Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

stingray (generic)

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: rayas látigo, raya
Meaning Portuguese: arraia

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	How Collected	Psychotropic	Traded	Dangerous	General Notes
Achagua	Potamotrygon sp.	ijáduli	ijáduli		inheritance												See Language page
Aguaruna	Potamotrygon sp.	kaáshap	ka:ʃap		inheritance												See Language page
Araona	Potamotrygon sp.		babi														See Language page									Tacn form is ibabi.
Ashuar	Potamotrygon sp.	tsentsármau	tsɯntsarmau														See Language page
Ayoreo	Potamotrygon sp.		dikaa're														See Language page									An edible stingray. Nonedible is 'dika-če'ke; cf. 03.130.
Baniwa	Potamotrygon sp.	ñámaro	ɲámaɻo		loan direction unknown			Yanomami/Ninam	Ninam, Yanomami jãmãɾu				uncoded				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Bardi	Dasyatidae	barnamb	barnamb		unique								underived					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Bora	Potamotrygon sp.	bajɨ	baxɨ		inheritance												See Language page
Burarra	Dasyatidae	an-maka	an-maka		unique				“an” marker of noun class, “maka” can mean father’s mother									0	1		0		0	0	variable
Carijona	Potamotrygon sp.	dziha:ri (M2000)			doubtful loan - WW			note similarity to WW spear/machete (from Span. sable?)									See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Cavineña	Potamotrygon sp.	ibabi	ibabi														See Language page
Cayuvava	Potamotrygon sp.		bikidi														See Language page
Cha'palaa	Potamotrygon sp.		['raya]														See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja	Potamotrygon sp.		siyixsyenatakiʔ														See Language page
Chácobo	Potamotrygon sp.	iwi	iwi		inheritance												See Language page
Cofán	Potamotrygon sp.	shipare															See Language page									phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Cubeo	Potamotrygon sp.	pãramebo (with stinger)	pãlamɛbo (with stinger)		unique								uncoded				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Dhangu	Dasyatidae	djuḻaymuŋ	dyuḻaymuŋ		unique													0	1		0		0	0	variable
Dhay’yi	Dasyatidae	missing			missing													0	1		0		0	0	variable
Dhuwal	Dasyatidae	maranydjalk	ba:rrinyinŋa		unique													0	1		0		0	0	variable
Djapu	Dasyatidae		rda:ŋgu'rtaŋgu		unknown													0	1		0		0	0
Djeoromitxi	Potamotrygon sp.	txaõ	tʃaõ														See Language page
Djinang	Dasyatidae	ḻawarranya	rlawarranya		unique								underived					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Dâw	Potamotrygon sp.	çeé’	cæ̌ʔ		inheritance								missing				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Ese Ejja	Potamotrygon sp.		iɓaɓi														See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	Potamotrygon sp.	ibabi	ibabi														See Language page
Eñepa	Potamotrygon sp.	pankeik; panke' (MM)	pankeik; pankeʔ (MM)		unique												See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Gooniyandi	Dasyatidae	paya			loan			Nyikina	from Marrngu	WW	%paya		missing					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Gumatj	Dasyatidae	maranydjalk	belpil		semantic shift				also word for “knife”				underived					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Gupapuyngu	Dasyatidae	markala	dhawatyiri		unique													0	1		0		0	0	variable
Guugu Yimidhirr	Dasyatidae	mirbuy & warramarrathirr	mirbuy & warramarrathirr	white-spotted shovelnose ray & shovelnose ray	unique								underived			/digarra/ 'stingray spine' is possibly generic		0	1		0		0	0	variable
Hodï	Potamotrygon sp.	ku'laka'we	iʰti		unique				iʰti (Rodman)				uncoded				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Huambisa	Potamotrygon sp.	kaashap	ka:ʃap														See Language page
Hup	Potamotrygon sp.	j'æ̌ʔ	ɟ'æ̌ʔ		inheritance								underived				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Iquito	Potamotrygon sp.	mɨyaára saápi (tigre raya) saápi (especie de raya mas común de la zona)	mɨjaára saápi (tigre raja), saápi (especie de raja mas común de la zona)		inheritance												See Language page
Itonama	Potamotrygon sp.		a-nɨ														See Language page
Kabiyari	Potamotrygon sp.	jatúrí	jatúɾí														See Language page
Kakataibo	Potamotrygon sp.		ʔii														See Language page									Panoan ʔiwi with related meaning 'spindle'.
