Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

spear

Semantic Field
subsistence tool
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
lanza
Meaning Portuguese
lança

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla missing missing
Cupeño waqal spear unique is this related to pawxan 'club' above? other complex Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Luiseño $e'lalash arrow, spear (H) unique derived, other complex Elliott 1999
Gabrielino ah-nahCH spear for fish inheritance *naka-ta Californian (Takic plus Tubatulabal) other complex Merriam 49:101
Serrano nŭ-cher kin'-ne-what spear for hunting unique other complex Merriam 48:179
Kitanemuk muihwat mortar, spear (shoot, grind are homophones?) inheritance *mu7a/i Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2314 derived, other complex Anderton 1988:408
Tübatulabal mūsht fishing spear unknown maybe from 'shoot'??? other complex K. Hill Tb>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim moost' spear for fish unknown also in Tub, maybe from 'shoot' other complex Merriam 49:187
Kawaiisu missing missing with.instrument-move.in.circle-ABS
Chemehuevi sigisigI lance, used in fighting inheritance *sik Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2318 reduplicated Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute sigishshI spear for spearing bears, sword inheritance *sik Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2318 reduplicated Sapir
Southern Ute cigi-sI spear inheritance *cik Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 797 other complex Givon
Tümpisa Shoshone poyo kuyyinnympy spear unique phrase Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tytonax a spear unique is final x a typo? English is tytona, and no accusative is given simplex ty- may be an IP Crapo 1976
Comanche tahkana7 spear inheritance *takka Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 66 simplex R
Western Mono (a)nadywatInu spear unique copound Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute tsegesa spear for fighting, sword inheritance *cik Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 797; also tutonganoo simplex Yerington 1987
Southern Sierra Miwok hoca- spear unknown note Pmil hócci 'spear' that Callaghan notes with Pomo word simplex Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok wimá:- spear unique also hylá-, hyl:ylá- simplex Freedland & Broadbent 1960
Northern Sierra Miwok missing missing
Plains Miwok missing missing
Lake Miwok hócci spear, a stick weapon six feet long with an arrow point made of flint, for self-protection and bear fighting unknown note S. Pomo hóž:I 'spear", but note also Miss hoca 'spear' simplex Callaghan 1965
Maidu she'-bo-sŏ spear for war inheritance *bosó Proto-Maiduan Ultan 1964:362; yah'-kah fishing spear other complex ši- probably 'perform action with hand' Merriam 41:275
Nisenan boso knife, spear, spearhead inheritance *bosó Proto-Maiduan Ultan 1964:362 simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani missing missing
Yokuts Yawdanchi too'-koi spear for fish inheritance Proto-Yokutsan simplex Merriam 44:185
Yokuts Palewyami to-koi'-tan fish spear inheritance Proto-Yokutsan Yawelmani t'ukuy 'to spear fish' simplex Berman 2002
Washo 7itMépu7 fish spear unknown also, bayák'aw derived 7it- Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu k'i:r spear inheritance *k'ir Proto-Wintun Shepherd 2006:110 simplex Schlichter 1981
Yuki t'uk' gig, spear inheritance *t'uk'- Proto-North Yukian note Yawelmani t'uk'oj' 'fish gig, harpoon'; and sis-haNt 'fish spear' 181. t'umol' war spear 317 simplex Schllichter 1985
Wappo t'áp'e:ma a spear unknown derived Sawyer 1965
Mutsun he'-por spear for fish unknown ruxe 'arrows, spears' Mason 1916:434 simplex Merriam 39:99
Esselen missing missing
