Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

rope/string

Semantic Field
culture
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
mecate, cuerda, soga
Meaning Portuguese
corda

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla kawi-ve string, cord unknown This may have the *wi root; Merriam has witch-oot 'thread of plant fiber' 48:341 derived Seiler & Hioki 1979
Cupeño wish bowstring, willow fiber inheritance *wik-tiwa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1843 other complex Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Luiseño wiichut rope, string, twine inheritance *wik-tiwa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1843 other complex Elliott 1999
Gabrielino we-vor wi:vor 'milkweed' H492 thread, cord, rope inheritance *wika Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1843; this odd development shared with Kitanemuk other complex Merriam 49:103
Serrano wičua't string inheritance *wik-tu7a Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1843 other complex K. Hill Dict.
Kitanemuk wivüč red milkweed fiber twisted into cord, and the plant inheritance *wik Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1843; this form and Gab form are the same other complex Anderton 1988
Tübatulabal yūwil string, buckskin thong (of Milkweed, Merriam 49:267) inheritance *wik Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1843; yu- is the 'hair' root other complex K. Hill Tb>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim yu'-wil cord or rope inheritance *wik- Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1843 other complex Merriam 49:191
Kawaiisu wy7ivy string, cord inheritance *wika Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1843 other complex with -by "Ascleipias fascicularis" Zigmond et al. 1990
Chemehuevi tunapY thread, string (p. 45) unknown Southern Numic only; Stubbs 2011 1841 other complex Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute tyshshavY rope unknown Southern Numic only, Stubbs 2011 1844 other complex Sapir
Southern Ute tamuvY muscle, sinew, ligament, thread inheritance *tammu Uto-Aztecan the 'sinew' word; Stubbs 2011 2276 other complex Charney
Tümpisa Shoshone wisipin string, thread, fish line inheritance *wika Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1843; we need a story about this /s/! other complex Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wisun string inheritance *wika Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1843 simplex Miller 1972
Comanche tyyhtama7 string, yarn, ties unknown Central Numic only word for 'tie'; Stubbs 2011 2335 compound wyhtama7 to bale, bundle R
Western Mono wisibi string, thread, milkweed inheritance *wika Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1843 other complex Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute weha fishing line, string inheritance *wika Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1843 simplex Yerington 1987
Southern Sierra Miwok hi:loH- string loan Spanish WW %hilo simplex Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok kúš:ily- string unique simplex Freedland & Broadbent 1960
Northern Sierra Miwok hi:lo- string loan Spanish WW %hilo simplex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok hi:la string loan Spanish WW %hilo simplex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok wíttum Indian string, bowstring, Apocynum unique simplex Callaghan 1965
Maidu k'ùk'ú rope, string, twine inheritance *k'úk' Proto-Maiduan Ultan 1964:364; poom 'milkweed thread' Merriam 41:277 simple Shipley 1963
Nisenan k'uk' rope, string inheritance *k'úk' Proto-Maiduan Ultan 1964:364 simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani c'ikey string inheritance *ch'ik- Proto-Nim-Yokuts derived Golla 1964
Yokuts Yawdanchi cax c is sh milkweed, string-fiber unknown simplex Kroeber 1907
Yokuts Palewyami c'ekiy' č' (JPH) string inheritance Proto-Yokutsan Whistler & Golla 343 simplex Gamble 1991
Washo 7išdïlíŋ string unknown unknown looks non-canonical but I can't find elements Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu su:pi string, twine unknown derived sup 'unravel Schlichter 1981
