Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

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Semantic Field: subsistence tool
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: flecha
Meaning Portuguese: flecha

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
Achagua	θitúwa (hr01), púja (h&r)	θitúwa (hr01), púja (h&r)		inheritance; loan, direction unknown			Mapoyo pua 'spear'				hunting, warfare	See Language page
Aché		mačĩ		doubtful loan			Aymara mičˀi				hunting, warfare	See Language page
Aguaruna	shikiít	ʃiki:t		unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Akawaio	pöröu	pöröʊ		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Andoke	pãče (RW52)			unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Apalai	pyrou	pɨrou		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Araona		pia; piša									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Ashuar	wáchi, nángki	waʧi, naŋki									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Ayoreo		dak-a'n̥aa									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Baniwa	kaapáwi, ttídoa	kaːpáwi, t̪ídoa		?, inheritance		Proto North Arawak		Alternate: kaːpáwi	Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	pah'-hool		stone-pointed arrow	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 63 with pa- "big"	other complex			Merriam 49:187
Barasano	jéruɨ, jíruɨ	jéruɨ, jíruɨ									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Bare	dabid'aha	dabid'aha									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Bará		te'mu-rikɨ									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Baure	kori	kori		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	pakan		arrow, penis	inheritance	*pakaN-	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2011 1778; in meaning "arrow" only in Numic	simplex			Crapo 1976
Bora	tubóóco; wáñuú-	tɯpóó-kʰo, wáñɯɯ́-		inheritance; unknown							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Cahuilla	huya-l		arrow, bow & arrow	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 63	other complex			Seiler & Hioki 1979:62
Candoshi-Shapra	tipállĩzi	tipántʃĩʂi		doubtful loan			cf. Aguaruna tupu 'bow'; also Bora 'arrow'				hunting, warfare	See Language page
Canela		kruw									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Carapana	yeruʉ	jɛɾuʉ									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Carijona	wɨraha (SM)			inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Cavineña	piya	piya		loan/inheritance?			Panoan *pia				hunting, warfare	See Language page
Central Aymara		mičˀi									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	pájpu-		arrow	inheritance		Proto-Eastern Miwok		see Mip 'hunt'; see pajuk in SSM, looks like the %pa arrow words	simplex			Freeland & Broadbent 1960
Cha'palaa		'muute; 'kaa 'c̷uta									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Chemehuevi	huH		arrow, cartridge, bullet, ammunition; sting of insect	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 63	simplex			Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Chiriguano		uwɨ; (se-)ruwɨ		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		-kyexeʔ ~ -c̷yexeʔ (m.)									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	ya'		arrow	inheritance	*ya	Proto-Central Chumash			simplex			Klar 1977, Beeler 1978:190
Chumash Ineseno	ya7		arrow	inheritance	*ya	Proto-Central Chumash			simplex			Klar 1977
Chumash Obispeno	tslewa		jara	unique					simplex			Harrington
Chumash Ventureno	ya		arrow	inheritance	*ya	Proto-Central Chumash			simplex			Klar 1977
Chácobo	pia; kɨrɨkɨ, tɨopi, and βikoβi	pia; kɨrɨkɨ, tɨopi, and βikoβi		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Cocopa	7i:pá		arrow, bullet, cartridge	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		JHH	simplex			Crawford 1989
Cofán	seje´cco	sɛhɛʔkho									phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS hunting, warfare	See Language page
Comanche	paakA, paka		arrow	inheritance	*pakaN-	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2011 1778; in meaning "arrow" only in Numic	simplex			Robinson & Armagost 1990
Cubeo	bejo, bejoboca, bejoðo, tẽ́muyo	bɛho, bɛhoboka, bɛhoðo, tɛ̃́mujo		inheritance		Proto-East Tukanoan		Also: bɛhɔðɔ, tɛ̃́mujɔ	Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