Salinan A cenii/ fish-spear unknown towt'ké7 salmon spear Turner 1987:101 simplex Mason 1918
Salinan M cik<Enai/ fish-spear unknown simplex Mason 1918
Chumash Obispeno missing missing
Chumash Ineseno ahk-ki'-e spear for fish (hmm, same as word for 'trap', probably wrong) unknown derived looks like -7i7 inst suffix Merriam 37:517
Chumash Barbareno missing missing
Chumash Ventureno qujiwaš lance unknown al-ic'uq-š lance Applegate 1973 ms:3-17 derived ic'uq to pierce Mamet 2008
Iipay 'Aa e-kwoolCH spear for war unknown simplex Merriam 38:213
Cocopa nYša7úr spear unknown derived Crawford 1989
Mojave 7utat spear inheritance *7-ta(:)t Proto-Yuman see 'needle'; Kiliwa 7+tat 'thorn' simplex maybe really 7atat, but backformed from poss. Nyutat??? P 43 Munro et al. 1992
Yavapai missing missing
Kiliwa missing missing
Seri (Comcaac) iconip battle spear unknown simplex Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua hũag-at-naʔ hũag-at-naʔ unique Derived hurl-nmlz-clːtree.like/stick See Language page
Waorani tapa doubtful loan Aguaruna, Bora See also Secoya ui tupɨ See Language page
Hodï luhkui luʰkʷi unique See Language page
Yanomami šokopi (EM72) ʃokopi inheritance Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam Possibly loaned into Makiritari sukuhi Simplex See Language page
Yanomam šokopi, faɾo (EM72); rahaka (WM99) ʃokopi, faɾo; ɾahaka inheritance; unknown Alternate: faɾo, ʃokopi Simplex See Language page
Ninam šohemas, šokop (EM72) ʃohemas, ʃokop unknown; inheritance Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam Possibly loaned into Makiritari sukuhi; Alternate: ʃohemas Simplex See Language page
Kotiria jõ'sã-ri paro jõ'sã-ri paro inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan Or maybe family-internal loan Derived ~josa-dʉ; force.into-CLS:cylindrical.straight See Language page
Cubeo paribo, tãumu paribo, tãumu unknown, unique Proto-Tukanoan tãu 'metal' Also found Siona. Also: tãumu Classifier -bo See Language page
Tukano jõsẽ-rĩ́ phĩ́ jõsẽ-rĩ́ phĩ́ inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan Or maybe family-internal loan See Language page
Desano ñosẽrimiji ñosẽrimihi inheritance Proto-East Tukanoan Or maybe family-internal loan Compound ñosẽri 'spear (v.)' See Language page
Maihiki ui ui loan Tupi-Guarani 'arrow' See Language page
Hup cɔ̃h(teg) cɔ̃h(teg) pronged fish spear inheritance Proto-Nadahup Derived spear(v.)=CL:stick See Language page
Dâw tôòw rẽr tôw hẽh unique Simplex See Language page
Sikuani kuérere-bo kuérere-bo unknown North Arawak? means 'club' in Nadeb, Yucuna, and Macaguan. bo classifier See Language page
Macaguan lats loan Spanish Maybe via Arawak; See e.g. Yavitero lansa Simplex See Language page
Guayabero baóin unknown Simplex See Language page
Pemon supari (A1981); supararii (E1980) supari (A1981); sʊparari (E1980) semantic shift - WW see 'machete'; %sipara/sapere WW %sapara Carib (e.g. Pemon kusupará); Urarina sa:beɽe; Iquito sáhuiri; Sikuani sipari (axe); Carib (spear) See Language page
Akawaio suubararii subarari loan - WW %sipara/sapere WW %sapara Carib (e.g. Pemon kusupará); Urarina sa:beɽe; Iquito sáhuiri; Sikuani sipari (axe); Carib (spear) See Language page
Eñepa ərainčihtyə əraintʃihtjə unknown May be cognate Makiritari See Language page
Yukuna wejrukú wehɾukú inheritance? Also: kahilá (ritual lance, used in dances) Simplex See Language page
Tariana mulúku mulúku inheritance Proto Rio Negro Alternate: mulikъna, hъida, muɾúku Simplex See Language page
Wapishana čʰipʰirari tʃʰipʰirari loan - WW via Carib, %sipara/sapere WW %sapara Ultimate source Spanish; see Akawaio suubararii; other Carib (e.g. Pemon kusupará); Urarina sa:beɽe; Iquito sáhuiri; Sikuani sipari (axe); Carib (spear) Simplex See Language page
Baniwa molóko moɺóko inheritance Proto Rio Negro Simplex See Language page
