Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Siriano

Family
Tukanoan
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
sri
Location
0.44°, -70.18°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
Brandrup, Beverly Ann 1980. Fonología del siriano. En: Vocabulario siriano-español. Lomalinda: ILV/MG. Chacon, Thiago. 2014. A Revised Proposal of Proto-Tukanoan Consonants and Tukanoan Family Classification. International Journal of American Linguistics 80.3: 275-322. Huber, R.; Reed, R. 1992. Comparative vocabulary: selected words in indigenous languages of Colombia. Instituto Linguistico de Verano.


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body See Language page
bad mal mal quality See Language page
belly barriga barriga body See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location See Language page
big grande grande quality wa- wa- See Language page
black negro preto colour See Language page
blood sangre sangue body dí dí See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body See Language page
bone hueso osso body gõõã́ gõõã́ See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body õpĩ́; corétíbi (pecho) õpĩ́ See Language page
child niño, niña criança human majĩgʉ/ o mahĩgɨ/ o See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment bĩʔkã jeʔbo-ri bĩʔkã jeʔbo-ri See Language page
cold frío frio quality yʉsá-ri jɨsá-ri See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality di'ájé diʔájé See Language page
day día dia time See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality giʔrá-ri-kɨ giʔrá-ri-kɨ See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality bo'hó-ri bo'hó-ri See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality u'síbí- u'síbí- See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment dĩ'kṹ wera dĩ'kṹ wera See Language page
ear oreja orelha body gããmípũ gããmípũ See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment nicṹ, yeebá ni kṹ, jeebá See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna diú diú See Language page
eye ojo olho body coyéru kojéru See Language page
far lejos longe quality jo'á- jo'á- See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body ʉiyé ɨijé See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship pagʉ́ pagɨ́ See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna po'á po'á See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment peámée peámée See Language page
flower flor flor environment goʔ'ó goʔ'ó See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment bĩʔ'kã́ bĩʔ'kã́ See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora ju'kú dɨ'ka ju'kú dɨ'ka See Language page
good bueno bom quality õʔ'ã́ õʔ'ã́ See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body poá poá See Language page
hand mano mão body mojṍ mohṍ See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar igó igó See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body di'pú-ru di'pú-ru See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality dɨ̃'kɨ̃- dɨ̃'kɨ̃- See Language page
how? como como grammar dãʔ'ã-sũ dãʔ'ã-sũ See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar yʉʉ́ jɨɨ́ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
if si se grammar See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body gɨraʔ-'bĩ́sĩ gɨraʔ-'bĩ́sĩ See Language page
lake lago lago environment di'tá-rú di'tá-rú See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment pṹ pṹ See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body cúgapʉ kúgapʉ See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body jĩ'gã́ jĩ'gã́ See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment bu'pú bĩ'ã́-rĩ bu'pú bĩ'ã́-rĩ See Language page
liver hígado figado body jẽʔ'bẽ́ jẽʔ'bẽ́ See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality jo'á- jo'á- See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna pṹmʉ́rãmʉ pṹmɨ́ɾãmɨ order Phtiraptera See Language page
man/male hombre homem human ʉ̃mʉ́ga ɨ̃mɨ́ga See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna dií dií See Language page
moon luna lua environment abé ñamímʉ́ abé ñamímɨ́ See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship pagó pagó See Language page
mouth boca boca body disí disí See Language page
name nombre nome human wãĩ́ wãĩ́ See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality pɨʔ'ró-gã pɨʔ'ró-gã See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body wɨ̃́-rɨ̃gũ wɨ̃́-rɨ̃gũ See Language page
new nuevo novo quality mamá mamá See Language page
night noche noite time buúru, ñamí buúru, ñamí See Language page
no/not no não grammar bã'rĩ́- bã'rĩ́- See Language page
nose nariz nariz body ĩĩguĩrú ĩĩguĩrú See Language page
old viejo velho quality bɨ- bɨ- See Language page
one uno um number sʉgʉ sɨgɨ See Language page
other otro outro grammar ga'hí-, ga'hé- ga'hí-, ga'hé- See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human bã'sá-ka 'people' bã'sá-ka 'people' See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment de'kó bẽ'rẽ́-rĩ́ de'kó bẽ'rẽ́-rĩ́ See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour buidi buidi See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body di'ájé gapɨ di'ájé gapɨ See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture maá maá See Language page
root raíz raiz flora nuugṹ nuugṹ See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality bo'á- bo'á- See Language page
sand arena areia environment ĩĩmipá ĩĩmipá See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality u'sípu- u'sípu- See Language page