Cuiva		kujéni (CM72)									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Cupeño	huyal		arrow	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 63	other complex			Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Desano	buiriwaca	buiriwaca		inheritance		Proto-East Tukanoan			Compound	buiri-waka; shoot-dart	hunting, warfare	See Language page
Djeoromitxi	kubi	kubi									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Dâw	çâàg (kĩnh ‘flechar’)	cə̂g		semantic shift			from 'sharp'	probably from 'sharp'; but see also ninam ʃakao, aguaruna ʃiki:t	Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
Epena		'sia									'Blowgun dart' is u-'kʰida, lit. 'blowgun-tooth'.	See Language page
Ese Ejja		emehe		unknown							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	e-mese	e-mese									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Esselen	lóto-s		arrow	unknown				also pawi Kroeber 1902 53	other complex	ncs -s		Shaul 1995
Eñepa	kaʔka poin mən; ka'kapoñ (mën) (MM)	kaʔka poin mən; kaʔkapoɲ (mǝn) (MM)		unique				Alternate: kaʔka poin mən			hunting, warfare	See Language page
Gabrielino	hu:r		arrow	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 63	other complex			Hill Harrington Notes
Guayabero	buya; buitat, pialan (R18)	búja		loan; inheritance			Achagua		Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
Hodï	lĩbẽlã ho	lĩbẽlã ho	bow, arrow?	unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Hup	mǔh	mǔh		unique					Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
Ignaciano		takirikire									Also takiriki; kurinaki.	See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	7epal		arrow, gun	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		JHH	simplex			Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Ingá	plicha (Spanish loan)	plitʃa (Spanish loan)									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Iquito	jírisi (flecha; entre los iquitos es un tipo de lanza hecho de isana, parecida al harpón, pero con punta más pequeño; no se utiliza con arco); saápi táaja (raya chupa, flecha para pescar hecha de un clavo, con lenguetes parecido a la espina de una raya. M	hírisi		unknown							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Itonama		ičˀeʔere									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Kabiyari	t̪inúá	t̪inúá									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Kaingang	no	no; na									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Kakataibo		pia									Panoan pia.	See Language page
Kakua	ɲɨ̌p-at-dobʔ	ɲɨ̌p-at-dobʔ		unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Kamayurá	ɨˀɨp	ɨˀɨp		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Karajá		wɨhɨ									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Kariña	pyrywa	pɨrɨwa	arrow				Yamada 2010:798
Karitiana	mypãn	mɨpãn		unknown							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Katukina		pia									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Kawaiisu	huwa-zi		arrow, bullet	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 63 what is /w/ doing here?	other complex			Zigmond et al. 1990
Kiliwa	7+pa7		arrow, bullet, ammunition	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		JHH	derived			Mixco 1985
Kitanemuk	šumanat		arrow	inheritance	*suhuma	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 64 -- Serran and TO "charm" -- areal, but old because TO has #h; also huč 'short, flint-tipped war arrow'	other complex			Anderton 1988
Kokama	uwa	uwa		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Koreguaje	saocho	saodʒo		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Kotiria	bʉe	bʉe		inheritance		Proto-East Tukanoan			Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
Kwazá	mãbi	mãbi									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Lake Miwok	kíwwa		arrow, arrow shaft	unique				see Shepherd's Proto-Wintun p. 104 on the *khi- words meaning 'thorn, sharp object'	simplex			Callaghan 1965
Lengua		yanči									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Lokono	simalha	simaɽa	arrow									Pet 1987:350
Luiseño	huula		arrow, wisdom tooth	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 63	other complex			Elliott 1999
Maca		uc̷inet (m.); asɬenheʔ (f.); -ḳaxiʔ (f.); fʔok (f.)									Respectively: flecha de punta de alambre; f. de punta barbada; f. de punta no barbada; f. de punta roma.	See Language page
Macaguan	kupálien, orék	kupálien, oɾék		inheritance				Also: kupalién	Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
Maidu	nôk'		arrow, bullet	inheritance	*nók'	Proto-Maiduan		Ultan 1964:365; Callaghan 2001:322 notes Proto-Wintun *no7 'arrow'	simplex			Shipley 1963
