Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Ngarluma

Family
Pama-Nyungan
Region
Australia
ISO 639-3
nrl
Location
-21.61°, 116.84°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (186)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar nganarna inheritance
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar ngaliguru semantic shift
1sg yo eu grammar ngayi inheritance
2pl ustedes vocês grammar nyindaguru semantic shift
2sg xx xx grammar yenco and yeenta inheritance
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar palu-kurla
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar balu
above encima, arriba acima location gankara-nguru inheritance
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar ngardilyilba inheritance
all todo todos other jurlu inheritance
and y e grammar [missing] missing
ankle tobillo tornozelo body bardara inheritance
armpit axila, sobaco axila body ngunamarra
ashamed xx xx mental ngayiny kurnta-ku
ashes xx xx environment mirriny unique
at en, a em, a location -ka
back espalda costas body murru inheritance
bad mal mal quality walyga
be alive xx xx body wanka inheritance
belly barriga barriga body ngarlu inheritance
below abajo, debajo abaixo location gardangga
big grande grande quality mirrga
bite morder morder body bilya unique
black negro preto colour warru inheritance
blood sangre sangue body marda inheritance
blow soplar soprar body buyungka-lku
blunt xx xx quality burlbu unique
bone hueso osso body guji loan
boomerang xx xx manufacture wirrba unique
breast pecho, seno peito body bibi inheritance
breathe respirar respirar body ngayini
burn quemar queimar environment gamba inheritance
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body bilya(-lgu) unique
child niño, niña criança human manyga
climb subir subir motion garlba
cloud nube nuvem environment garndara
cold frío frio quality muthu
come venir vir motion guga''y
cook cocinar cozinhar impact gamba inheritance
count contar contar mental yinda(-lgu) unique
cry llorar chorar mental ngaji_x001E_ku inheritance
cut xx xx impact wirnda
die/be dead morir morrer state nyurndiwarni(-gu)
dig cavar cavar impact binku
dingo/wolf fauna mujira
dirty sucio sujo quality kurnturrkurru unique
dream soñar sonhar mental pukarrija-lku
drink beber, tomar beber body pincharoo, pin jalgo
dry seco seco quality biju
dust polvo poeira environment gurndurr loan
ear oreja orelha body gurlga inheritance
earth/soil tierra terra environment barla
eat comer comer body baja
egg huevo ovo fauna jimbu
eye ojo olho body thurla
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body marna unique
fall caer cair motion bungga
far lejos longe quality warrba
fat/grease grasa gordura body jinji
father padre, papá pai kinship jabu
fear miedo medo mental wayagabu
feather pluma pena fauna bardu
fire fuego fogo environment bugarra
fish xx xx fauna wagari
flow fluir fluir motion yinti-ku
flower flor flor environment birdibirdi
fly volar voar motion burru
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment gubilya
foot pie pé body jina
fruit fruta fruta flora japaja
good bueno bom quality waba unique
grow crecer crescer state tharra-ku unique
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body gurlgura
hand mano mão body mara
head cabeza cabeça body yurlga unique
hear oír ouvir mental wanyabarri
heavy pesado pesado quality ngunggumarnda
hide esconder esconder motion milyi(-gu)
hit golpear, pegar bater impact batha-rrgu inheritance
hit (with hand) xx xx impact guthanyga unique
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other ganyirni(-gu)
how? como como grammar wantharni inheritance
if si se grammar wayi particle unique
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location thurnu
intestines intestinos intestinos body bunga unique
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body yimilngali(-gu)
kill matar matar impact nyurntika-lku
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental 710
lake lago lago environment [missing] missing
laugh reír rir mental thurni
leaf hoja folha environment barrga inheritance
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body jambu
leg/foot pierna perna body watha
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion ngarri(-gu)
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment warlibirdi
liver hígado figado body ngamarri
long largo comprido, longo quality marndiwangga
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna gulu
lung pulmón pulmão body walharn
man/male hombre homem human kartu
meat/flesh carne carne fauna murla
moon luna lua environment wilarra
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship ngangga
mouth boca boca body thaya
name nombre nome human yini
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body nhanka
near/close cerca de perto quality murna
neck cuello pescoço body ngalyi
new nuevo novo quality yijangu
night noche noite time thunthu unique
no/not no não grammar mirda
nose nariz nariz body mulha
old viejo velho quality nhandirndi unique
one uno um number gunyjimu inheritance
open/uncover abrir abrir other thayaka-lku unique
other otro outro grammar kunjirri
person/human being persona pessoa human mayaga
pimple xx xx body yimirl unique
rain lluvia chuva environment yoongoo
red rojo vermelho colour martamarta
right/right hand derecha direita location/body mayangu unique
