Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

leaf

Semantic Field
environment
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
hoja
Meaning Portuguese
folha

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone syki unique
Cahuilla pala-t loan S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok ta:ta- inheritance
Chemehuevi nanka/-v(a) inheritance
Chumash Barbareno s-qap loan Ono 1996:141
Chumash Cruzeno tsuluqap loan JPH
Chumash Ineseno qap “leaf, feather” loan A 236
Chumash Obispeno tu7 (see “ear”) loan direction unknown JPH
Chumash Ventureno staqapqap loan JPH
Cocopa wal unknown
Comanche puhi, puhipY semantic shift
Cupeño -pel'a [-pəlɁa] loan
Gabrielino ah-nan/-nahCH inheritance CHM/MC269
Kawaiisu naga-vy inheritance
Kiliwa smaq inheritance
Kitanemuk kavac inheritance
Lake Miwok Sa/anim unique
Luiseño pavla-sh loan
Maidu boto/ unknown
Mojave hamaly unknown
Mutsun marah “leaf, body hair” O 249 unknown O77:249
Nisenan bakkal, bakka:l unknown
Northern Paiute naka inheritance SAA 1982:16
Northern Sierra Miwok tat:a- inheritance
Plains Miwok pate- unknown
Salinan A ctan' (A only) stanane/L (pl) unknown
Salinan M sta unknown Mason 1918:17
Seri (Comcaac) istj unknown
Serrano -qAv, qAva:-c "ear, leaf" inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok tat:a- inheritance
Southern Ute nyka7avI inheritance
Tübatulabal nanghapyyl inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone pisi(ttsi) inheritance
Wappo hol-pe/l loan direction unknown
Washo dayáyʔ unknown Washo Project
Western Mono pi/sI inheritance
Wintu dalas inheritance
Yavapai the_qa unknown
Yokuts Palewyami t'apt'ap inheritance JPH Gamble 91
Yokuts Yawdanchi tapHtapH inheritance K07:239,243
Yokuts Yowlumne da/\pdap, t'ap'p'aS (N1) inheritance K 1963
Yuki pal, 7olpal loan direction unknown S&S 1984
Baniwa panáphe panáphe inheritance See Language page
Carijona wewarɨ inheritance See Language page
Cubeo cainiyoca, yoca (both generic) kainijoka, joka (both generic) unique See Language page
Dâw keét kæ̌t inheritance See Language page
Desano pũ pũ inheritance See Language page
Eñepa ijchan, tyan, -yan (MM) ihtʃan, tjan, -jan (MM) unknown See Language page
Hodï tuhkuhia unique See Language page
Waorani mǫ́ǫ mǫ unique See Language page
Hup cug'æ̌t, -g'æt cug'æ̌t, -g'æt inheritance See Language page
Kakua nɨ̂w̃ inheritance See Language page
Makushi yare (IDS) yare (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Nheengatu awa, ka'a, uá awa, kaʔa, uá inheritance; inheritance; unknown See Language page
Ninam hena hena inheritance See Language page
Nukak nɨu3 inheritance See Language page
Maihiki jao ja xao xã inheritance See Language page
Pemon dare (A1981); taadare (M2000) daɾe (A1981) inheritance See Language page
Resígaro apáná?aamí apánáʔaamí inheritance See Language page
Sanumá hena hena inheritance See Language page
Sikuani pe-báxɨ-to unique shared Playero See Language page
Tariana paná-phe paná-pʰe inheritance See Language page
Tukano pũrî pũrî inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Kotiria ~phu ~pʰu inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Yanomam fena fena inheritance See Language page
Yanomami yãã hena jã: hena inheritance See Language page
Yukuna wíchu'upe wítʃuʔupe unique See Language page
Yuhup k'æ̂t k'æ̂t inheritance See Language page
Arabana kadlha unique
Bardi bilil(i) bilil(i) inheritance
Bunuba wanjali unknown
Burarra jarlawurra unknown
Dhangu man'tjarr loan
Dhuwal [missing] missing
Dhuwala [missing] missing
Diyari tharlpa inheritance
DiyariREU [missing] missing
Djambarrpuyngu [missing] missing
Djapu [missing] missing
Djinang [missing] missing
Gajirrabeng jalying loan NGY
Gooniyandi yimarraarra inheritance
Gupapuyngu [missing] missing
Gurindji jalyi inheritance
Jaru jalyirr inheritance
Jawi peelel bilel inheritance
Karajarri ngalyawata loan
Kija kanarra- inheritance
Malyangapa paka doubtful loan
Mangala jalyjarr unknown
Miriwung ganarrang inheritance
Mithaka [missing] missing
Mudburra yurrwalyi
Mudburra yurrwalyi inheritance?