Kakua	Potamotrygon sp.	~pêjep	~pêjep-tɨb-~di (stingray-hurt-adjvz)		unknown				also means 'clay pan'?				underived				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Kamayurá	Potamotrygon sp.	jawewɨt	jawewɨt		inheritance												See Language page
Kanamarí	Potamotrygon sp.	hihna	hihna	arraia													Magalhães 2018:356
Karajarri	Dasyatidae	galo-galo-bigi	galo-galo-bigi		unique								reduplicated					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Katukina	Potamotrygon sp.		iwi														See Language page
Kokama	Potamotrygon sp.	yawawira	jawawiɾa		inheritance												See Language page
Koko-Bera	Dasyatidae	CHERNT; KO- & PONGKÓM; KO-	KO-CHERNT & KO-PONGKÓM	STINGRAY	unique								simplex
Koreguaje	Potamotrygon sp.	janameo	xanameo		inheritance												See Language page
Kuku-Thaypan	Dasyatidae	atikarr	atikarr		unique								underived					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Kuku-Yalanji	Dasyatidae	yawu	yawu		inheritance	*yawu	Local		To GYim yawu 'small shark sp' and perhaps more widely (CYP E & W) to stingray terms in *ya(:)wa(ra)				underived					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Kurtjar	Dasyatidae	ntooth & lkoyergh & lmoworth & mpechilgh & tharkithark	ntooth & lkoyergh & lmoworth & mpechilgh & tharkithark		unique							No generic	underived		wanhthork ~ wooy			0	1		0		0	0	variable
Kuuk Thaayorre	Dasyatidae	thip; ngat- & punhth+aacin; ngat	thip; ngat- & punhth+aacin; ngat		calque	ngata, cipa	ngata (fish) pPaman; cipa (liver) pPama-Nyungan and poss. pre-PNy (cognates in Gunwinyguan)	Unknown	protoform poss. *kipa; 'liver' is a reference to the prominence of the liver in preparation as food mutual calque, Local; OR loan with source undeterminable: YYoront OR KThaay			To judge from YYoront usage, ngat-thip is a generic and ngat punhth+aacin less likely; there are other specific terms not cited here	underived					0	1	All rays are prepared for eating in an elaborate manner prominently involving the liver (thip), hence the name	0	speared (usually from hand); beginning in Post-Wet & peaking in Dry & Pre-Wet	0	0	variable
Kwazá	Potamotrygon sp.	tsã-kã'rũ	tsã-kã'rũ														See Language page
Lokono	Potamotrygon sp.	dobori	dobori	sting ray													Fanshawe 1949:61								no
Maca	Potamotrygon sp.		kˀeyeykiʔ (f.)														See Language page
Macaguan	Potamotrygon sp.	póin	póin		inheritance								uncoded				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Mandawaka	Potamotrygon sp.	náːtuli	náːtuli														See Language page
Mangala	Dasyatidae	paya	paya		unknown					WW	%paya		underived					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Mapoyo	Potamotrygon sp.	supari	supari														See Language page
Matses	Potamotrygon sp.	i, secte [generics]	i, sekte		inheritance												See Language page
Mbabaram	Dasyatidae	missing	missing		missing													0	1		0		0	0	variable
Mosetén-Chimané	Potamotrygon sp.		i'sinœ														See Language page
Movima	Potamotrygon sp.	čaβoʔo	tʃaβoʔo														See Language page
Muinane	Potamotrygon sp.	báje (W97)	báxe														See Language page
Murui Witoto	Potamotrygon sp.	coreño	koreɲo (B83)		unique												See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect	Potamotrygon sp.		t'aa		inheritance												See Language page
Ngandi	Dasyatidae	missing			missing								missing					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Ngarinyin	Dasyatidae	ngubun (di)	ngubun (di)		inheritance	*ngupunV	proto-Worrorran						uncoded	(di, nW classifier)				0	1		0		0	0	variable
Ngarluma	Dasyatidae		pilaŋara		unique													0	1		0		0	0
Ngumbarl	Dasyatidae	yamburna	yamburna		inheritance				perhaps with meaning change	WW	??tyarrampu		underived					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Nheengatu	Potamotrygon sp.	yawawira	jawawira		inheritance		Proto-Tupi-Guarani		Reconstructed PTG Mello 2000				No info	Probably complex			See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Nimanburru	Dasyatidae	yamban	yamban		inheritance				perhaps with meaning change				underived					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Ninam	Potamotrygon sp.	~camaro (gom)	~tʃamaɾo (gom)		loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown			North Arawak: Baniwa, Tariana	Tariana, Baniwa ɲámaɻo				uncoded				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Nivaclé	Potamotrygon sp.		kˀiyeyki														See Language page