road/path camino caminho manufacture yirdiya
roof xx xx manufacture [missing] missing
root raíz raiz flora nhayi unique
rotten podrido podre quality ngurlungurlu
sand arena areia environment nharnu
say decir dizer mental wangka(-gu)
scratch rascar rasgar impact yirrba(-gu) unique
see ver ver mental nhagu
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality bajaburdu unique
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact mirndilyga(-lgu)
short corto curto quality gambu unique
shoulder hombro ombro body barrgara
sick xx xx body wirraku
sit sentar(se) sentar state barni
skin piel pele body gaburn
sky cielo céu environment barlbar
sleep dormir dormir body bamba
small pequeño pequeno quality gurlugurlu
smell (tr/intr) xx xx body bund\ilgo
smoke humo fumaça environment burlgurn unique
spit escupir cuspir body witharla ngayi(-lgu)
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact garnda
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact jumpi-lku
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact garda-ga(-lgu)
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state karri-ku
star estrella estrela environment birndirri
steal robar roubar other muja(-lgu)
stone piedra pedra environment marnda
suck chupar chupar body binyja(-lgu)[future -ru]
sun sol sol time yarnda
sweat sudar suor, suar body nganyurda
swell hincharse inchar body murramurrarri(-gu)
swim nadar nadar motion buntha
tail cola, rabo rabo body warndi
that ese/esa esse grammar ngunthal unique
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality ngungkumarnda unique
thin delgado fino quality balya [plural -bura]
think pensar pensar mental wanyabarri unique
this este/esta este grammar nhurdu
three tres tres number burrgu
throat garganta garganta body mira unique
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact ngayi
thunder truenos trovão environment woleberree unique
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact janka(lgu)
tongue lengua lingua body yalhuru
tooth diente dente body yirra inheritance
true xx xx quality thurrkurl
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other wagardarri (-gu)
two dos dois number gutharra
vomit vomitar vomitar body galgarl
walk caminar, andar andar motion jeena walki, wakye
water agua agua environment baba
wet mojado molhado quality manthi
what? que, qué que grammar nhala unique
when? cuando quando grammar nhalawarra unique
where? donde onde grammar wantharni
white blanco branco colour mirdamirda
who? quien, quién quem grammar ngana
wife esposa esposa kinship ngurranyu unique
wind viento vento environment thurda
wing ala asa body marrirli
woman/female mujer mulher human manga
work trabajar trabalhar other (<English. + marni-)
yawn bostezar bocejar body jaama(gu)
yellow amarillo amarelo colour biyulu


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
agile wallaby, river wallaby flora-fauna Macropus agilis missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae yuŋkurrtyi unique goanna species in Pilbara, but that’s presumably a coincidence 0 0 0 0 0
Australian pelican flora-fauna Pelecanus conspicillatus ŋurluwarnta unique 0 0 0 0 0
Australian snubfin dolphin flora-fauna Orcaella heinsohnii missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
baler shell flora-fauna Melo amphora missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
bandicoot flora-fauna Peramelemorphia kartukarli inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
barn owl flora-fauna Tyto alba missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
barramundi flora-fauna Lates calcarifer missing missing 1 1 0 0 0
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp marrimarri inheritance 0 1 0 0 0
bindii, caltrop flora-fauna Tribulus terrestris kawiwarnta kawiwarnta loan direction unknown Yindjibarndi 0 0 0 0 0
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna murla semantic shift 0 0 0 0 0
black-breasted buzzard flora-fauna Hamirostra melanosternon missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
black-faced cuckoo-shrike flora-fauna Coracina novaehollandiae missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
black-headed python flora-fauna Aspidites melanocephalus missing missing 0 2 0 0 0
black-soil yam flora-fauna Ipomoea diamantinensis mata mata loan Pilbara missing 0 1 0 0 0
bloodwood flora-fauna Eucalyptus (Corymbia) bleeseri parlkarriŋu parlkarriŋu loan direction unknown Yulparija 0 1 1 0 0
blowfly maggots flora-fauna Diptera, Sarcophagidae kuthupulkura unique 0 0 0 0 0
blue-tongue lizard flora-fauna Tiliqua species thaliwarru unique 0 1 0 0 0
blue-winged kookaburra flora-fauna Dacelo leachii karrupurlu unique 0 0 0 0 0
bluebone flora-fauna Choerodon cyanodus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
brolga flora-fauna Grus rubicunda ya:rnkarra inheritance 1 0 0 0 0
brown goshawk flora-fauna Accipiter fasciatus missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
brush-tailed possum flora-fauna Trichosurus vulpecula walampari unique 0 1 0 0 0
bush cockroach flora-fauna (many species) kumpukumpurra kumpukumpurra loan direction unknown WW %kumpurla 0 0 0 0 0
bush stone-curlew flora-fauna Burhinus grallarius wilumarra inheritance 1 0 0 0 0
bush tobacco flora-fauna Lobelia quadrangularis pinkarrara unique 0 0 0 1 0
