Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Napo Lowland Quichua

Family
Quechuan
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
qvo
Location
-0.07°, -76.39°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Orr, Carolyn and Betsy Wrisley (comp.). 1981. Vocabulario quichua del oriente. ILV, Quito.


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location ahua awa See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment ushpa uʃpa See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body huasha waʃa See Language page
bad mal mal quality paju paxu See Language page
belly barriga barriga body huicsa wiksa See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location urai uraj See Language page
big grande grande quality jatun xatun See Language page
black negro preto colour yana jana See Language page
blood sangre sangue body rahuai ɾawai See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body pingullu pinguʎu See Language page
bone hueso osso body tullu tuʎu See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body pichu pitʃu See Language page
child niño, niña criança human huarmi huahua (female), cari huahua (male) waɾmi wawa, kaɾi wawa See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment puyu puju See Language page
cold frío frio quality chiri tʃiɾi See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality sirtu (Spanish loan) siɾtu See Language page
day día dia time punzha punʒa See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality mapa, jiriza mapa, xiridza See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality huas, isca was, iska See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment See Language page
ear oreja orelha body rinri ɾinɾi See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment allpa aʎpa See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna lulun lulun See Language page
eye ojo olho body ñahui ɲawi See Language page
far lejos longe quality caru kaɾu See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body huira wira See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship yaya jaja See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna huillma wiʎma See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment nina nina See Language page
flower flor flor environment sisa sisa See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment puyu puju See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora muyu muju See Language page
good bueno bom quality ali ali See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body accha aktʃa See Language page
hand mano mão body maqui maki See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar pai pai See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body uma uma See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality llashaj ʎaʃax See Language page
how? como como grammar imasna imasna See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar ñuca ɲuka For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
if si se grammar See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location ucu uku See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body chunchuli tʃuntʃuli See Language page
lake lago lago environment cucha kutʃa See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment panga panga See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body lluqui ʎuki See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body changa tʃanga See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment rayu (Spanish loan) ɾaju See Language page
liver hígado figado body shungu, yana shungu ʃungu, jana ʃungu See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality suni suni See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna usa usa order Phtiraptera See Language page
man/male hombre homem human cari kaɾi See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna aicha aitʃa See Language page
moon luna lua environment quilla kiʎa See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship mama mama See Language page
mouth boca boca body shimi ʃimi See Language page
name nombre nome human shuti ʃuti See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality mayan majan See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body cunga tullu kunga tuʎu See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body cunga kunga See Language page
new nuevo novo quality mushuj muʃux See Language page
night noche noite time tuta tuta See Language page
no/not no não grammar nama nama See Language page
nose nariz nariz body singa singa See Language page
old viejo velho quality mauka mauka See Language page
one uno um number shuj ʃux See Language page
other otro outro grammar shuj ʃux See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body ungushca unguʃka See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human duiñu duiɲu See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment tamia tamia See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour puca puka See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body cusca kuska See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture ñambi ɲambi See Language page
root raíz raiz flora angu angu See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality ismushca ismuʃka See Language page
sand arena areia environment playa (Spanish loan) plaja See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality jilu xilu See Language page
short corto curto quality curulla kuɾuʎa See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body rigra mucu ɾigɾa muku See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental pingarina pingarina See Language page
skin piel pele body cara kaɾa See Language page
sky cielo céu environment silu (Spanish loan) silu See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality ichilla itʃiʎa See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment cushni kuʃmi See Language page
star estrella estrela environment See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora caspi kaspi See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment rumi ɾumi See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body chupa tʃupa See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar chai tʃai See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality sangu angu See Language page
thin delgado fino quality ñañu ɲaɲu See Language page
this este/esta este grammar cai kai See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar can kan See Language page
throat garganta garganta body cunga kunga See Language page
three tres tres number quimsa kimsa See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment rayu (Spanish loan) ɾaju See Language page
bite morder morder body canina kanina See Language page
blow soplar soprar body pucuna pukuna See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body samana samana See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment rupachina ɾupatʃina See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body mucuna mukuna See Language page
climb subir subir motion sicana sikana See Language page
come venir vir motion shamuna ʃamuna See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact yanuna januna See Language page
count contar contar mental yupana jupana See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental huacana wakana See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact pitina pitina See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state huañuna waɲuna See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact allana aʎana See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental nuspana nuspana See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body upina upina See Language page
eat comer comer body micuna mikuna See Language page
fall caer cair motion urmachina urmatʃina See Language page
fear miedo medo mental manchai mantʃai See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion See Language page
fly volar voar motion huamburina wambuɾina See Language page
grow crecer crescer state huiñana wiɲana See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental uyana ujana See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion pacana pakana See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact macana, tacana makana, takana See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other quimichina kimitʃina See Language page
kill matar matar impact huañuchina waɲuntʃina See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental yachana jatʃana See Language page
