Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

spear

Semantic Field: subsistence tool
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: lanza
Meaning Portuguese: lança

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
Achagua	tʃáawinaa (lit. 'jaguar-arm'	tʃáawinaa (lit. 'jaguar-arm'		unique										See Language page
Aché		pɨpẽ		unknown										See Language page
Aguaruna	nágki, túpu	nángki, túpu		inheritance; loan			Bora tɯpoo 'arrow'							See Language page
Akawaio	suubararii	subarari		loan - WW			%sipara/sapere	WW	%sapara	Carib (e.g. Pemon kusupará); Urarina sa:beɽe; Iquito sáhuiri; Sikuani sipari (axe); Carib (spear)				See Language page
Apalai	warata	warata		inheritance										See Language page
Arabana	katji			loan direction unknown
Ashuar	nángki	naŋki												See Language page
Ayoreo		ã'sore												See Language page
Baniwa	molóko	moɺóko		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex			See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	moost'		spear for fish	unknown						also in Tub, maybe from 'shoot'	other complex			Merriam 49:187
Bankalachi Toloim	pah'-hool arrow, stone pointed; also me-hi'-ye; moost' “spear for fish” 187; te'-us “arrow” 225; bahul (K1907)			inheritance
Barasano	gãhṍã́ besu-ro	gãhṍã́ besu-ro												See Language page
Bardi	tyinal			loan				WW	%jinal	WW			not certain
Bardi	djinal	jinal		inheritance
Bará		sa'gaja												See Language page
Barí		ããdyɨčkãn											Colombia: ʔisčugdərə, especially for fishing; 'to pierce (with spear)' is danə. Chibchan form for 'spear, stick' is 'c̷ã. See 'stab' 09.223.	See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	tytonax		a spear	unique						is final x a typo? English is tytona, and no accusative is given	simplex	ty- may be an IP		Crapo 1976
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	takkam-muchin “arrow”			inheritance
Bora	aamú, hójtsɨva	aamɯ, ʔóxtsʰɨβa		inheritance; unknown										See Language page
Bunuba	tyinali			loan			Ngarinyin	WW	%jinal
Bunuba	jinali			inheritance
Burarra	rra			unique
Burarra	jitabata			unknown
Cahuilla	missing			missing
Cahuilla	huyal (arrow)			inheritance										S&H 1979
Candoshi-Shapra	kchĩrpógo	ktʃĩɾpónko		unique										See Language page
Carapana	besuʉ	bɛsuɨ												See Language page
Cavineña	hada-hada; c̷ati	hada-hada; čati		unknown										See Language page
Central Aymara	chuki (P04)	tʃuki												See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	wimá:-		spear	unique						also hylá-, hyl:ylá-	simplex			Freedland & Broadbent 1960
Central Sierra Miwok	pa/jpu- “arrow”			loan direction unknown
Cha'palaa		'c̷uta; ['lansa]											From Span. 'lanza'.	See Language page
Chemehuevi	sigisigI		lance, used in fighting	inheritance	*sik	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2318	reduplicated			Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Chemehuevi	huu “arrow”;			inheritance
Chiriguano		mĩi		unknown										See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		-kʔok												See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	missing			missing
Chumash Barbareno	ya7 “arrow”			inheritance										Klar 1977:65
Chumash Cruzeno	ya7a “arrow”			inheritance										Klar 1977:65
Chumash Ineseno	ahk-ki'-e		spear for fish (hmm, same as word for 'trap', probably wrong)	unknown							derived	looks like -7i7 inst suffix		Merriam 37:517
Chumash Ineseno	ya7 “arrow”			inheritance										Klar 1977:65
Chumash Obispeno	missing			missing
Chumash Obispeno	tslewe “arrow”			inheritance										JPH
Chumash Ventureno	qujiwaš		lance	unknown						al-ic'uq-š lance Applegate 1973 ms:3-17	derived	ic'uq to pierce		Mamet 2008
Chumash Ventureno	kal-awa “arrow			inheritance										Klar 1977:65
Chácobo	yɨkati	yɨkati		unique										See Language page
Cocopa	nYša7úr		spear	unknown							derived			Crawford 1989
Cocopa	nysha7u/r			unknown