Maihiki	uiñaca ja	uiɲaka xã		unknown							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Makiritare	šimāda (IDS); shima:da (KH)	ʃima:da		loan			Arawak, cf. Wapishana sumara				hunting, warfare	See Language page
Makuna	yirugʉ	jirugʉ		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Makushi	rupé	rupé		unknown				Possible inheritance with metathesis?			hunting, warfare	See Language page
Mapoyo	rëu	rɛu									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Mapudungun		pɨlki									Ranquel form is kewpu ~ kewpɨ, the point of the arrow.	See Language page
Matses	pia	pja		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Minica Witoto	dukḯ-ra-θï	dukɯ́-ra-θɯ									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Mocoví		l-owik									The arrow shaft is l-oʔʁoso.	See Language page
Mojave	7ipa		arrow, bullet	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		JHH	simplex			Munro et al. 1992
Mosetén-Chimané		ih'meʔ									Means an arrow with chonta point'. Also ko'mura; 'tõn, made of 'tacuara'; and 'yaʔasi, without feathers, used for fishing.	See Language page
Movima	huɬ-pa	xuɬ-pa									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Muinane	tɨɨbú-ga {arrow-long}	tɨɨbú-ga {arrow-long}									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Muisca	quyecho	kuɨeʂo									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Murui Witoto	dukï-ra-θï	dukɯ-ra-θɯ		semantic shift			from spear				hunting, warfare	See Language page
Mutsun	tuyos		arrow	loan			Yokuts	also Temo p 24, 272; for Arroyo (Mason) this was 'arrow with point' and the tuyos was 'wooden arrow' (no point)	simplex	see Okrand 245, no corresponding verb; this is only e.g. of sequence u-o; tiyo 'to shoot arrow' 245		Okrand 1977
Máku		čimála									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		katoj		unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	biruti	biruti									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Nheengatu	takaná, uiwa	takaná, uiwa		unique; inheritance	*uʔɨß	Proto-Tupi-Guarani	cf. Apalai takɨ	Alternate: takaná	Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
Ninam	šikawe, šakao (EM72)	ʃ̌ikawe, ʃakao		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo		Alternate: ʃakao	Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
Nisenan	7olaw		arrow	unique					simplex			Uldall & Shipley 1966
Nivaclé		-c̷anuʔk; -pˀok									Respectively: arrow made of 'duraznillo' tree; arrow with a thick point that is used especially to kill birds. Also -kɔʔxe.	See Language page
Northern Emberá	chaa	tʃa:									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Northern Paiute	pongosa		arrow	unique				could this somehow be from pakaN with some increment that triggered vowel assimilation, loss of lenited k???	simplex			Yerington 1987
Northern Sierra Miwok	jac:i-		arrow, arrow shaft, arrowhead, flint	unique					simplex			Callaghan 1987
Nukak		dii		unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto	tïkúi-ra-da, kanída	tɯkúi-ra-da, kanída									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Ocaina	oudyátsahso, oudyáátya	oɯdʲátsaʔso, oɯdʲáátʲa		unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní		huʔɨ									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Paresi	kore	kuˈre		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Pemon	pereu	pɨröʊ (E1980)		inheritance				Loan into Piaroa (p'oari)?			hunting, warfare	See Language page
Piapoco	θitúa (hr01), demá[pu] (dp91), chucùlu	θitúa (hɾ01), demá[pu] (dp91), tʃukùlu									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Piaroa	p'oari	p'oari		unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Pilagá		yanka [loan Mascoyan]; yohon									The latter is a bird arrow.	See Language page
Plains Miwok	hawlo-		arrow; bow and arrow; arrow shaft; arrow poing	unique					simplex			Callaghan 1984
Puinave	bop	bop		unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Pumé	boĩčʰĩ										hunting, warfare	See Language page
Qawasqar		ḳyeraḳʰana									Also [flec̷a], from Span. 'flecha'. Sk, Bo, Ir record arkyel for South QWS. Fi, Hy record anokwa for South QWS.	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	wach'i (CP94)	watʃ'i									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Resígaro	noótsígú	noótsígú		loan			Boran 'machete/metal'		Simplex	-gu "long, flat" classifier	hunting, warfare	See Language page