Resígaro noótsígú noótsígú loan Boran 'machete/metal' Simplex -gu "long, flat" classifier See Language page
Yir-Yoront kal7 spear inheritance *kalka pPaman Poss. pPNy
Gumatj bindyurrwuy unique
Dhay’yi dharpum inheritance
Yan-nhangu dhindi CHECK
Warrwa dyennil inheritance
Djinang dyurlgarrarrdyigi unique
Jawi errol inheritance
Ritharrngu gami unique
Dhuwal gara inheritance
Dhangu garna inheritance
Yawuru jinal loan WW %jinal WW
Nyulnyul jinal loan WW %jinal WW not certain
Nimanburru jinal loan WW %jinal WW not certain
Jabirr-Jabirr jinal loan WW %jinal WW
Nyangumarta karrparta loan direction unknown
Yulparija karu loan
Ngarluma kurrtyarta inheritance
Gupapuyngu lama unique
Ngumbarl mungurl unique
Burarra rra unique
Nyikina tyinal loan areal WW %jinal WW tipped spear
Mangala tyinal loan direction unknown WW %jinal
Karajarri tyinal loan direction unknown areal WW %jinal
Bardi tyinal loan WW %jinal WW not certain
Rembarrnga tyok:olo unique
Walmajarri kularta loan direction unknown Western Desert? WW %kularta other types; tyinal, mangul, pilparli other types; tyinal, mangul, pilparli
Mudburra pankili loan direction unknown
Jaru karnarrinymi loan Ngumpin WW %karna lan is verb; many names for types
Gurindji karna inheritance WW %karna milarrang with bamboo/reed milarrang with bamboo/reed
Gooniyandi tyinali loan Ngarinyin WW %jinal
Bunuba tyinali loan Ngarinyin WW %jinal
Gajirrabeng ngone inheritance WW %ngone generic but short fighting in loans also Miriwung
Djapu gara inheritance
Kija karlumpu inheritance WW %karlumpu Gaj. Karlumpung
Wardaman karnin loan Jaminjung WW %karna also beer; kija big spear; also ngone
Jingulu karnarrinymi inheritance karna may be inheritedi Jam/Mirdni and loan into Ngumpin
Miriwung tuwun unknown in Gaj also
Achagua tʃáawinaa (lit. 'jaguar-arm' tʃáawinaa (lit. 'jaguar-arm' unique See Language page
Piapoco ùlibàna ùlibàna See Language page
Yavitero lansa (Spanish loan) lansa (Spanish loan) See Language page
Paresi tonotene tonotene unknown See Language page
Ignaciano -'ečuʔi See Language page
Trinitario eše A ritual spear-thrower used in ceremonial context. See Language page
Waurá yuku'mi juku'mi inheritance See Language page
Cha'palaa 'c̷uta; ['lansa] From Span. 'lanza'. See Language page
Bora aamú, hójtsɨva aamɯ, ʔóxtsʰɨβa inheritance; unknown See Language page
Muinane áámɨ áámɨ See Language page
Apalai warata warata inheritance See Language page
Wayana walata walata inheritance See Language page
Makiritare sukuhi (IDS), yaichadü (KH) sukuhi (IDS); jaitʃadɨ (KH) loan; unknown Yanomaman See Language page
Mapoyo pua pua See Language page
Wai Wai raaΦu raaΦu inheritance See Language page
Yabarana karan'tita See Language page
Yukpa mayara jiyákepö (mayara 'long stick'+jiyákepö 'ready' majara hijákepɔ (mayara 'long stick'+jiyákepö 'ready' See Language page
Muisca supqua supkua See Language page
Barí ããdyɨčkãn Colombia: ʔisčugdərə, especially for fishing; 'to pierce (with spear)' is danə. *Chibchan form for 'spear, stick' is *'c̷ã. See 'stab' 09.223. See Language page
Northern Emberá miássu miássu See Language page
Epena 'miasu; 'to-su Latter, lit. 'river-spear', refers to instrument used for fish. See Language page
Cofán sata, dasan´cho (steel spear) sata, dasanʔtʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra kchĩrpógo ktʃĩɾpónko unique See Language page
Taushiro anivi aniwi See Language page
Páez gueth guetj See Language page
Tikuna tana-má-en (Alv44) tanaʔmáʔen unique See Language page
Urarina larui laɽui unique See Language page
Pumé yipʰatɛ; niyatéh 'metal lance, for hunting large animals' (Lin97) See Language page
Puinave yukon jukon doubtful loan Saliva dokono 'arrow' See Language page
Warao hat (veɾb?) hat (verb?) See Language page
Ashuar nángki naŋki See Language page
Huambisa nagki naŋgki See Language page
Aguaruna nágki, túpu nángki, túpu inheritance; loan Bora tɯpoo 'arrow' See Language page