Cofán	sata, dasan´cho (steel spear)	sata, dasanʔtʃo											phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	tahkana7		spear	inheritance	*takka	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 66	simplex			R
Comanche	paaka7			semantic shift
Cubeo	paribo, tãumu	paribo, tãumu		unknown, unique		Proto-Tukanoan	tãu 'metal'			Also found Siona. Also: tãumu		Classifier -bo		See Language page
Cupeño	waqal		spear	unique						is this related to pawxan 'club' above?	other complex			Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Cupeño	huyal	[hujal]		inheritance
Desano	ñosẽrimiji	ñosẽrimihi		inheritance		Proto-East Tukanoan				Or maybe family-internal loan	Compound	ñosẽri 'spear (v.)'		See Language page
Dhangu	garna			inheritance
Dhangu	gaṉa			unknown
Dhay’yi	dharpum			inheritance
Dhuwal	gara			inheritance
Dhuwal	ḻuŋgu
Dhuwala	matjaka			unknown
Diyari	kalhthi			unique
DiyariREU	pirimpara			loan
Djambarrpuyngu	564			unknown
Djapu	gara			inheritance
Djapu	gara			unknown
Djinang	dyurlgarrarrdyigi			unique
Djinang	djuḻgarrarrdjigi			unknown
Dâw	tôòw rẽr	tôw hẽh		unique							Simplex			See Language page
Epena		'miasu; 'to-su											Latter, lit. 'river-spear', refers to instrument used for fish.	See Language page
Esselen	missing			missing
Esselen	pawi			loan										(Henshaw; Turner 1983:230,
Eñepa	ərainčihtyə	əraintʃihtjə		unknown						May be cognate Makiritari				See Language page
Gabrielino	ah-nahCH		spear for fish	inheritance	*naka-ta	Californian (Takic plus Tubatulabal)					other complex			Merriam 49:101
Gabrielino	-hu: "arrow", hu:r			inheritance
Gajirrabeng	ngone			inheritance				WW	%ngone	generic but short fighting in loans			also Miriwung
Gajirrabeng	doowoon			unique
Gooniyandi	tyinali			loan			Ngarinyin	WW	%jinal
Gooniyandi	jirnali			inheritance
Guayabero	baóin			unknown							Simplex			See Language page
Gumatj	bindyurrwuy			unique
Gupapuyngu	lama			unique
Gupapuyngu	matjaka			unknown
Gurindji	karna			inheritance				WW	%karna	milarrang with bamboo/reed			milarrang with bamboo/reed
Gurindji	mirlarrang			loan			Jaminjung
Hodï	luhkui	luʰkʷi		unique										See Language page
Huambisa	nagki	naŋgki												See Language page
Hup	cɔ̃h(teg)	cɔ̃h(teg)	pronged fish spear	inheritance		Proto-Nadahup					Derived	spear(v.)=CL:stick		See Language page
Ignaciano		-'ečuʔi												See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	e-kwoolCH		spear for war	unknown							simplex			Merriam 38:213
Iquito	juhuáana (lanza hecha de la madera de la palmera pihuayo, antiguamente usado para cazar y en las peleas); jírisi (flecha; entre los iquitos es un tipo de lanza hecho de isana, parecida al harpón, pero con punta más pequeño; no se utiliza con arco); arapuú	huwáana		unique										See Language page
Jabirr-Jabirr	jinal			loan				WW	%jinal	WW
Jabirr-Jabirr	djinal	jinal		inheritance
Jaru	karnarrinymi			loan			Ngumpin	WW	%karna				lan is verb; many names for types
Jaru	garna			inheritance
Jawi	errol			inheritance
Jawi	errol	errol		inheritance
Jingulu	karnarrinymi			inheritance						karna may be inheritedi Jam/Mirdni and loan into Ngumpin
Kaingang	rògro	rɔŋro												See Language page
Kakataibo		ma'sĩβũ											ma'siβũ (dial.). Also means 'arrow with points at each end'.	See Language page
Kakua	hũag-at-naʔ	hũag-at-naʔ		unique							Derived	hurl-nmlz-clːtree.like/stick		See Language page
Karajarri	tyinal			loan direction unknown			areal	WW	%jinal
Karajarri	yantanpa (1)			inheritance
Kariña	waita	waita	throwing-spear, javelin				Courtz 2007:420
Karitiana	nhẽpỹrỹg	ɲẽpɨ̃ɾɨ̃g		unknown										See Language page
Katukina		paka												See Language page
Kawaiisu	missing			missing								with.instrument-move.in.circle-ABS
Kawaiisu	huwa-zi “arrow”			inheritance
Kija	karlumpu			inheritance				WW	%karlumpu	Gaj. Karlumpung
Kija	ngun k.o.s.			loan			Wardaman
Kiliwa	missing			missing
Kiliwa	7-pa7 “flecha”			loan
Kitanemuk	muihwat		mortar, spear (shoot, grind are homophones?)	inheritance	*mu7a/i	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2314	derived, other complex			Anderton 1988:408