laugh reír rir mental asina asina See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion shitana ʃitana See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body causana kausana See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other pascana paskana See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact tiquina, cutarina tikina, kutaɾina See Language page
say decir dizer mental rimana, nina ɾimana, nina See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact aspina aspina See Language page
see ver ver mental ricuna ɾikuna See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact shitana, illapana ʃitana, iʎapana See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state tiarina tiaɾina See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body puñuna puɲuna See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body muctina muktina primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body tiucana tiukana See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact liquina, chaupina likina, tʃaupina See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact chahuana, llapina tʃawana, ʎapina See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state shayana, saquina ʃajana, sakina See Language page
steal robar roubar other shuhuana ʃuwana See Language page
suck chupar chupar body tsungana tsungana See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body punguina pungina See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion huaitana waitana See Language page
think pensar pensar mental yuyana jujana See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact shitana ʃitana See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact huatana watana See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other bultiyachina bultiʎatʃina may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body cuinana kuinana See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion purina puɾina See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other tarabana (Spanish loan) taɾabana See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body japuna xapuna See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body callu kaʎu See Language page
tooth diente dente body quiru kiɾu See Language page
two dos dois number ishcai iʃkai See Language page
water agua agua environment yacu jaku See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar ñucanchi ɲukantʃi no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality jucu xuku See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar ima ima See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar ima uras ima uɾas See Language page
where? donde onde grammar mai mai See Language page
white blanco branco colour ruyaj ɾujax See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar pi, maican pi, maikan See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship huarmi waɾmi See Language page
wind viento vento environment huaira waiɾa See Language page
wing ala asa body rigra ɾigɾa See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human huarmi waɾmi See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour quillu kiʎu See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar canguna kanguna See Language page
foot pie pé body chaqui tʃaki See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar cuti kuti See Language page
all todo todos other tucui tukui See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body chaqui mucu tʃaki muk See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body cashu kaʃu See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body isma isma See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body puscu shungu (lungs) pusku tʃungu See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body jumbina xumbina See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body shicshina ʃikʃina See Language page
bark corteza casca environment cara kaɾa See Language page
fingernail uña unha body shillu ʃiʎu See Language page
heart corazón coração body shungu ʃungu See Language page
sun sol sol time indi indi See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment See Language page
green verde verde quality birdi (Spanish loan) biɾdi See Language page
hot caliente quente quality rupaj rupax See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. tupapishcu tupapiʃku See Language page
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna pishcu piʃku See Language page
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. dumbiki, pinsha dumbiki, pinʃa See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans yacami, lamar jakami, lamaɾ See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. paushi, carunzi; pahua, huataracu (OP79) pauʃi, karunzi; pawa, wataraku (OP79) See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae puma yut, mansana (OP79), julera (OP79) puma jut See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae jayaj, amarun quindi (PO79) xajax See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae duyu duju See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes cucupa, burucutu (OP79), cuchi anga (OP79) kukupa See Language page Widespread
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. ahuitia awitia See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica puca guacamayo (OP79), suquiqui (OP79), fichillu (OP79), ushicu (OP79) See Language page Widespread
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae urpi uɾpi See Language page
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae huamani, churu anga(OP79) wamanu, tʃuru See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae illahuanga iʎawanga See Language page Widespread South America
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family See Language page
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba garsa gaɾsa [Sp. Loan] See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae buquirima, ayapana (OP79) bukiɾima See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris allcu aʎku See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis sacha allcu satʃa aʎku See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) pillian, tamanuhua, machín pishcu (OP79), chucchucchu (OP79) piʎian, tamanuwa See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri armallu aɾmaʎu See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. indillama indiʎama See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. runa micuj lagartu ɾuna mikux lagaɾtu See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus ahuanga (sp. of eel) awanga See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna yacu aicha (yacu=river; aicha=meat) jaku aitʃa See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. paña paɲa See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. bagri [Sp loan?] bagɾi See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. ayambi ajambi See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata See Language page
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura apangura apanguɾa See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes amarun amaɾun See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae amaru, atacapi amaɾu, atacapi See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna palu palu See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox pitalala pitalala See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria charapa tʃaɾapa See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis bugyu bugju See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) ala ala See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa muriti muriti See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana irapai iɾapai See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea taraputu, patihua taraputu, patiwa See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes chunda, piguanu chunda, piguanu See Language page
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua ungurahua unguɾawa See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra putu putu See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens uchu utʃu See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea inzhij inʒix See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus chihuilla tʃiwiʎa See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum pinduj pindux See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. palanda palanda See Language page Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. purutu puɾutu See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) quiwa kiwa See Language page