Nukak ɲumoʔ2 unique See Language page
Yuhup cɔh(teg) cɔh-teg See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect jɔh inheritance See Language page
Matses siante siante unknown See Language page
Kakataibo ma'sĩβũ ma'siβũ (dial.). Also means 'arrow with points at each end'. See Language page
Katukina paka See Language page
Yaminahua yipʰatɛ See Language page
Chácobo yɨkati yɨkati unique See Language page
Yagua hĩčityityã; -ro hĩtʃitjitjã; -ro loan; unique Spanish hacha See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua lansa (Spanish loan) lansa See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua tucsina tuksina See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano chuki (CP94) tʃuki See Language page
Piaroa dahkuo'da' dahkuoɁdaɁ unique See Language page
Sáliva cuẽlãhẽ, waihnixe kuẽlãʔẽ, waiʔnixe unique See Language page
Bará sa'gaja See Language page
Barasano gãhṍã́ besu-ro gãhṍã́ besu-ro See Language page
Carapana besuʉ bɛsuɨ See Language page
Makuna rocaragʉ, sareragʉ lokaɾagɨ, saɾɛɾagɨ unique See Language page
Yuruti ã'sĩ́põã-besu-pĩ ã'sĩ́põã-besu-pĩ See Language page
Waikhana jõsẽdi pʰi jõsẽdi pʰi See Language page
Siriano saa'ré-rí-bã́hĩ́ saa'ré-rí-bã́hĩ́ See Language page
Tanimuca be'ho-a be'ho-a inheritance See Language page
Tatuyo behu-ɨ́ behu-ɨ́ See Language page
Tuyuka sade-rí-pĩ sade-rí-pĩ [prob. loan Siriano] See Language page
Waimaja hadɛ́řikʰářò hadɛ́rikʰárò See Language page
Koreguaje cʉnarʉ kʉnarʉ unique See Language page
Siona chao perebë tʃao perebɨ unique See Language page
Secoya ui tupë, ui yo, ui ui tupɨ, ui jɔ, ui See Language page
Karitiana nhẽpỹrỹg ɲẽpɨ̃ɾɨ̃g unknown See Language page
Kokama ɨhuɨratsu, rejun ɨwɨɾatsu, rexun semantic shift from 'bow' See Language page
Wayampi aši aši unique See Language page
Aché pɨpẽ unknown See Language page
Chiriguano mĩi unknown See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní huʔɨ; miᵐbuku Latter form is archaic. See Language page
Sirionó eðoto-hi; eď̶akʷa-hi eðoto-hi; eď̶akʷa-hi unknown See Language page
Ocaina oudyáátya oɯdʲáátʲa unique See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto dukḯ-ra-ǰoi-kï dukɯ́-ra-dʒoi-kɯ See Language page
Minica Witoto dukḯ-ra-θï, dukḯ-ra-da dukɯ́-ra-θɯ, dukɯ́-ra-da See Language page
Murui Witoto dukï-ra-θï dukɯ-ra-θɯ inheritance/Witoto See Language page
Sanumá sokopi, laga (large lance point), laga alugusiai (smaller lance point), samha, sokopi (EM72) sokopi, laka (large lance point), laka alugusiai (smaller lance point), samha (EM72) inheritance; unknown See Language page
Iquito juhuáana (lanza hecha de la madera de la palmera pihuayo, antiguamente usado para cazar y en las peleas); jírisi (flecha; entre los iquitos es un tipo de lanza hecho de isana, parecida al harpón, pero con punta más pequeño; no se utiliza con arco); arapuú huwáana unique See Language page
Záparo akachinya akatʃinja See Language page
Cavineña hada-hada; c̷ati hada-hada; čati unknown See Language page
Central Aymara chuki (P04) tʃuki See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané ['ransa] From Span. 'lanza', but no longer used. See Language page
Trumai eše; hōata; kōfene; komore eše; hōata; kōfene; komore unique See Language page
Kaingang rògro rɔŋro See Language page
Mocoví l-aki See Language page
Pilagá lahak See Language page
Lengua hewa; sohewa See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité heewa; sowheewa See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet c̷ac̷itaṣ̌o See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay #NAME? See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -kʔok See Language page
Nivaclé -tapxeʔ See Language page
Ayoreo ã'sore See Language page