Kitanemuk	huch			inheritance
Kokama	ɨhuɨratsu, rejun	ɨwɨɾatsu, rexun		semantic shift			from 'bow'							See Language page
Koreguaje	cʉnarʉ	kʉnarʉ		unique										See Language page
Kotiria	jõ'sã-ri paro	jõ'sã-ri paro		inheritance		Proto-East Tukanoan				Or maybe family-internal loan	Derived	~josa-dʉ; force.into-CLS:cylindrical.straight		See Language page
Lake Miwok	hócci		spear, a stick weapon six feet long with an arrow point made of flint, for self-protection and bear fighting	unknown						note S. Pomo hóž:I 'spear", but note also Miss hoca 'spear'	simplex			Callaghan 1965
Lake Miwok	ki/wwa “arrow”			unknown
Lengua		hewa; sohewa												See Language page
Lokono	parássa	parassa	spear											DeGoeje 1928:110
Luiseño	$e'lalash		arrow, spear (H)	unique							derived, other complex			Elliott 1999
Luiseño	hu:la “arrow”			inheritance
Macaguan	lats			loan			Spanish			Maybe via Arawak; See e.g. Yavitero lansa	Simplex			See Language page
Maidu	she'-bo-sŏ		spear for war	inheritance	*bosó	Proto-Maiduan				Ultan 1964:362; yah'-kah fishing spear	other complex	ši- probably 'perform action with hand'		Merriam 41:275
Maidu	no\k'o/			loan into protolanguage, direction unknown
Maihiki	ui	ui		loan			Tupi-Guarani 'arrow'							See Language page
Makiritare	sukuhi (IDS), yaichadü (KH)	sukuhi (IDS); jaitʃadɨ (KH)		loan; unknown			Yanomaman							See Language page
Makuna	rocaragʉ, sareragʉ	lokaɾagɨ, saɾɛɾagɨ		unique										See Language page
Malyangapa	kalkurru			inheritance
Mangala	tyinal			loan direction unknown				WW	%jinal
Mangala	mulja			unknown
Mapoyo	pua	pua												See Language page
Mapudungun		wayki											Ranquel form is rɨŋi ~ rɨŋɨ.	See Language page
Matses	siante	siante		unknown										See Language page
Minica Witoto	dukḯ-ra-θï, dukḯ-ra-da	dukɯ́-ra-θɯ, dukɯ́-ra-da												See Language page
Miriwung	tuwun			unknown						in Gaj also
Miriwung	doowoon			loan
Mithaka	winrra			inheritance
Mocoví		l-aki												See Language page
Mojave	7utat		spear	inheritance	*7-ta(:)t	Proto-Yuman				see 'needle'; Kiliwa 7+tat 'thorn'	simplex	maybe really 7atat, but backformed from poss. Nyutat??? P 43		Munro et al. 1992
Mojave	7utat			unknown
Mosetén-Chimané		['ransa]											From Span. 'lanza', but no longer used.	See Language page
Mudburra	pankili			loan direction unknown
Mudburra	bankili
Mudburra	milarrang			loan
Muinane	áámɨ	áámɨ												See Language page
Muisca	supqua	supkua												See Language page
Murui Witoto	dukï-ra-θï	dukɯ-ra-θɯ		inheritance/Witoto										See Language page
Mutsun	he'-por		spear for fish	unknown						ruxe 'arrows, spears' Mason 1916:434	simplex			Merriam 39:99
Mutsun	tuyos “arrow”			loan										O77:24
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		jɔh		inheritance										See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	tucsina	tuksina												See Language page
Ngamini	wanakuyu			unique
Ngandi	ma-gami			unique
Ngarluma	kurrtyarta			inheritance
Ngarluma	gurrjarda			loan
Ngumbarl	mungurl			unique
Ngumbarl	mungoorl	mungurl		inheritance
Nhirrpi	windra			inheritance
Nimanburru	jinal			loan				WW	%jinal	WW			not certain
Nimanburru	djinal	jinal		inheritance
Ninam	šohemas, šokop (EM72)	ʃohemas, ʃokop		unknown; inheritance		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam				Possibly loaned into Makiritari sukuhi; Alternate: ʃohemas	Simplex			See Language page
Nisenan	boso		knife, spear, spearhead	inheritance	*bosó	Proto-Maiduan				Ultan 1964:362	simplex			Uldall & Shipley 1966
Nisenan	7olaw “arrow”			loan
Nivaclé		-tapxeʔ												See Language page
Northern Emberá	miássu	miássu												See Language page
Northern Mangarla	mangurl
Northern Nyangumarta	yantana- (V2)			inheritance
Northern Paiute	tsegesa		spear for fighting, sword	inheritance	*cik	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 797; also tutonganoo	simplex			Yerington 1987
Northern Paiute	pongosa “arrow”			unique										Stubbs 08
