βikoβi inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Yagua hačityã; ruwe; ruwero hatʃitjã; ruwe; ruwero doubtful loan, direction unknown Zaparo akatʃinja hunting, warfare See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua wachi watʃi hunting, warfare See Language page
Ingá plicha (Spanish loan) plitʃa (Spanish loan) hunting, warfare See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua biruti biruti hunting, warfare See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano wach'i (CP94) watʃ'i hunting, warfare See Language page
Piaroa p'oari p'oari unique hunting, warfare See Language page
Sáliva docono dokono doubtful loan, direction unknown Puinave jukon 'arrow' hunting, warfare See Language page
Bará te'mu-rikɨ hunting, warfare See Language page
Barasano jéruɨ, jíruɨ jéruɨ, jíruɨ hunting, warfare See Language page
Carapana yeruʉ jɛɾuʉ hunting, warfare See Language page
Makuna yirugʉ jirugʉ inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Yuruti kãdɨ̃-gɨ kãdɨ̃-gɨ hunting, warfare See Language page
Waikhana bɨ'e-dɨ bɨ'e-dɨ hunting, warfare See Language page
Siriano gãrʉ̃́gʉ̃́ gãɾɨ̃́gɨ̃́ hunting, warfare See Language page
Tanimuca pu'a ka'ka pu'a ka'ka inheritance? hunting, warfare See Language page
Tatuyo jé'rú-'ɨ́ jé'rú-'ɨ́ hunting, warfare See Language page
Tuyuka kã'dɨ̃-gɨ̃ kãʔdɨ̃-gɨ̃ hunting, warfare See Language page
Waimaja anɨ̃́ŋɨ̃̀ anɨ̃́ŋɨ̃̀ hunting, warfare See Language page
Koreguaje saocho saodʒo inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Siona ya'ri jaʔri inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Secoya waʔ'ho waʔ'ho hunting, warfare See Language page
Karitiana mypãn mɨpãn unknown hunting, warfare See Language page
Kokama uwa uwa inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Wayampi wɨlapa wɨlapa inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Aché mačĩ doubtful loan Aymara mičˀi hunting, warfare See Language page
Chiriguano uwɨ; (se-)ruwɨ inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní huʔɨ hunting, warfare See Language page
Sirionó eruu; uu; uuba (P85); pisa eruu; uu; uuba (P85); pisa inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Kamayurá ɨˀɨp ɨˀɨp inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Ocaina oudyátsahso, oudyáátya oɯdʲátsaʔso, oɯdʲáátʲa unique hunting, warfare See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto tïkúi-ra-da, kanída tɯkúi-ra-da, kanída hunting, warfare See Language page
Minica Witoto dukḯ-ra-θï dukɯ́-ra-θɯ hunting, warfare See Language page
Murui Witoto dukï-ra-θï dukɯ-ra-θɯ semantic shift from spear hunting, warfare See Language page
Sanumá silaga, arali nam (barbed arrow head made of arali tree), šilaka (EM72) silaga, aɹali nam, ʃilaka inheritance hunting, warfare See Language page
Iquito jírisi (flecha; entre los iquitos es un tipo de lanza hecho de isana, parecida al harpón, pero con punta más pequeño; no se utiliza con arco); saápi táaja (raya chupa, flecha para pescar hecha de un clavo, con lenguetes parecido a la espina de una raya. M hírisi unknown hunting, warfare See Language page
Wari cahuru, quiwo', tiquiwo' (for fish, game, war) (E&K97) kahuru, kiwoʔ, tikiwoʔ (for fish, game, war) (E&K97) hunting, warfare See Language page
Araona pia; piša hunting, warfare See Language page
Ese Ejja emehe unknown hunting, warfare See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-mese e-mese hunting, warfare See Language page
Cavineña piya piya loan/inheritance? Panoan *pia hunting, warfare See Language page
Central Aymara mičˀi hunting, warfare See Language page
Itonama ičˀeʔere hunting, warfare See Language page
Kwazá mãbi mãbi hunting, warfare See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané ih'meʔ Means an arrow with chonta point'. Also ko'mura; 'tõn, made of 'tacuara'; and 'yaʔasi, without feathers, used for fishing. See Language page
Movima huɬ-pa xuɬ-pa hunting, warfare See Language page
Trumai porofana, hit ~ hid porofana, hit ~ hid unique hunting, warfare See Language page
Kaingang no no; na hunting, warfare See Language page
Canela kruw hunting, warfare See Language page
Suyá mẽ mẽ hunting, warfare See Language page
Karajá wɨhɨ hunting, warfare See Language page
Djeoromitxi kubi kubi hunting, warfare See Language page
Mocoví l-owik The arrow shaft is l-oʔʁoso. See Language page
Pilagá yanka [loan Mascoyan]; yohon The latter is a bird arrow. See Language page
Toba -taɣriɣi; taɣiɣire hunting, warfare See Language page
Lengua yanči hunting, warfare See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité yaʔaŋka; sooyaʔaŋka hunting, warfare See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet pia [cf. Panoan/Tacanan] hunting, warfare See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay #NAME? hunting, warfare See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -kyexeʔ ~ -c̷yexeʔ (m.) hunting, warfare See Language page
Maca uc̷inet (m.); asɬenheʔ (f.); -ḳaxiʔ (f.); fʔok (f.) Respectively: flecha de punta de alambre; f. de punta barbada; f. de punta no barbada; f. de punta roma. See Language page
Nivaclé -c̷anuʔk; -pˀok Respectively: arrow made of 'duraznillo' tree; arrow with a thick point that is used especially to kill birds. Also -kɔʔxe. See Language page
Ayoreo dak-a'n̥aa hunting, warfare See Language page
Mapudungun pɨlki Ranquel form is kewpu ~ kewpɨ, the point of the arrow. See Language page
Qawasqar ḳyeraḳʰana Also [flec̷a], from Span. 'flecha'. Sk, Bo, Ir record arkyel for South QWS. Fi, Hy record anokwa for South QWS. See Language page
Selknam yahn hunting, warfare See Language page
Tehuelche 'šot hunting, warfare See Language page
Lokono simalha simaɽa arrow Pet 1987:350
Kariña pyrywa pɨrɨwa arrow Yamada 2010:798