Salinan A	et'oi'yiN'	all ' are 7	arrow	loan			Yokuts	T-et'óy'en Turner p. 86	simplex			Mason 1918
Salinan M	etei'yini/'		arrow	loan			Yokuts		simplex			Mason 1918
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		yaʔaŋka; sooyaʔaŋka									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		pia [cf. Panoan/Tacanan]									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Sanumá	silaga, arali nam (barbed arrow head made of arali tree), šilaka (EM72)	silaga, aɹali nam, ʃilaka		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Secoya	waʔ'ho	waʔ'ho									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Selknam		yahn									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	haxáaza		arrow	unknown					simplex			Moser & Marlett 2005
Serrano	hūç		arrow	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 63	other complex			K. Hill Dict
Shipibo-Konibo		eruu; uu; uuba									Point of arrow is erakʷa; erakoi.	See Language page
Sikuani	xuátabo; baleni(2) (type of large arrow), kuyene (2), puyene (2)	xuátabo; baleni(2) (type of large arrow), kujene (2), pujene (2)		unknown; inheritance			cf. Warao		Classified	Related to word for arrow cane xuáta-boto	hunting, warfare	See Language page
Siona	ya'ri	jaʔri		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Siriano	gãrʉ̃́gʉ̃́	gãɾɨ̃́gɨ̃́									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Sirionó	eruu; uu; uuba (P85); pisa	eruu; uu; uuba (P85); pisa		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Southern Paiute	7o:, u- S; uqqwi-S		arrow	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 63	simplex			Sapir
Southern Pastaza Quechua	wachi	watʃi									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	muckul-		arrow	unique				also paj:uk- Yosemite	simplex	nt		Broadbent 1964
Southern Ute	7uu		arrow	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 63	simplex			Givon
Suyá	mẽ	mẽ									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Sáliva	docono	dokono		doubtful loan, direction unknown			Puinave jukon 'arrow'				hunting, warfare	See Language page
Tanimuca	pu'a ka'ka	pu'a ka'ka		inheritance?							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Tariana	siduána	siduána		inheritance		Proto North Arawak		Alternate: pa-ita-nípe (?-CL:inanimate,instrument-PL)	Derived	-na = "long vertical" classifier, sidua = "cane"	hunting, warfare	See Language page
Tatuyo	jé'rú-'ɨ́	jé'rú-'ɨ́									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Taushiro											hunting, warfare	See Language page
Tehuelche		'šot									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Tikuna	déne (Alv44)	déne		unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Tinigua		wanatʃa									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Tiriyó	(pï)rëu	(pɨ)rǝu		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Toba		-taɣriɣi; taɣiɣire									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Trinitario		hit ~ hid									Verbal form is (ha)šomta. A ceremonial arrow is opep.	See Language page
Trumai	porofana, hit ~ hid	porofana, hit ~ hid		unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Tukano	bɨe-khɨ́, ãrɨ̃́ (h&r)	bɨe-khɨ́, ãrɨ̃́ (h&r)		inheritance		Proto-East Tukanoan		Also: ãrɨ̃́	Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
Tuyuka	kã'dɨ̃-gɨ̃	kãʔdɨ̃-gɨ̃									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Tübatulabal	pāhūl		arrow, war arrow, bullet	inheritance	*huca	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 63 with pa- "big"	other complex			K. Hill Tb>Eng
Tümpisa Shoshone	pakampotsa		arrow, bullet, cartridge; constellation of Orio's sword	inheritance	*pakaN-	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2011 1778; in meaning "arrow" only in Numic	compound	pakaN "reed" potsa "shaft of arrow"		Dayley 1989
Urarina	soḍzoḍzihi	sodʒodʒihi		unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Wai Wai	waywɨ	wajwɨ		inheritance?							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Waikhana	bɨ'e-dɨ	bɨ'e-dɨ									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Waimaja	anɨ̃́ŋɨ̃̀	anɨ̃́ŋɨ̃̀									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	pyruwa	pɨruwa									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Waorani	too pijæ̃ka-ĩ (IDS)			unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Wapishana	ˀbairii	ˀbairii		unique				Possibly Carib loan; see Akawaio pöröu	Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
Wappo	méche		arrow	inheritance		Proto-Yukian		cf. Yuki miT 'shoot'	simplex			Elmendorf 1993