bush turkey, Australian bustard flora-fauna Ardeotis australis partura inheritance 0 1 0 0 0
bush yam flora-fauna Vigna lanceolata var. lanceolata missing missing 0 1 2 0 1
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
carpet snake flora-fauna Morelia spilota puyura unique 0 1 0 0 0
caterpillar flora-fauna Lepidoptera paŋa inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
catfish flora-fauna (many species) missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna Chilopoda, Myriapoda minarraŋu inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
channel-billed cuckoo flora-fauna Scythops novaehollandiae missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
crested pigeon flora-fauna Ocyphaps lophotes winytyun unique 0 0 0 0 0
darter/cormorant flora-fauna Anhinga melanogaster, Phalacrocorax species missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
death adder, five-minute snake flora-fauna Acanthophis praelongus nyurna inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
dingo flora-fauna Canis familiaris dingo mutyira inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris wanytya inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae ŋaranti inheritance 0 1 0 0 0
dugong flora-fauna Dugon dugong nyamina inheritance 1 1 0 0 0
earthworm flora-fauna Annelida, Oligochaeta missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
emu flora-fauna Dromaius novaehollandiae tyankurna inheritance 2 1 2 0 0
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna wakari inheritance 0 1 0 0 0
flower flora-fauna (NA) pirtipirti semantic shift butterfly 0 0 0 0 0
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera purru unknown 0 0 0 0 0
flying-fox (generic) flora-fauna (many species) waramurruŋka inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
freshwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus johnstoni missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
freshwater mussel flora-fauna Velesunio wilsoni missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
freshwater prawn flora-fauna Macrobrachium rosenbergii missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
frill-necked lizard flora-fauna Chlamydosaurus kingii missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
frog (generic) flora-fauna (many species) missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
galah flora-fauna Eolophus roseicapilla pilhaku pilhaku loan direction unknown WW %pilyaku 0 0 0 0 0
turtle (generic) flora-fauna (many species) thatharruka inheritance 0 1 0 0 0
ghost gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus papuana (Corymbia bella) missing missing 2 0 1 0 0
goanna (generic) or sand goanna flora-fauna Varanus spp waŋkarli unique 0 1 2 0 0
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) warrapa inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
grasshopper flora-fauna Orthoptera watyapi inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
great bowerbird flora-fauna Chlamydera nuchalis missing missing 1 0 0 0 0
green ant flora-fauna Oecophylla smaragdina missing missing 0 2 2 0 0
green sea turtle flora-fauna Chelonia mydas missing missing 1 1 0 0 0
green tree snake flora-fauna Dendrelaphis punctulata missing missing 0 2 0 0 0
head/body lice flora-fauna Pediculus capitis, Pediculus humanus kulu inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus yawarta yawarta loan WW %yawarta 0 0 0 0 0
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
humpback whale flora-fauna Megaptera novaeangliae kartarra unique missing 1 1 0 0 0
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic pirna pirna unknown underived 0 0 0 0 0
jabiru flora-fauna Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus missing 0 0 0 0 0
jungle-fowl (scrub-fowl) flora-fauna Megapodius freycinet missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna Macropodidae maŋkuru maŋkuru loan direction unknown Nyangumarta 2 1 0 0 0
land snail flora-fauna Gastropoda missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
magpie goose flora-fauna Anseranas semipalmata warnturla semantic shift? 0 1 0 0 0
military dragon flora-fauna Ctenophorus isolepis, Diporiphora spp., Lophognathus spp. missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera kumirn inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
mud wasp, hornet flora-fauna (many species) missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
native bee flora-fauna (many species) wanpari inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
native cat flora-fauna Dasyurus marrtyuru unique 0 0 0 0 0
northern brown bandicoot flora-fauna Isoodon macrourus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
northern kurrajong flora-fauna Brachychiton diversifolius missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
nut tree flora-fauna Terminalia grandifolia missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
octopus flora-fauna Octopus australis missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
pandanus palm flora-fauna Pandanus spiralis missing missing 1 1 0 0 1
paperbark flora-fauna Melaleuca sericea, Melaleuca stenostachya missing missing 0 0 1 0 0
peaceful dove flora-fauna Geopelia placida missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
pearlshell flora-fauna Pinctada spp missing missing 1 1 0 0 1