short corto curto quality jeʔ'bá- jeʔ'bá- See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body sũ'gṹ sũ'gṹ See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental See Language page
skin piel pele body ga'si-ró ga'si-ró See Language page
sky cielo céu environment ɨ̃'bɨ̃-gasi ɨ̃'bɨ̃-gasi See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality mégʉ mégɨ See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment miicã mii kã See Language page
star estrella estrela environment neeñúcámʉ neeñú kámɨ See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora ju'kɨ́-gɨ ju'kɨ́-gɨ See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment ʉ̃tãye ɨ̃tãje See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body pĩ'gṹ pĩ'gṹ See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar sí-ru sí-ru See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar ĩ-'gɨ̃́-sã ĩ-'gɨ̃́-sã See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality sĩ́-bɨrɨ- sĩ́-bɨrɨ- See Language page
thin delgado fino quality sĩ́-bẽrẽ-rõ sĩ́-bẽrẽ-rõ See Language page
this este/esta este grammar í, ĩĩ́ í, ĩĩ́ See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar mʉʉ́ mɨɨ́ See Language page
throat garganta garganta body See Language page
three tres tres number ʉirerã́ (animate), ʉirerí (inanimate) ɨirerã́ (animate), ɨirerí (inanimate) See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment bu'pú bu'pú See Language page
bite morder morder body kũʔ'rĩ́- kũʔ'rĩ́- See Language page
blow soplar soprar body pu'rí-, wẽhẽ-pu- pu'rí-, wẽhẽ-pu- See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment so'é-, ɨ̃'hɨ̃́- so'é-, ɨ̃'hɨ̃́- See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body baagá-ri baagá-ri See Language page
climb subir subir motion See Language page
come venir vir motion aarí, aari-rí aarí, aari-rí See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact See Language page
count contar contar mental See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact di'tí- di'tí- See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state boá-ri, cõõmó-ri boá-ri, kõõmó-ri See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact bã́- bã́- See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body iirí-ri, waá iirí-ri, waá See Language page
eat comer comer body baá, baa-rí baá, baa-rí See Language page
fall caer cair motion burú-ri burú-ri See Language page
fear miedo medo mental guí- guí- See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion ũʔ'bã́-juri- ũʔ'bã́-juri- See Language page
fly volar voar motion wʉ́-rí wɨ́-rí See Language page
grow crecer crescer state See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental pé- pé- See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact do'té-, 'pá- do'té-, 'pá- See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other jó- jó- See Language page
kill matar matar impact wẽjẽ́ri wẽhẽ́ri See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental masíri-ri masíri-ri See Language page
laugh reír rir mental See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion o'já-, siʔ'á- o'já-, siʔ'á- See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact See Language page
say decir dizer mental ãrĩ́-rí ãrĩ́-rí See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact See Language page
see ver ver mental ĩĩã ĩĩã See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state do'á- do'á- See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body cãrĩri kãrĩri See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body wĩ'hĩ́- wĩ'hĩ́- primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact ba'í- ba'í- See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact bipí-rí; biiú bipí-rí; biiú See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact saʔ're- saʔ're- See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state dĩ- dĩ- See Language page
steal robar roubar other See Language page
suck chupar chupar body bĩʔ'bĩ- bĩʔ'bĩ- See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body bijí-ri bijí-ri See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion bá-rí bá-rí See Language page
think pensar pensar mental ãrĩ́gũña-ri ãrĩ́gũña-ri See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact de'á-, 'béo- de'á-, 'béo- See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact siʔ'á- siʔ'á- See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body do'ká- do'ká- See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion waʔ'á- waʔ'á- See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body needíru needíru See Language page
tooth diente dente body gu.í'ká-ru gu.í'ká-ru See Language page
two dos dois number pe- pe- See Language page
water agua agua environment decó de kó See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar bã'rĩ́ bã'rĩ́ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar gɨ'á gɨ'á See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality wé- wé- See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar di'ʔí-, jẽ.'ẽ́-do di'ʔí-, jẽ.'ẽ́-do See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar dí-poe dí-poe See Language page
where? donde onde grammar dõʔ'ṍ dõʔ'ṍ See Language page
white blanco branco colour See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar dõ'ã́ dõ'ã́ See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship marã́pó maɾã́pó See Language page
wind viento vento environment bĩʔ'rṹ bĩʔ'rṹ See Language page