Ngamini talpa inheritance
Ngandi manjarr' inheritance
Ngarluma barrga inheritance
Ngumbarl wirrgin, beeramal <wirrgin, beeramal> inheritance
Nhirrpi marrgala loan Wangkumarra
Nimanburru bilibil bilibil inheritance
Northern Mangarla jalyjarr
Northern Nyangumarta parrka inheritance
Nyangumarta parrka loan Ngarluma
Nyikina wirriny; warnjal XXngl latter are tea leaves wirriny; warnjal inheritance
Nyulnyul bilibil; birlabirl bilibil; birlabirl inheritance
Paakantyi baga inheritance
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta karrapati unique
Rirratjingu man'tjarr loan
Ritharrngu manjarr' loan
Walmajarri jalyirr inheritance
Wangkayutyuru [missing] missing
Warrwa wirrwiny wirrwiny inheritance
Wubuy yirr inheritance
Yan-nhangu [missing] missing
Yandruwandha thalpa inheritance
Yarluyandi [missing] missing
Yawarrawarrka ngarilju unique
Yawuru wirrkin wirrkin inheritance
Achagua bánabai bánabai inheritance See Language page
Piapoco ibáiná ('hojas suyas') ibáiná ('hojas suyas') See Language page
Kabiyari apana apana See Language page
Yavitero hasi hasi See Language page
Wapishana anaˀba anaˀba inheritance Proto North Arawak See Language page
Wayuu hɨ-pana Same as 'liver' 04.450. See Language page
Yine sɨre See Language page
Paresi ehana ehana inheritance See Language page
Ignaciano tapakahi See Language page
Trinitario -'pokohi See Language page
Baure e-pono'e e-pono'e inheritance See Language page
Waurá -pana; ata-pana -pana; ata-pana inheritance See Language page
Arutani aña aɲa See Language page
Sape muyra muyra See Language page
Cha'palaa 'haki Also means 'thatch' 07.520; 'roof' 07.510. See Language page
Bora ɨ́na-ʔáámɨ, -ʔáámɨɨ́, ḯna-ʔáámɨ, -xḯḯʔoó, mɨ́ɨ́ïmï, xɨ́ʔoó ɨ́na-ʔáámɨ, -ʔáámɨɨ́, ɯ́na-ʔáámɨ, -xɯ́ɯ́ʔoó, mɨ́ɨ́ɯmɯ, xɨ́ʔoó inheritance See Language page
Muinane áame áamɛ See Language page
Akawaio yaree (E1977) yare (E1977) inheritance; unknown Proto-Carib See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect alaŋ alaŋ See Language page
Apalai zary zarɨ inheritance See Language page
Wayana ale ale inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó arï arɨ inheritance See Language page
Makiritare yadɨ (IDS) jadɨ inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo yaari jaari See Language page
Wai Wai ∅-yaa-rɨ ∅-yaa-rɨ inheritance See Language page
Waimiri Atroari ia ja See Language page
Yabarana eta'reri See Language page
Yukpa dʒats̺e See Language page
Kalapalo itagï itagɨ unknown See Language page
Muisca quye kuɨe See Language page
Barí ahḳaadu Colombia: təθərə. *Chibchan form is *'ka. See Language page
Northern Emberá kédua kédua See Language page
Epena 'kʰiru; kʰi'tua Latter is large leaf. See Language page
Guayabero nɨaɸɨ́-t inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page
Macaguan nópat nópat inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page
Cuiva noxú-to, pe-toáxu hoja, leaf pe-toáxu - 'pluma' ('feather') Huber & Reed 1992:153
Cofán naje, ccaque, ccaqueje khakyɛ, khakyɛhɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra masharo maʃaɾo unique See Language page
Taushiro ava´ya awaʔja See Language page
Páez ez ez See Language page
Tikuna atɨ unique See Language page
Urarina n-alo n-alo unique See Language page
Camsa tsubaná-tʃe tsubaná-tʃe See Language page
Andoke -pu (round leaf), -senə (allongated leaf) -pu (round leaf), -çenə (allongated leaf) unique See Language page
Pumé to pjüdá See Language page
Puinave -wan; soyõn wan; sojõn unique See Language page
Máku de:mu de:mu See Language page
Warao yaroko yaɾoko See Language page
Ashuar núka nuka See Language page
Huambisa nuka nuka See Language page
Aguaruna dúka dúka inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ga̰ːd inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect ga̰ːd See Language page
Matses bëpucte, podo bɨpukte, podo unknown See Language page
Kakataibo pɨi; pɨči Also mean 'feather'. See Language page
Katukina pɨʔi Also means 'feather' 04.393; 'thatch' 07.520. See Language page
Pacahuara 'pɨʔi See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo pɨi See Language page
Yaminahua pɨi Also means 'feather' 04.393. See Language page