peewee flora-fauna Gryllina cyanoleuca yilinpirrira inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
pied butcherbird flora-fauna Cracticus nigrogularis kurrparu kurrparu loan direction unknown WW WW %kurrparu 0 0 0 0 0
pike eel flora-fauna Muraenesox arabicus pirtanhu unique missing 0 1 0 0 0
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna Mantodea missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
prickle bush flora-fauna Sclerolaena bicornis missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
quail (generic) flora-fauna Coturnix species, Turnix species missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
red river gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus camaldulensis wirraŋkura inheritance 2 0 1 0 1
red-tailed black-cockatoo flora-fauna Calyptorhynchus banksi missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
riflefish, archerfish flora-fauna Toxotes chatareus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
river mangrove flora-fauna Aegicera corniculatum missing missing 0 0 2 0 1
rock fig flora-fauna Ficus brachypoda winyarraŋu inheritance 0 1 0 0 0
sacred kingfisher flora-fauna Todiramphus sancta missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
saltwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus porosus missing missing 2 2 0 0 0
saltwater mussel flora-fauna Mytilidae missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
sawfish flora-fauna Pristis pectinata missing missing 1 0 0 0 0
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna Arachnida, Scorpiones karlantya inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
shark (generic) flora-fauna Selachimorpha missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
shell (generic) flora-fauna pirrapirra pirrapirra loan with meaning change 0 1 0 0 1
short-beaked echidna flora-fauna Tachyglossus aculeatus tyiripuka tyiripuka loan tyiri prickle 0 2 0 0 0
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
snappy gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus brevifolia malykan malykan loan direction unknown 0 0 1 0 0
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae kanparr inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
spinifex flora-fauna Triodia species paru paru loan direction unknown WW %paru 0 0 2 0 0
spoonbills (yellow-billed spoonbill, black-billed spoonbill) flora-fauna Platalea flavipes, Platalea regia missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Dasyatidae pilaŋara unique 0 1 0 0 0
stripe-faced dunnart flora-fauna Sminthopsis macroura missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
sugarbag wax flora-fauna pulka inheritance 1 1 0 0 0
sulphur-crested cockatoo flora-fauna Cacatua galerita pirtirra inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
swamp eel flora-fauna Ophisternon gutturale missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
swamp leech flora-fauna Annelida, Hirudinea missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
tawny frogmouth flora-fauna Podargus strigoides thuli inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
termite mounds, ant hills flora-fauna Isoptera muŋku inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna (many species) manthu inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
ti-tree flora-fauna Melaleuca bracteata kurlipirn unique 0 0 1 0 0
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna Arachnida, Acarina pina unknown 0 0 0 0 0
tiger shark flora-fauna Galeocerdo cuvier missing missing 0 0 0 0 0
torresian crow flora-fauna Corvus orru wakurra inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) warnta inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
waterlily flora-fauna Nymphaea macrosperma martuwari unique 0 1 2 0 0
wattle flora-fauna Acacia difficilis yirriŋan semantic shift? 0 0 1 0 1
wedge-tailed eagle flora-fauna Aquila audax wanpaŋu unique 1 0 0 0 0
willie wagtail flora-fauna Rhipidura leucophrys tyirrityirri tyirrityirri loan direction unknown WW WW %tyirrikik reduplicated 1 0 0 0 0
witchetty grub flora-fauna (many species) parti inheritance 0 1 2 0 0
woma flora-fauna Aspidites ramsayii missing missing 0 1 0 0 0
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna warnda
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna waruma inheritance
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna murla unique
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna guthubulgura unique
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna wanyja
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna peela or peelan,worroba
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna mangguru
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna warlu
spider araña aranha flora-fauna ganbarr


Cultural Vocabulary (111)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology missing
armband dress missing
awl subsistence tool missing
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool katyu doubtful inheritance
bag (string) culture-material missing
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool missing
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material missing
body feather decorations culture-mythology missing
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool wirrpa doubtful inheritance
boomerang (number 7) subsistence tool missing
boomerang (small) subsistence tool missing