Nyikina	Dasyatidae	baya	baya		loan			Marrngu		WW	%paya		underived					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Nyulnyul	Dasyatidae	yamban	yamban		inheritance				perhaps with meaning change				underived					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Ocaina	Potamotrygon sp.	bohtáñ̈i	boʔtáɲ:i		unique												See Language page
Pakanh	Dasyatidae	weempa; nga'a-	nga'a-weempa		unique								underived					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Paraguayan Guaraní	Potamotrygon sp.		ǰave'vui; ǰave'vɨi														See Language page
Piapoco	Potamotrygon sp.	itàanàa machàníiri (itàanàa '?', machàníiri 'without power')	itàanàa matʃàní:ɾi														See Language page
Piaroa	Potamotrygon sp.	cibárih	sibárih		loan - WW			Carib									See Language page
Pilagá	Potamotrygon sp.		kataik														See Language page
Puinave	Potamotrygon sp.	iwin	iwin		doubtful loan			Panoan *iwi									See Language page
Pumé	Potamotrygon sp.	kʰũĩnã															See Language page
Páez	Potamotrygon sp.	yoguaz	yoguaz														See Language page
Rembarrnga	Dasyatidae	missing			missing								missing					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Resígaro	Potamotrygon sp.	bahí (Seifart2011)	bahí (Seifart2011)		loan			Bora					missing				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Ritharrngu	Dasyatidae	missing			missing								missing					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité	Potamotrygon sp.		pinyit														See Language page
Secoya	Potamotrygon sp.	ñanami	ñanami														See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo	Potamotrygon sp.		iwi														See Language page									Same as 'spindle' 06.320.
Sikuani	Potamotrygon sp.	pone (2)	póne		inheritance								missing				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Siona	Potamotrygon sp.	janame	haname		inheritance												See Language page
Sirionó	Potamotrygon sp.	hi̯rae ~ si̯rae	hi̯rae ~ si̯rae		unknown												See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua	Potamotrygon sp.	raya (Spanish loan)	ɾaja														See Language page
Sáliva	Potamotrygon sp.	dechowa	deʧowa		unknown												See Language page
Tacana	Potamotrygon sp.		ibabi, tada ibabi														See Language page
Tariana	Potamotrygon sp.	hayámaɾu	hajámaɾu		loan direction unknown			Yanomami/Ninam	Ninam, Yanomami jãmãɾu				uncoded				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Tikuna	Potamotrygon sp.	na-ûn (Alv44)	naʔun		unique												See Language page
Tiriyó	Potamotrygon sp.	cipari	cipari		doubtful loan - WW			note similarity to WW spear/machete (from Span. sable?)									See Language page
Tjaapukay	Dasyatidae	missing	missing		missing													0	1		0		0	0	variable
Toba	Potamotrygon sp.		lakataik														See Language page
Trumai	Potamotrygon sp.	patʔak	patʔak														See Language page
Tukano	Potamotrygon sp.	ãyâ	ãjâ		semantic shift		East Tukanoan, Branch II	from poisonous snake					uncoded				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Tuyuka	Potamotrygon sp.	ãñacase-ro	ãñakase-ro														See Language page
Uw-Olkol	Dasyatidae	missing	missing		missing													0	1		0		0	0	variable
Uw-Oykangand	Dasyatidae	missing	missing		missing													0	1		0		0	0	variable
Wai Wai	Potamotrygon sp.	šΦari	šΦari		doubtful loan - WW			note similarity to WW spear/machete (from Span. sable?)									See Language page
Walmajarri	Dasyatidae	paya	paya		loan			Marrngu	also in Nyikina	WW	%paya		underived					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Waorani	Potamotrygon sp.	boyotai			doubtful loan, direction unknown			Yagua buryatu	buryatu				uncoded				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Wapishana	Potamotrygon sp.	ˀdyɨɨˀbɨrɨ	ˀdyɨɨˀbɨrɨ		loan - WW			Carib, e.g. Tiriyo cipari									See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Warao	Potamotrygon sp.	hue	hue														See Language page
Wardaman	Dasyatidae	nuŋgurlma	nuŋgurlma		unknown								uncoded					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Wari	Potamotrygon sp.	papa (Sousa2009)	papa (Sousa2009)														See Language page
Waurá	Potamotrygon sp.	iyapu; ka-pala-'ka	ijapu; ka-pala-'ka		inheritance?			reflex of N.Arawak *inatu-li (Ramirez)?									See Language page