Warao	hatabu	hatabu									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Wari	cahuru, quiwo', tiquiwo' (for fish, game, war) (E&K97)	kahuru, kiwoʔ, tikiwoʔ (for fish, game, war) (E&K97)									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Washo	mešgíc'et		arrow	unknown					derived	ic'ed 'to prick, sting', but Jacobson(p. 485) says meshg- is not productive		Washo Project Dictionary
Waurá	u'ku	u'ku		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Wayampi	wɨlapa	wɨlapa		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Wayana	pïle	pɨle		inheritance							hunting, warfare	See Language page
Wayuu		hatɨ; siwar̃ai; kaľepɨsɨ									The second form refers to metal arrow, 'doble filo'; latter refers to metal a. in form of fishhook. Arrows are labeled according to shape and use. Also ir̃amaouwa, has a ring made of horn around the point; kočompakir̃ɨ, 'de cabeza abultada y roma' general	See Language page
Western Mono	pAja		arrow, bullet	inheritance	*pakaN-	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2011 1778; in meaning "arrow" only in Numic	simplex			Loether & Bethel 1993
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		#NAME?									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Wintu	č'ipčus		arrow (especially the shaft)	inheritance	*č'eb	Proto-Wintun		Shepherd 2006:76	simplex	possibly from ch'ip 'to peel bark' (Pitkin)		Schllichter 1981
Yabarana		pakuri									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Yagua	hačityã; ruwe; ruwero	hatʃitjã; ruwe; ruwero		doubtful loan, direction unknown			Zaparo akatʃinja				hunting, warfare	See Language page
Yaminahua		čʰitõ									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Yanomam	šaraka	ʃaɾaka		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo			Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
Yanomami	shereka	ʃeɾeka		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo			Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
Yavapai	7pá		arrow, pointed weapon	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		JHH	derived	pá 'to stick'		Shaterian 1983
Yavitero	ʃumetsa, c̷awita	ʃumetsa, tsawita									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Yine		kašri									Piro-Apuriná form is ka-siri-pi-c̷i.	See Language page
Yokuts Palewyami	k'el-k'al		arrow (P)	unique				g'el-g'el Kroeber 1907:344; unique in Kroeber's dialect survey list; Gamble wahayi7 'war arrow'	reduplicated			Gamble 1991
Yokuts Yawdanchi	t'uyosh		arrow	inheritance	*t'ujos	Proto-Nim-Yokuts		Kroeber 1907:178 cikid 'hunting arrow' (< cokud 'pierce')' t'uyosh "war arrow" (p. 244); and note Wikchamni pah-hool' 'arrow, general name', from W. Mono or Tub Merriam 44:445	derived	see t'uy 'to shoot'		Golla1964
Yokuts Yawelmani	t'ujos		arrow	inheritance	*t'ujos	Proto-Nim-Yokuts		talap Kroeber 284 (looks like 'bow')	derived	see t'uyu 'to shoot'		Golla1964
Yuki	kiu		arrow	unknown					simplex			Schlichter 1985
Yukpa	mikuirsi	mikuirsi									hunting, warfare	See Language page
Yukuna	ijijila	ihihila		unique					Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
Yuruti	kãdɨ̃-gɨ	kãdɨ̃-gɨ									hunting, warfare	See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bare
Bará
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Cahuilla
Candoshi-Shapra
Canela
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Desano
Djeoromitxi
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Guayabero
Hodï
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Kabiyari
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Kamayurá
Karajá
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Minica Witoto
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Máku
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Nheengatu
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Pumé
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Secoya
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Suyá
Sáliva
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Taushiro
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tinigua
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waimiri Atroari
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Warao
Wari
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yine
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawelmani
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuruti

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