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays sara saɾa See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum tahuacu tawaku See Language page plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna caspi kaspi See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana manduru manduɾu See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. pacai pakai See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana palta palta See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum cutuhuapu kutuwapu See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. cauchu (Spanish loan), shiringa (Portuguese loan) kautʃu See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta lumu (not specified as bitter or sweet) lumu See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum papa papa See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas cumal kumal See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. mandi mandi See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) puru puɾu See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. puru puɾu See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. barbascu baɾbasku See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi aya huasca (huasca=vine; aya=dead person) aja waska See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata yuturi jutuɾi See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. ucui ukui See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis ayaspa (Spanish loan?) ajaspa See Language page
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria alcan alkan See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae nina curu nina kuɾu See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera pimpilitu pimpilitu See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora cuica kuika See Language page
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda tiricu tiɾiku See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera usa usa See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera See Language page
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae zhili ʒili See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. tucu tuku See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. chuspi (mosquito), sanguru (zancudo) tʃuspi, sanguɾu See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera cumishin kumiʃin See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea arrapata (Spanish loan?) arapata See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita See Language page
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda churu tʃuɾu See Language page
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae See Language page
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca puma puma See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. baca marina (Spanish loan) baka maɾina See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] cutu kutu See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus chuba tʃuba See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis yacu puma (yacu=river, puma=puma) jaku puma See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis pishna piʃna See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu sajinu saxinu See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari huangana wangana See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae casha aicha kaʃa aitʃa See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua achuni (loan), cuchuchu atʃuni, kutʃutʃu See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris capihuara kapiwaɾa See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) lamucha lamutʃa See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus ucucha ukutʃa See Language page
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae huaihuashi waiwaʃi See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris sacha huagra (Spanish loan?) satʃa wagɾa See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus taruga, chunda rucu taɾuga, tʃunda ɾuku See Language page
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material saparu, suru tasa See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material ashanga See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material huallca waʎka See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material puñuna puɲuna See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material aparina, amanga apaɾina, amanga See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport canua kanua See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology caja kaxa See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology yachaj jatʃax In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material pichana pitʃana See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology churana tʃuɾana See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other mayan majan may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other yanda janda See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology supai supai See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology pingullu pinguʎu multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics bunqui bunki See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material sauli (Spanish loan) sauli See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool biruti biruti hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool tucsina tuksina See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool lapun lapun arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport cahuina kawina See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material callana kaʎana See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool manga manga See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material mucahua mukawa See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool callana kaʎana agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool huiqui, pungara wiki, pungara See Language page
wax cera cera other mapa 'beeswax' mapa 'beeswax' See Language page
honey miel mel food mishqui miʃki only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture huasca waska See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material irapai iɾapai See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology huancanqui, simaiyuca wankanki, simaijuka See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation buti buti See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation quillca (related to 'write') kiʎka See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology muscui muskui See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation atallpa ataʎpa See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material saya, julira, pilluna, anucuna saja, xulira, piʎuna, anukuna See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation misi misi See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation illapa iʎapa See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology apu, mandaj apu, mandax See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool See Language page
salt sal sal food cachi catʃi See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology cantana (Sp), taquina 'shamanic song' kantana (Sp), takina 'shamanic song' See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool pucuna pukuna currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool huairachina waiɾatʃina esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food anziluna andziluna See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food jambigrina xambigɾina See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool mati, puru mati, puru See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool cutana kutana See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture asua asua prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food agriculture See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food tanda 'bread' tanda 'bread' usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool jambi xambi hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool shushuna ʃuʃuna agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool huami wami See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture rumi ɾumi if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other huasi wasi See Language page