Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Muisca

Family: Chibchan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: chb
Location: 6.25°, -74.17°
Notes: extinct since before 1950
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary

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Data Sources: González de Pérez, María Stella. 1987. Diccionario y gramática Chibcha: manuscrito anónimo de la Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Instituto Caro y Cuervo. González de Pérez, María Stella. 2007. Chibcha. In Mary R. Key, Intercontinental Dictionary Series. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/ Rodriguez, José Vicente, compiler, and others. 1995. Mamíferos colombianos: sus nombres comunes e indígenas. Bogotá: Conservation International, Fundación Mario Santo Domingo.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar				See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	chie	ʂie	no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	hycha	hɨʂa	For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	mie	mie		See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	mue	mue		See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	asy	asɨ		See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	asy	asɨ		See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location				See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	fihistan	pihistan		See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	azonuca	atʂonuka		See Language page
and	y	e	grammar				See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	iomquym	iomkuɨm		See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	gacata	γakata		See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	fusque, sucta	puske, sukta		See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	na	na		See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	gutaquyn	γutakuɨn		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	achuenza	aʂuentʂa		See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	huca	huka		See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	ie, ieta	ie, ieta		See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	hicha-	hiʂa-		See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	cuhuma	kuhuma		See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	zemonsuca	tʂemonsuka		See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	amuyhyzyn mague	amuɨhɨtʂɨn maγe		See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	hyba	hɨβa		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	obas bcusqua	oβas βkuskua		See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	atomansuca	atomansuka		See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	quyne	kuɨne		See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	fihista	βihista		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	fihizca	pihitʂka		See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	bgai pquasuca	βγai pkuasuka		See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	bgyiasuca	βγɨiasuka		See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	guasgua cha	γuasγua ʂa		See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	ichiegosqua	iʂieγoskua		See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	faoa	βaoa		See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	zquyensuca	tʂkuɨensuka		See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	zehusqua	tʂehuskua		See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	zmohoquysuca	tʂmohokuɨsuka		See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	ocasa	okasa		See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental				See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	zeconsuca	tʂekonsuka		See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	zemascasuca	tʂemaskasuka		See Language page
day	día	dia	time	sua	sua		See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	bgysqua, ys bcasqua	βγɨskua, ɨs βkaskua		See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	bgyisuca	βγɨisuka		See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna				See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	amuyhyzen mague	amuɨhɨzen maγe		See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	muysua	muɨsua		See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	zebiohotysuca	tʂeβiohotɨsuka		See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	buchua	βuʂua		See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality				See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	fusque	puske		See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	cuhuca	kuhuka		See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	iegui	ieγi		See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	zequychyquysuca	tʂekuɨʂɨkuɨsuka		See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	bgye	βγɨe		See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	upqua	upkua		See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body				See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	zebenansuca	tʂeβenansuka		See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	ahuen mague	ahuen maγe		See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body				See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	paba, pabi	paβa, paβi		See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	bsiesesuca	βsiesesuka		See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	gaca	γaka		See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	ytyquyn	ɨtɨkuɨn		See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	gata	γata		See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	acosynsuca	akosɨnsuka		See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	uba	uβa		See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion				See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	faoa	paoa		See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	quihicha	kuihiʂa		See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	quyeuba	kuɨeuβa		See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	cho	ʂo		See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	achysquyn mague	aʂɨskuɨn maγe		See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	zemuysquynsuca	tʂemuɨskuɨnsuka		See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	zye	tʂɨe		See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	yta	ɨta		See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	zysquy	tʂɨskuɨ		See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental				See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	nymsuguy	nɨmsuγuɨ		See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	afihizan mague	apihitʂan maγe		See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	bchiy-suca	βʂiɨ-suka		See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	ys bgyisuca	ɨs βγɨisuka		See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	cam bquysqua	kam βkuɨskua		See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	amon mague	amon maγe		See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	ia hacobe	ia hakoβe		See Language page
if	si	se	grammar				See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	huia	huia		See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	zimsua	tʂimsua		See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	abasynsuca	aβasɨnsuka		See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	bgusqua	βγuskua		See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	zemucansuca	tʂemukansuka		See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	xiua	siua		See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	zegyguasuca	tʂeγɨγuasuka		See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	quye	kuɨe		See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body				See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	goca	γoka		See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	ybcac izone	ɨβkak itʂone		See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	pquahaza	pkuahatʂa		See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	zica, mica	tʂika, mika		See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	tyhyba	tɨhɨβa		See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	gahasio	γahasio		See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	cue, cumne	kue, kumne	order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	fumy	pumɨ		See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	muysca	muɨska		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	chimy	ʂimɨ		See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	chie	ʂie		See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	guaia	γuaia		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	gua	γua		See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	guyhyca	γuɨhɨka		See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	hyca	hɨka		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body				See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality				See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	gyquihicha	γɨkuihiʂa		See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	fihiza	pihitʂa		See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	za	tʂa		See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar				See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	saca	saka		See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	saca	saka		See Language page