Northern Sierra Miwok	missing			missing
Northern Sierra Miwok	jac:i- “arrow”			unknown
Nukak		ɲumoʔ2		unique										See Language page
Nyangumarta	karrparta			loan direction unknown
Nyangumarta	yantana			inheritance
Nyikina	tyinal			loan			areal	WW	%jinal	WW			tipped spear
Nyikina	jinal; mangul	jinal;		inheritance
Nyulnyul	jinal			loan				WW	%jinal	WW			not certain
Nyulnyul	djinal	jinal		inheritance
Nɨpode Witoto	dukḯ-ra-ǰoi-kï	dukɯ́-ra-dʒoi-kɯ												See Language page
Ocaina	oudyáátya	oɯdʲáátʲa		unique										See Language page
Paakantyi	karkooro			inheritance
Paraguayan Guaraní		huʔɨ; miᵐbuku											Latter form is archaic.	See Language page
Paresi	tonotene	tonotene		unknown										See Language page
Pemon	supari (A1981); supararii (E1980)	supari (A1981); sʊparari (E1980)		semantic shift - WW			see 'machete'; %sipara/sapere	WW	%sapara	Carib (e.g. Pemon kusupará); Urarina sa:beɽe; Iquito sáhuiri; Sikuani sipari (axe); Carib (spear)				See Language page
Piapoco	ùlibàna	ùlibàna												See Language page
Piaroa	dahkuo'da'	dahkuoɁdaɁ		unique										See Language page
Pilagá		lahak												See Language page
Pirriya	kaniny
Pitta-Pitta	makuwarta			unique
Plains Miwok	missing			missing
Plains Miwok	hawlo- “arrow”			unknown
Puinave	yukon	jukon		doubtful loan			Saliva dokono 'arrow'							See Language page
Pumé	yipʰatɛ; niyatéh 'metal lance, for hunting large animals' (Lin97)													See Language page
Páez	gueth	guetj												See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	chuki (CP94)	tʃuki												See Language page
Rembarrnga	tyok:olo			unique
Resígaro	noótsígú	noótsígú		loan			Boran 'machete/metal'				Simplex	-gu "long, flat" classifier		See Language page
Rirratjingu	gaṉa
Ritharrngu	gami			unique
Ritharrngu	gami			loan
Salinan A	cenii/		fish-spear	unknown						towt'ké7 salmon spear Turner 1987:101	simplex			Mason 1918
Salinan A	et'oi'yiN' (A) , et'eyitinai/ (pl) “arrow”			unknown
Salinan M	cik<Enai/		fish-spear	unknown							simplex			Mason 1918
Salinan M	et'eyini/' 'arrow'			unknown										Mason 1918:130
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		heewa; sowheewa												See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		c̷ac̷itaṣ̌o												See Language page
Sanumá	sokopi, laga (large lance point), laga alugusiai (smaller lance point), samha, sokopi (EM72)	sokopi, laka (large lance point), laka alugusiai (smaller lance point), samha (EM72)		inheritance; unknown										See Language page
Secoya	ui tupë, ui yo, ui	ui tupɨ, ui jɔ, ui												See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	iconip		battle spear	unknown							simplex			Moser & Marlett 2005
Seri (Comcaac)	haxa/aza “arrow”			unknown
Serrano	nŭ-cher kin'-ne-what		spear for hunting	unique							other complex			Merriam 48:179
Serrano	hu:-T “arrow”			inheritance
Sikuani	kuérere-bo	kuérere-bo		unknown			North Arawak?			means 'club' in Nadeb, Yucuna, and Macaguan.		bo classifier		See Language page
Siona	chao perebë	tʃao perebɨ		unique										See Language page
Siriano	saa'ré-rí-bã́hĩ́	saa'ré-rí-bã́hĩ́												See Language page
Sirionó	eðoto-hi; eď̶akʷa-hi	eðoto-hi; eď̶akʷa-hi		unknown										See Language page
Southern Paiute	sigishshI		spear for spearing bears, sword	inheritance	*sik	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2318	reduplicated			Sapir
Southern Paiute	o:-S, u-S “arrow” (uq:wi-S)			inheritance
Southern Pastaza Quechua	lansa (Spanish loan)	lansa												See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	hoca-		spear	unknown						note Pmil hócci 'spear' that Callaghan notes with Pomo word	simplex			Broadbent 1964
Southern Sierra Miwok	muckul-,			unknown
Southern Ute	cigi-sI		spear	inheritance	*cik	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 797	other complex			Givon
Southern Ute	uu “arrow”			inheritance
Sáliva	cuẽlãhẽ, waihnixe	kuẽlãʔẽ, waiʔnixe		unique										See Language page