Mapudungun wayki Ranquel form is rɨŋi ~ rɨŋɨ. See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim pah'-hool arrow, stone pointed; also me-hi'-ye; moost' “spear for fish” 187; te'-us “arrow” 225; bahul (K1907) inheritance
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone takkam-muchin “arrow” inheritance
Cahuilla huyal (arrow) inheritance S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok pa/jpu- “arrow” loan direction unknown
Chemehuevi huu “arrow”; inheritance
Chumash Barbareno ya7 “arrow” inheritance Klar 1977:65
Chumash Cruzeno ya7a “arrow” inheritance Klar 1977:65
Chumash Ineseno ya7 “arrow” inheritance Klar 1977:65
Chumash Obispeno tslewe “arrow” inheritance JPH
Chumash Ventureno kal-awa “arrow inheritance Klar 1977:65
Cocopa nysha7u/r unknown
Comanche paaka7 semantic shift
Cupeño huyal [hujal] inheritance
Esselen pawi loan (Henshaw; Turner 1983:230,
Gabrielino -hu: "arrow", hu:r inheritance
Kawaiisu huwa-zi “arrow” inheritance
Kiliwa 7-pa7 “flecha” loan
Kitanemuk huch inheritance
Lake Miwok ki/wwa “arrow” unknown
Luiseño hu:la “arrow” inheritance
Maidu no\k'o/ loan into protolanguage, direction unknown
Mojave 7utat unknown
Mutsun tuyos “arrow” loan O77:24
Nisenan 7olaw “arrow” loan
Northern Paiute pongosa “arrow” unique Stubbs 08
Northern Sierra Miwok jac:i- “arrow” unknown
Plains Miwok hawlo- “arrow” unknown
Salinan A et'oi'yiN' (A) , et'eyitinai/ (pl) “arrow” unknown
Salinan M et'eyini/' 'arrow' unknown Mason 1918:130
Seri (Comcaac) haxa/aza “arrow” unknown
Serrano hu:-T “arrow” inheritance
Southern Paiute o:-S, u-S “arrow” (uq:wi-S) inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok muckul-, unknown
Southern Ute uu “arrow” inheritance
Tübatulabal paahuul “arrow” (are other kinds) inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone pakan “arrow”, loan direction unknown
Wappo me/cHe inheritance
Washo meshgi/c'et unknown J494
Western Mono pa/ga “arrow”; inheritance
Wintu no:t “arrow” inheritance
Yavapai ?pa/ “arrow”, (?)pa\kwi:rva v is beta loan
Yokuts Palewyami k'elk'al' unique JPH Gamble 91
Yokuts Yawdanchi cikid “arrow” unknown K07:244
Yokuts Yowlumne t'uyos inheritance Golla 1964:60
Yuki ke/-yu (CHM), kiu “arrow” inheritance S&S1984
Yuma ipa:/ H6:149; loan
Arabana katji loan direction unknown
Bardi djinal jinal inheritance
Bunuba jinali inheritance
Burarra jitabata unknown
Dhangu gaṉa unknown
Dhuwal ḻuŋgu
Dhuwala matjaka unknown
Diyari kalhthi unique
DiyariREU pirimpara loan
Djambarrpuyngu 564 unknown
Djapu gara unknown
Djinang djuḻgarrarrdjigi unknown
Gajirrabeng doowoon unique
Gooniyandi jirnali inheritance
Gupapuyngu matjaka unknown
Gurindji mirlarrang loan Jaminjung
Jabirr-Jabirr djinal jinal inheritance
Jaru garna inheritance
Jawi errol errol inheritance
Karajarri yantanpa (1) inheritance
Kija ngun k.o.s. loan Wardaman
Malyangapa kalkurru inheritance
Mangala mulja unknown
Miriwung doowoon loan
Mithaka winrra inheritance
Mudburra bankili
Mudburra milarrang loan
Ngamini wanakuyu unique
Ngandi ma-gami unique
Ngarluma gurrjarda loan
Ngumbarl mungoorl mungurl inheritance
Nhirrpi windra inheritance
Nimanburru djinal jinal inheritance
Northern Mangarla mangurl
Northern Nyangumarta yantana- (V2) inheritance
Nyangumarta yantana inheritance
Nyikina jinal; mangul jinal; inheritance
Nyulnyul djinal jinal inheritance
Paakantyi karkooro inheritance
Pirriya kaniny
Pitta-Pitta makuwarta unique
Rirratjingu gaṉa
Ritharrngu gami loan
Unggumi jinal.ya jinal.ya loan into proto-language
Walmajarri kularta inheritance
Wangkayutyuru yajara unique
Warrwa jinal jinal inheritance
Worrorra jinalya jinalya loan direction unknown
Wubuy larda Mana unique
Yan-nhangu dhindi unknown
Yandruwandha windra, wathi windra inheritance
Yarluyandi kuju loan direction unknown
Yawarrawarrka windra inheritance
Yawuru djinal jinal inheritance
Lokono parássa parassa spear DeGoeje 1928:110
Kariña waita waita throwing-spear, javelin Courtz 2007:420