bowl (coolamon) culture-material thartu inheritance
broom escoba vassoura culture-material warlikalpuhtharri unique
canoe canoa canoa transport maŋarr unique
cicatrice culture-mythology missing
clapsticks culture-mythology missing
club (nulla-nulla) subsistence tool wana inheritance
cook food food kampa inheritance
cook in earth oven food missing
damper food martumpirri loan direction unknown WW %martumpirri
dance (generic) culture-mythology ŋurruŋurru unique
digging stick subsistence tool binkubuntharri warnda unique
dipper (small coolamon) subsistence tool missing
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology maŋkan unique
dreaming culture-mythology thalu inheritance
drone pipe culture-mythology ŋaripi unique
fire drill subsistence tool pirtutyula unique
fire-saw other tyiluŋarta inheritance
fireplace hogar lareira other missing
firewood leña lenha other thama doubtful inheritance
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool kawiwarnta inheritance
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food missing
fish (with spear) food missing
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool missing
fishtrap (permanent) subsistence tool thayakupu unique
fishtrap (woven) subsistence tool missing
flour (European) food missing
flour (bush) food missing
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food murla inheritance
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology warruka unique
glue subsistence tool missing
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology thuŋkari inheritance
grog food kari semantic shift WW %kari
hair belt dress purruru unique also ngarirri, shared with Nyangumarta
headband dress karliwara unique
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology maparnkalara, maparnkarra loan direction unknown WW %maparn
honey miel mel food malhaŋarra unique
house (European) other ŋurra semantic shift
hunt cazar caçar food wiyanu inheritance
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology missing
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology para loan WW %para
knife cuchillo faca culture-material nhayipa (<Eŋlish.) loan English
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress kayirr-wara unique
love song culture-mythology missing
mangrove raft transport missing
message stick culture-mythology missing
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool matyarra loan direction unknown
nosepeg other mulyayirta unique
paddle/oar remo remo transport missing
ochre culture-mythology piyulu inheritance
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology missing
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool missing
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other missing
public song cycle culture-mythology missing
red paint culture-mythology martarr inheritance
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool pulka doubtful inheritance
salt sal sal food tyintharr doubtful inheritance
shelter (native) other mirtu loan direction unknown
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology kunaŋu doubtful inheritance
song (for entertainment) culture-mythology missing
spear lanza lança subsistence tool kurrtyarta inheritance
spear (fighting) subsistence tool missing
spear (fishing) subsistence tool missing
spearthrower subsistence tool warlparra loan
speartip subsistence tool kurrpiny inheritance
string (from hair) culture-material mirrityi loan direction unknown
string (from vine) culture-material missing
sugar acculturation kuntharu unique
tea food tyiyi (<Eŋlish.) loan English WW tea
tobacco (European) narcotics ŋamari semantic shift
tobacco (native) narcotics pulku inheritance
spirit child culture-mythology missing
wax cera cera other pulka inheritance
white paint culture-mythology tyilpa unique?
windbreak other wuŋku inheritance
yandy (n) culture-material thartu inheritance
school escuela escola acculturation missing
net subsistence tool thakurra inheritance also parruparru, turtle net, which is a loan
bottle botella garrafa acculturation patulpa loan English WW bottle
paper papel papel acculturation mirlimirli loan English WW %milimili
corpse food missing
chicken gallina galinha acculturation missing
tree coffin culture-mythology missing
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology wara doubtful loan
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material missing
shoes zapatos sapatos dress tyutyiku loan
medicine narcotics missing
earth oven food yapan loan direction unknown areal
policeman polícia policía acculturation marntamaraŋka loan direction unknown
cat gato gato acculturation putyi loan English WW cat
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation tyilaman loan Kriol WW %tyilaman
hat sombero chapéu dress tyaŋkurru loan direction unknown
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture binyjura unique
bottom grinding stone manufacture majarra
digging stick subsistence tool binkubuntharri warnda unique
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture waribi(-lgu) unique
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture barruru unique
spearthrower subsistence tool meero
spear lanza lança subsistence tool gurrjarda loan
house other mirdu unknown


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
medium HG medium mobile unknown