Chácobo pɨ-ʔi; mani (the former also means "feather") pɨ-ʔi; mani (the former also means "feather") inheritance See Language page
Yagua {-vi} wı̃ unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua panga panga See Language page
Ingá panga panga See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua panga panga See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano llaqe, rapi ʎaqe, ɾapi See Language page
Piaroa ojiyä ɤhijæ inheritance See Language page
Sáliva oxoxo oxoxo inheritance See Language page
Bará pũũrõ See Language page
Barasano ~hu-ro ~hu-ro See Language page
Carapana pũrõ, pũũrõ pũɾɔ̃, pũũɾɔ̃ See Language page
Makuna ~hu ~hu inheritance See Language page
Yuruti pũũ pũũ See Language page
Waikhana pũ pũ See Language page
Siriano pṹ pṹ See Language page
Tanimuca pũ'dyũã pũ'ʎũã inheritance See Language page
Tatuyo pũũ pũũ See Language page
Tuyuka 'pũũ ʔpũũ See Language page
Waimaja ᵽṹňõ ɸṹrõ See Language page
Koreguaje ja'ova xaʔoba inheritance See Language page
Siona haʔo haʔo inheritance See Language page
Secoya ja'o haʔ'o See Language page
Karitiana epesap (ep{tree}-esap?) epesap unknown See Language page
Kokama tsa tsa inheritance See Language page
Wayampi kaʔa-lɔ 'plant-flesh' kaʔa-lɔ 'plant-flesh' inheritance See Language page
Aché wɨra oʔo inheritance See Language page
Chiriguano roo; hoʔo; h-okɨ inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní toɣʷe See Language page
Sirionó ero; iraro ero; iraro inheritance See Language page
Kamayurá kaˀa, op kaˀa, op inheritance; inheritance See Language page
Ocaina opaavi opaaβi unknown See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto rábe rábɛ See Language page
Minica Witoto rábe rábɛ See Language page
Murui Witoto rabe rabɛ inheritance/Witoto See Language page
Iquito íimɨ, naámɨ íimɨ, naámɨ inheritance See Language page
Záparo u+m+ uɨmɨ See Language page
Wari tenenein tenenein Means 'its hair' 04.140. 'Leaf (referring to money) is tan tayišiʔ. (?) See Language page
Araona akʷi-iɲa akʷi is 'tree'. Cf. 'hair' 04.140. *Tacn form is *e-ina. See Language page
Ese Ejja iɲa inheritance See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo akwi ʔiɲa akwi ʔiɲa See Language page
Tacana e-ina Also means 'hair' 04.140; 'feather' 04.393. See Language page
Cavineña e-haki; hata e-haki; hata inheritance See Language page
Central Aymara laphi lapʰi See Language page
Cayuvava ene See Language page
Itonama u-mado To be leafy is melepahte. See Language page
Kwazá hesyxe, -xy, -xe (latter is a small leaf) hesyxe, -xy, -xe (latter is a small leaf) See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané 'šan Cf. 'green' 15.680. See Language page
Movima loran-kʷa loran-kʷa See Language page
Trumai sida ~ siʔda sida ~ siʔda unique See Language page
Kaingang fèj #NAME? See Language page
Canela ii-tɛ *Jê form is *tɛ. See Language page
Djeoromitxi nĩ nĩ See Language page
Chipaya čʰaɲi; šika The latter means 'green and dry (leaf)'. See Language page
Mocoví la-we Also means 'hair' 04.140; 'wool' 06.220. See Language page
Pilagá l-ayo-ḳte Feminine form. Cf. 'hair' 04.140 and 'wool' 06.220. See Language page
Toba l-awe Also means 'hair' 04.140; 'wool' 06.220. See Language page
Lengua a-wa Probably 'covering'; also means 'hair' 04.140; 'feather' 04.393; 'wool' 06.220; 'fur' 06.280. See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité awa Same as 'hair' 04.140. See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet aawaʔ; yamtaʔ aawaʔ See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay -la-wu'le Also means 'hair' 04.140. See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja alaʔ-woleʔ (m.) Lit. 'tree-hair covering' 04.140, -woleʔ also means 'feather' 04.393; 'wool' 06.220. See Language page
Maca ɬesex (m.) See Language page
Nivaclé ɬ-saʔš leaf https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo poor-ãaka'raai Lit. the tree's hair (covering), 04.140. See Language page
Mapudungun tapɨl̯ Ranquel form is tapɨl. See Language page
Qawasqar ḳse Also means 'branch' 08.550; and 'fishscale' 03.653. Sk records kɬe for Central QWS. SpS records kenar. See Language page
Selknam ḳˀèl See Language page
Lokono bana bana leaf Pet 1987:362
Kariña ary arɨ leaf Courtz 2007:242