Wayampi	Potamotrygon sp.	yawɛwɨy, [sɛpali], from Wayana (Cariban)	jawɛwɨj, [sɛpali], from Wajana (Cariban)		inheritance, loan			Carib: Wayana									See Language page
Wayana	Potamotrygon sp.	sipali	sipali		doubtful loan - WW			note similarity to WW spear/machete (from Span. sable?)									See Language page
Wayuu	Potamotrygon sp.		atša														See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay	Potamotrygon sp.		puh'ɬin														See Language page
Wik Ngathan	Dasyatidae	katheng	kathvng	sharks & rays (generic)	unique								underived	gerundial of kathe- 'to tie': 2nd-order generic, as in minh katheng 'tying meats, i.e. sharks & rays', katheng warp 'sawfish'				0	1		0		0	0	variable
Worrorra	Dasyatidae		balgudja		inheritance		proto-Worrorran											0	1		0		0	0	variable
Wunambal	Dasyatidae		balguja		inheritance		proto-Worrorran											0	1		0		0	0	variable
Yabarana	Potamotrygon sp.		su'pari														See Language page
Yagua	Potamotrygon sp.	ratu	ratu		unique												See Language page
Yaminahua	Potamotrygon sp.		payo														See Language page
Yan-nhangu	Dasyatidae	bambi	ba:rrka		semantic shift				cf Gupapuyngu “ba:rrkarr” meaning penetrating				simplex					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Yanomami	Potamotrygon sp.	yãmãru	jãmãɾu (IDS)		loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown			North Arawak: Baniwa, Tariana	Tariana, Baniwa ɲámaɻo				underived				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Yavitero	Potamotrygon sp.	yajíwe	jahíwe														See Language page
Yawuru	Dasyatidae	bindanj	bindanj		unique								underived					0	1		0		0	0	variable
Yidiny	Dasyatidae	murujum	murujum		unique								underived		minya			0	1		0		0	0	variable
Yir-Yoront	Dasyatidae	thip; ngar-	ngar-thip		calque	ngata, cipa	ngata (fish) pPaman; cipa (liver) pPama-Nyungan and poss. pre-PNy (cognates in Gunwinyguan)	Unknown	Protoform poss. *kipa; 'liver' is a reference to the prominence of the liver in preparation as food. Mutual calque, Local; OR loan with source undeterminable. YYoront OR KThaay			Various spp; can also refer to sharks, hence generic for elasmobranch fish.	underived					0	1	All rays are prepared for eating in an elaborate manner prominently involving the liver (thip), hence the name	0	speared (usually from hand); beginning in Post-Wet & peaking in Dry & Pre-Wet	0	0	variable
Yukpa	Potamotrygon sp.	maschi	mastʃi														See Language page									Phon only in source
Yukuna	Potamotrygon sp.	nukumi, jiña iwaká	nukumi, hiɲa iwaká		unique				Also hiɲa iwaká				uncoded				See Language page	0	0		0		0	0	no
Záparo	Potamotrygon sp.	sapi	sapi														See Language page


Achagua
Aguaruna
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bardi
Bora
Burarra
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Cha'palaa
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chácobo
Cofán
Cubeo
Dhangu
Dhay’yi
Dhuwal
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Eñepa
Gooniyandi
Gumatj
Gupapuyngu
Guugu Yimidhirr
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Iquito
Itonama
Kabiyari
Kakataibo
Kakua
Kamayurá
Kanamarí
Karajarri
Katukina
Kokama
Koko-Bera
Koreguaje
Kuku-Thaypan
Kuku-Yalanji
Kurtjar
Kuuk Thaayorre
Kwazá
Lokono
Maca
Macaguan
Mandawaka
Mangala
Mapoyo
Matses
Mbabaram
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Muinane
Murui Witoto
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Ngandi
Ngarinyin
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nivaclé
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Ocaina
Pakanh
Paraguayan Guaraní
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Rembarrnga
Resígaro
Ritharrngu
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Secoya
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Sirionó
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Sáliva
Tacana
Tariana
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Tjaapukay
Toba
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Uw-Olkol
Uw-Oykangand
Wai Wai
Walmajarri
Waorani
Wapishana
Warao
Wardaman
Wari
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wik Ngathan
Worrorra
Wunambal
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yanomami
Yavitero
Yawuru
Yidiny
Yir-Yoront
Yukpa
Yukuna
Záparo

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