one	uno	um	number	ata	ata		See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other				See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	ata gue	ata γue		See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	iuquyn	iukuɨn		See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	muysca	muɨska		See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact				See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	siu	siu		See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	heczen mague	hektʂen maγe		See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body				See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	ie	ie		See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	chihiza	ʂihitʂa		See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality				See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	guanza	γuantʂa		See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	zegusqua	tʂeγuskua		See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	bcoiquesuca	βkoikesuka		See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	zemistysuca	tʂemistɨsuka		See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	asicaz bquysqua	asikatʂ βkuɨskua		See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	bgyisuca	βγɨisuka		See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	asuhucaza	asuhukatʂa		See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	pquáqueüá	pkuakueua		See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental				See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	hichan izasqua	hiʂan itʂaskua		See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	huca	huka		See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	guatquyca	γuatkuɨka		See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	zquybysuca	tʂkuɨβɨsuka		See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	inguezunga	inγetʂunγa		See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	ie	ie		See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	zmuysquysuca	tʂmuɨskuɨsuka	primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	zquyhyzygosqua	tʂkuɨhɨtʂɨγoskua		See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	sacan btasqua	sakan βtaskua		See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	zbiosqua	tʂβioskua		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact				See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	quypquas zsquansuca	kuɨpkuas tʂskuansuka		See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	fagua	paγua		See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	isapqua gosqua	isapkua γoskua		See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora				See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	hyca	hɨka		See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	bchuchysuca	βʂuʂɨsuka		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	sua	sua		See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	ixiunsuca	isiunsuka		See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	yc abiasqua	ɨk aβiaskua		See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	inyhyz agosqua	inɨhɨtʂ aγoskua		See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	suhuca	suhuka		See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar				See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	achimy gue	aʂimɨ γe		See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	asiten mague	asiten maγe		See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	ybunsuca, zegusqua	ɨβunsuka, tʂeɨuskua		See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar				See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	mica	mika		See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	fiza	pitʂa		See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	yc btasqua	ɨk βtaskua		See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment				See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	bcamysuca	βkamɨsuka		See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	pqua	pkua		See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	sica	sika		See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	yz zukuscansuca	ɨz tʂukuskansuka	may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	boza	botʂa		See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	bcosqua	βkoskua		See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	ies inasqua	ies inaskua		See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	sie	sie		See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	iotupqua	iotupkua		See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	ipqua	ipkua		See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	fesua	pesua		See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	epquac oa	epkuak oa		See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	pquyhiso	pkɨhiso		See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	xieoa	sieoa		See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	gui	γi		See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	fiba	piβa		See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	gaca	γaka		See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	muysca fucha	muɨska puʂa		See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	ichosqua	iʂoskua		See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	zequyhyquysuca	tʂekuɨhɨkuɨsuka		See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	atybansuca	atɨβansuka		See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.			See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.			See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis			See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia			See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	sosua	sosua	See Language page
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	ize	itʂe	See Language page
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)			See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri			See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum			See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.			See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.			See Language page		Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	supqua	supkua	See Language page
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.			See Language page		plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		sue	sue	See Language page
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala			See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba			See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	ybsa	ɨβsa	See Language page
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae			See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	zihiba	tʂihiβa	See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']			See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	mizegui (generic term)	mitʂeγi	See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata			See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera			See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris			See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda			See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	suaguaia	suaγuaia	See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.			See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	chutagui	tʂutaγui	See Language page
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu			See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua			See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	quyhysa	kuɨhɨsa	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	fupqua	pupkua	See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae			See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.			See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	chihica; guahaki (R95)	ʂihika	See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	to	to	See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae			See Language page
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	sumne	sumne	See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.			See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus			See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae			See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		gua		See Language page
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.			See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	muyza	muɨtʂa	See Language page
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana			See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis			See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)			See Language page
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans			See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba			See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	fuquy	pukuɨ	See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.			See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola			See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi			See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	umpa	umpa	See Language page
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	busuapquame	βusuapkuame	See Language page
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	hycabai (from 'caballo')	hɨkabai (from 'caballo')	See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]			See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae			See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.			See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.			See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic			See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	comba (tiger)	komβa	See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura			See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra			See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	ize	itʂe	See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	aba	aβa	See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.			See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta			See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta			See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa			See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	chue	ʂue	See Language page