Tanimuca	be'ho-a	be'ho-a		inheritance										See Language page
Tariana	mulúku	mulúku		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro				Alternate: mulikъna, hъida, muɾúku	Simplex			See Language page
Tatuyo	behu-ɨ́	behu-ɨ́												See Language page
Taushiro	anivi	aniwi												See Language page
Tikuna	tana-má-en (Alv44)	tanaʔmáʔen		unique										See Language page
Trinitario		eše											A ritual spear-thrower used in ceremonial context.	See Language page
Trumai	eše; hōata; kōfene; komore	eše; hōata; kōfene; komore		unique										See Language page
Tukano	jõsẽ-rĩ́ phĩ́	jõsẽ-rĩ́ phĩ́		inheritance		Proto-East Tukanoan				Or maybe family-internal loan				See Language page
Tuyuka	sade-rí-pĩ	sade-rí-pĩ [prob. loan Siriano]												See Language page
Tübatulabal	mūsht		fishing spear	unknown						maybe from 'shoot'???	other complex			K. Hill Tb>Eng
Tübatulabal	paahuul “arrow” (are other kinds)			inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone	poyo kuyyinnympy		spear	unique							phrase			Dayley 1989
Tümpisa Shoshone	pakan “arrow”,			loan direction unknown
Unggumi	jinal.ya	jinal.ya		loan into proto-language
Urarina	larui	laɽui		unique										See Language page
Wai Wai	raaΦu	raaΦu		inheritance										See Language page
Waikhana	jõsẽdi pʰi	jõsẽdi pʰi												See Language page
Waimaja	hadɛ́řikʰářò	hadɛ́rikʰárò												See Language page
Walmajarri	kularta			loan direction unknown			Western Desert?	WW	%kularta	other types; tyinal, mangul, pilparli			other types; tyinal, mangul, pilparli
Walmajarri	kularta			inheritance
Wangkayutyuru	yajara			unique
Waorani	tapa			doubtful loan			Aguaruna, Bora			See also Secoya ui tupɨ				See Language page
Wapishana	čʰipʰirari	tʃʰipʰirari		loan - WW			via Carib, %sipara/sapere	WW	%sapara	Ultimate source Spanish; see Akawaio suubararii; other Carib (e.g. Pemon kusupará); Urarina sa:beɽe; Iquito sáhuiri; Sikuani sipari (axe); Carib (spear)	Simplex			See Language page
Wappo	t'áp'e:ma		a spear	unknown							derived			Sawyer 1965
Wappo	me/cHe			inheritance
Warao	hat (veɾb?)	hat (verb?)												See Language page
Wardaman	karnin			loan			Jaminjung	WW	%karna	also beer; kija big spear; also ngone
Warrwa	dyennil			inheritance
Warrwa	jinal	jinal		inheritance
Washo	7itMépu7		fish spear	unknown						also, bayák'aw	derived	7it-		Washo Project Dictionary
Washo	meshgi/c'et			unknown										J494
Waurá	yuku'mi	juku'mi		inheritance										See Language page
Wayampi	aši	aši		unique										See Language page
Wayana	walata	walata		inheritance										See Language page
Western Mono	(a)nadywatInu		spear	unique							copound			Loether & Bethel 1993
Western Mono	pa/ga “arrow”;			inheritance
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		#NAME?												See Language page
Wintu	k'i:r		spear	inheritance	*k'ir	Proto-Wintun				Shepherd 2006:110	simplex			Schlichter 1981
Wintu	no:t “arrow”			inheritance
Worrorra	jinalya	jinalya		loan direction unknown
Wubuy	larda Mana			unique
Yabarana		karan'tita												See Language page
Yagua	hĩčityityã; -ro	hĩtʃitjitjã; -ro		loan; unique			Spanish hacha							See Language page
Yaminahua		yipʰatɛ												See Language page
Yan-nhangu	dhindi			CHECK
Yan-nhangu	dhindi			unknown
Yandruwandha	windra, wathi windra			inheritance
Yanomam	šokopi, faɾo (EM72); rahaka (WM99)	ʃokopi, faɾo; ɾahaka		inheritance; unknown						Alternate: faɾo, ʃokopi	Simplex			See Language page
Yanomami	šokopi (EM72)	ʃokopi		inheritance		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam				Possibly loaned into Makiritari sukuhi	Simplex			See Language page
Yarluyandi	kuju			loan direction unknown
Yavapai	missing			missing
Yavapai	?pa/ “arrow”, (?)pa\kwi:rva	v is beta		loan
Yavitero	lansa (Spanish loan)	lansa (Spanish loan)												See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	windra			inheritance
Yawuru	jinal			loan				WW	%jinal	WW
Yawuru	djinal	jinal		inheritance
Yir-Yoront	kal7		spear	inheritance	*kalka	pPaman				Poss. pPNy