wing ala asa body kẽ́-dɨpɨ kẽ́-dɨpɨ See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human noméó noméó See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour bo'ré bo'ré See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar mʉʉsá mɨɨsá See Language page
foot pie pé body guubú guubú See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar See Language page
all todo todos other ããrĩpeerérã (all the people), ããrĩpeeréri (all the things) ããrĩpeerérã (all the people), ããrĩpeeréri (all the things) See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body jɨ'hɨ́-ãĩ-rĩ jɨ'hɨ́-ãĩ-rĩ See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body See Language page
bark corteza casca environment See Language page
fingernail uña unha body See Language page
heart corazón coração body yʉjʉ́põõrã jɨhɨ́põõrã See Language page
sun sol sol time abé abé See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment buúru buúru See Language page
green verde verde quality yasá-rí jasá-rí See Language page
hot caliente quente quality así-rí así-rí See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. oyo o'jó, o'djó, ojo See Language page
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna bĩ'rĩ́ bĩ'rĩ́ See Language page
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. dũ'pĩ́, ka'rá-bɨ̃ dũ'pĩ́, ka'rá-bɨ̃ See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. nasĩ́ nasĩ́, dã'sĩ́ (H&R) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. ujú uhú, ka'rá-bɨ̃ (H&R) See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae ãgã́ ãgã́ See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae mimí mimí, bĩ'bĩ́ See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes bʉpʉ́pógábú bɨ'pɨ́pógábú See Language page Widespread
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. bã'hã́ bã'hã́ See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica guequéru, wecó guekéɾu, we'kó See Language page Widespread
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae bujá buhá See Language page
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae gaparʉ gapaɾɨ See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae bĩ'bṹ bĩ'bṹ See Language page Widespread South America
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family diácárá, diácóma diákáɾá, diákóma See Language page
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba yají jahí See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris diayee di.á-'jée, diajee See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) bugú; ajʉ́cá (small) bu'gú See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri pãmú pã'bú̃, pãmú See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. quéra kéɾa See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. diá-'ké̃ã diá-'ké̃ã See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna waʔí waʔí See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae iquíámʉ́ ikíámɨ́, bũ'jṹ (H&R) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. doé, pawá (guabina) doé, pawá (guabina) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. saaí (type of bagre fish) saaí (type of bagre fish) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura tʉbʉ́ró tɨbɨ́ɾó See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. ẽeyá-ri ẽejá-ɾi, ẽ'ré̃-jóá See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata See Language page
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura caaúgʉ́ See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes pĩ'rṹ pĩ'rṹ See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae pĩ'rṹ pĩ'rṹ See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna ãñá ãɲá, ã'jã́ See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria peyó, peyú pejó, pejú See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. mijĩ mihĩ See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa neé neé See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes ~ɨdi ~ɨdi pupunha palm Chacon 2014: Appendix A
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua ñumú ɲumú See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca ãpĩ́ ãpĩ́ See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) yurá juɾá, ju'rá-da See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens biá bi'á See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus sẽrã sẽɾã See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum bĩṹ-'bẽ́rẽ bĩṹ-'bẽ́rẽ See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. ũ'hṹpũ ũ'hṹpũ See Language page Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) tá tá See Language page
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays ojodʉca ohodɨka See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum muurú muuɾú, bũʔ'rṹ See Language page plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna ju'kɨ́-gɨ ju'kɨ́-gɨ See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana musã́ musã́, bũ'sã́ See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana ũñú ũɲú See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum sõrã́ sõɾã́ See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. gó, wãsṹru gó, wãsṹɾu See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta quĩ́ kĩ́ See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta ñumúducʉ (type of yuca) ɲumúdukɨ (type of yuka) See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum ñapĩ́ ɲapĩ́ See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas jã'pĩ́ See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. ñaamú ɲaamú, jãʔ'bṹ See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) waaimáro waaimáɾo; kooa-'rú ('gourd', H&R) See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. sʉ̃gã́da sɨ̃gã́da See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. waainímagʉ waainímagɨ See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi gapí gapí See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae pũ'tĩ́rã-bɨ̃ pũ'tĩ́rã-bɨ̃ See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. pṹtĩ́rã́mʉ́ pṹtĩ́ɾã́mɨ́ See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis beeroámʉ beeɾoámɨ, wã'rã́rĩ́ (H&R) See Language page