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera			See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	chuhuca	tʂuhuka	See Language page
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	hua	hua	See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis			See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae			See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	simte	simte	See Language page	Widespread
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)			See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.			See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana			See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica			See Language page	Widespread
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes			See Language page
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea			See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus			See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae			See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	iomza	iomtʂa	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	iomza	iomtʂa	See Language page		plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae			See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	quysua	kuɨsua	See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua			See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	muyhyzyso	muɨhɨtʂɨso	See Language page
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	biza	βitʂa	See Language page
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		muyso aquyca gue	muɨso akuɨka γe	See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox			See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	sospqua	sospkua	See Language page
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.			See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae			See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.			See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.			See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris			See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera			See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea			See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	sue	sue	See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	zihita	tʂihita	See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	hosca	hoska	See Language page		plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	cuegui	kueγi	See Language page	Widespread
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		quye	kuɨe	See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella			See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui			See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae			See Language page	Widespread South America
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita			See Language page
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons			See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus			See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari			See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	quyecho	kuɨeʂo	hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool			especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool			can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material				See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	tobia	tobia		See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material				See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material				See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	quypqua	kuɨpkua		See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material				See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	fuhuta	puhuta	currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation				See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	hyca	hɨka	if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	hacapa	hakapa	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material				See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport				See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	nymy 'wild cat'	nɨmɨ 'wild cat'		See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation				See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	psihipqua	psihipkua		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology				See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	tamyxiquy	tamɨʃikuɨ		See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology	guaha ioque	γuaha ioke	malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	supqua	supkua	hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology			In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology				See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	cupqua (not specified as small or not)	kupkua		See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture			Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool			esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology				See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	ca	ka	may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	fapqua (not specified as manioc or corn beer)	βapkua	prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology				See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	ja	γa		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food				See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food				See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool				See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool				See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	iefun (bread of indians)	iepun	usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food			agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology			multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	cugo	kuγo	Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology				See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	zihiba	tʂihiβa		See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool			esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology				See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	guyne	γuɨne		See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	bugun	βuγun	agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation				See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material				See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	pquapqua	pkuapkua		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology			Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food			only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	gue	γe		See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	funtago, chihizego	puntaγo, ʂihitʂeγo		See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material				See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress				See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material				See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool				See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport				See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology				See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology				See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	ioque 'paper, leather, skin'	joke 'paper, leather, skin'		See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool				See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material				See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	zoia	tʂoia		See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology				See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool				See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	zimne	tʂimne		See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	nygua, niwa	nɨgua, niwa		See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation				See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	supquaguyn	supkuaγuɨn	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress				See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	guan	guan		See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation				See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	ty-scua (vb.)	tɨ-skua (vb.)		See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	supqua	supkua		See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food				See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	su amne 'sugar cane?'	su amne 'sugar cane?'		See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food			agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material				See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food			word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture			use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool			agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool			hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other				See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool			agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology			a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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