Yokuts Palewyami	to-koi'-tan		fish spear	inheritance		Proto-Yokutsan				Yawelmani t'ukuy 'to spear fish'	simplex			Berman 2002
Yokuts Palewyami	k'elk'al'			unique										JPH Gamble 91
Yokuts Yawdanchi	too'-koi		spear for fish	inheritance		Proto-Yokutsan					simplex			Merriam 44:185
Yokuts Yawdanchi	cikid “arrow”			unknown										K07:244
Yokuts Yawelmani	missing			missing
Yokuts Yowlumne	t'uyos			inheritance										Golla 1964:60
Yuhup	cɔh(teg)	cɔh-teg												See Language page
Yuki	t'uk'		gig, spear	inheritance	*t'uk'-	Proto-North Yukian				note Yawelmani t'uk'oj' 'fish gig, harpoon'; and sis-haNt 'fish spear' 181. t'umol' war spear 317	simplex			Schllichter 1985
Yuki	ke/-yu (CHM), kiu “arrow”			inheritance										S&S1984
Yukpa	mayara jiyákepö (mayara 'long stick'+jiyákepö 'ready'	majara hijákepɔ (mayara 'long stick'+jiyákepö 'ready'												See Language page
Yukuna	wejrukú	wehɾukú		inheritance?						Also: kahilá (ritual lance, used in dances)	Simplex			See Language page
Yulparija	karu			loan
Yuma	ipa:/ H6:149;			loan
Yuruti	ã'sĩ́põã-besu-pĩ	ã'sĩ́põã-besu-pĩ												See Language page
Záparo	akachinya	akatʃinja												See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Apalai
Arabana
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bardi
Bardi
Bará
Barí
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Bunuba
Burarra
Burarra
Cahuilla
Cahuilla
Candoshi-Shapra
Carapana
Cavineña
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chemehuevi
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Cruzeno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Comanche
Cubeo
Cupeño
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhangu
Dhay’yi
Dhuwal
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djapu
Djinang
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Esselen
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gumatj
Gupapuyngu
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Iquito
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jaru
Jaru
Jawi
Jawi
Jingulu
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Karajarri
Karajarri
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kija
Kiliwa
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Lake Miwok
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Luiseño
Macaguan
Maidu
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Malyangapa
Mangala
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mojave
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Mudburra
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Mutsun
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngandi
Ngarluma
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Ngumbarl
Nhirrpi
Nimanburru
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nisenan
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Quechua Ayacuchano
Rembarrnga
Resígaro
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan A
Salinan M
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Secoya
Seri (Comcaac)
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Serrano
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Southern Ute
Sáliva
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Taushiro
Tikuna
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Tümpisa Shoshone
Unggumi
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Walmajarri
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wappo
Warao
Wardaman
Warrwa
Warrwa
Washo
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Western Mono
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Wintu
Worrorra
Wubuy
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yawuru
Yir-Yoront
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawelmani
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuhup
Yuki
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yulparija
Yuma
Yuruti
Záparo

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