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria sʉrírã́mʉ́ sɨɾíɾã́mɨ́ See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera poogoró poogoɾó See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera peátúru peátúɾu See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora See Language page
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones corébaabá koɾébaabá See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera sĩ́nugã́me sĩ́nugã́me, sĩ́-dũ'gã́bẽ-bɨ̃ (H&R) See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera becámʉ́ becámʉ́ See Language page
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae peápĩ́gã́ramʉ, poréro peápĩ́gã́ɾamɨ, poɾéɾo See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. bɨ̃'rẽ́ bɨ̃'rẽ́ See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera burúámʉ́ bu'rúá-bɨ̃́ See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita utímʉ utímɨ See Language page
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda sʉ̃ʉ̃ĩ́ sɨ̃ɨ̃ĩ́ See Language page
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae bʉpʉ́ bɨpɨ́ See Language page
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca jé See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] oogʉ́ oʔ'gɨ́, oogɨ́ See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella ga'kí-jí̃ ga'kí-jí̃ See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus waaú waaú See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae oá oá See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis diáñárã diáɲáɾã See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu yesé mutĩ́rú jesé mutĩ́ɾú, je'sé (H&R) See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari yesé sʉrígʉ́ jesé sɨɾígɨ́ See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. bu'í bu'í See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris diá 'wekɨ diá 'wekɨ See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) sẽmé sẽ'bé̃, sẽmé See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus diipórabu mʉtãgãmʉ diipóɾabu mɨtãgãmɨ, diʔ'pórabu 'bẽ́gɨ̃gã See Language page
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae misõcã́ misõkã́ See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris wecʉ́ wekɨ́ See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus ñamá (=tripod) jã'bã́, ɲamá (=tripod) See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material oyáró ojáɾó See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material pṹgʉ pṹgɨ See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material seepẽ́ro seepẽ́ɾo See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport cũmá kũmá See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology tooatóré tooatóɾé See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology jé (=jaguar) jé (=jaguar) In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other peá peá See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology bojóru, tõrõdirú bohóɾu, tõɾõdiɾú multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material wiirimágĩgã wiiɾimágĩgã See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material wiirimájĩ wiiɾimáhĩ See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool cõmé kõmé especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool gãrʉ̃́gʉ̃́ gãɾɨ̃́gɨ̃́ hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool saa'ré-rí-bã́hĩ́ saa'ré-rí-bã́hĩ́ See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool sĩĩríturo sĩĩɾítuɾo arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport wejábu wehábu See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool cõmésoro, quĩ́pũsoro (de barro) kõmésoɾo, kĩ́pũsoɾo (de barro) See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material sorópá soɾópá See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology jã'sã́-rũ jã'sã́-rũ See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool See Language page
wax cera cera other See Language page
honey miel mel food only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture pṹ-gubu pṹ-gubu See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology o'pɨ́ o'pɨ́ See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool See Language page
salt sal sal food bõ'ã́ bõ'ã́ See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool bo'hó-ru bo'hó-ru currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food wejé-ri wehé-ɾi See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool waaimáro waaimáɾo; kooa-'rú ('gourd', H&R) See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool sũũgũrú sũũgũɾú esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture peyárú pejáɾú prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food poogá poogá agriculture See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food werá weɾá See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool ñamá (= deer) ɲamá (= deer) agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool tʉrí tɨɾí See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other wií wií See Language page


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
Linguistic exogamy