Yuki TiT (THíTH in Elmendorf 1993) rope, string inheritance *tit Proto-Yukian see Wappo form simplex Schlichter 1985
Wappo THéTi cord, rope inheritance Proto-Yukian simplex Elmendorf 1993
Mutsun ru:k string inheritance Proto-Costanoan Sta Cruz ruk 'bowstring' (Henshaw in Heizer 1955) simplex Okrand 1977
Esselen missing missing
Salinan A aso/L cord, line, string unknown 7ašó:l' Turner p. 101; pe-lah thread of milkweed Merriam 38:397 simplex Mason 1918
Salinan M missing missing
Chumash Obispeno tlaxpil la cuerda (might be sinew) unknown copy of Fages simplex Harrington
Chumash Ineseno miyaš string, twine inheritance Proto-Central Chumash also pox 'line, cord' 474 (CB pox is 'cactus, mescal' -- is this agave fiber? derived Applegate 1972
Chumash Barbareno skin'it skën'ët' Ono 1996:47 string, cord unknown toq' string, thread (probably < milkweed) simplex Beeler 1978:186
Chumash Ventureno mijaš cord inheritance Proto-Central Chumash derived miy 'to make cord' + RSLT Mamet 2008
Iipay 'Aa missing missing
Cocopa xkWa: string used in making blankets unknown simplex Crawford 1989
Mojave 7ichuukwev rope, fishing line, yarn unknown derived Munro et al. 1992
Yavapai 7û:li string unknown simplex Shaterian 1983
Kiliwa chuul string, cord unknown simplex Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) poosj cord, string unknown simplex Moser & Marlett 2005
Baniwa iiñáda, pápi iiɲáda, pápi inheritance See Language page
Achagua éenaʒuʃi éenaʒuʃi inheritance See Language page
Piapoco bapìsi, íiyanási bapìsi, íijanási See Language page
Yukuna íñeji íɲehi inheritance See Language page
Tariana kamáña, kamáyana kamáña, kamájana doubtful loan, direction unknown Cubeo kainime See Language page
Resígaro tshomaátshí-?o tsʰomaátsí-ʔó unique See Language page
Yavitero c̷ima-naha ¢ima-naha See Language page
Bare isíma isíma See Language page
Wapishana ẓuupʰa ẓuupʰa unknown See Language page
Wayuu ehita-waa See Language page
Yine c̷a Also means 'string'. *Piro-Apuriná form is *c̷a. See Language page
Paresi olawa 'tucum'; konohi 'fio de algodão' uˈlawa 'tucum', kunuhi 'fio de algodão' unknown See Language page
Ignaciano enure See Language page
Trinitario ikoropi See Language page
Baure ni-'ro- ni-'ro- unknown See Language page
Waurá #NAME? #NAME? unknown See Language page
Cha'palaa 'kabu-'čuwa -čuwa also occurs on: 'vein' 04.151; 'belt' 06.570; 'chain' 09.180; 'sling' 20.230. See Language page
Bora kʷáápʸaï, pʰátoʔxɨ kʷáápʸaɯ, pʰátoʔxɨ inheritance See Language page
Muinane gáaibaɨ (of hammock), dúuxe-yɨ gáaibaɨ (of hammock), dúuxɛ-jɨ See Language page
Akawaio eesekkwa e'sɛʔkwa inheritance Pemongan See Language page
Apalai amity, eary amitɨ, earɨ inheritance See Language page
Wayana mëtëhem mǝtǝhem unique See Language page
Carijona ewarɨ inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó ewa ewa inheritance See Language page
Eñepa awa; warara (IDS) awa; warara (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Makiritare āʔtoɨ (IDS) āʔtoɨ (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Makushi eʔseusa (IDS) eʔseusa (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo pi'bë (of hide) pi'bɛ (of hide) See Language page
Pemon ewa, esewa (A1981); itewa (M2000) ewa, esewa (A1981) inheritance See Language page
Wai Wai ruuΦu ruuΦu unique See Language page
Waimiri Atroari wa' waʔ See Language page
Yabarana ta:seti See Language page
Yukpa mejena, mekate, misine mehena, mekate, misine See Language page
Muisca zimne tʂimne See Language page
Barí kaaḳšibu; bwaisaɨg Colombia: š'danə. See Language page
Northern Emberá dyihĩ́na, hũŋkará dʒihĩ́na, hũŋkará See Language page
Epena hɨ̃-'kʰara Means 'vine', lit. 'tie-plant'. 'Twine' is čɨ; 'tumpline (head strap) is hau'čira 'bark'. See Language page
Guayabero mɨa-t inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page
Macaguan tomɨt inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page
Sikuani pe-máka, pe-máɨ-to inheritance See Language page
Cuiva bú-maka, pe-mɨ́-to See Language page
Playero pe-mú-to See Language page
Cofán simba'fa simbaʔɸa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra yago janko unique See Language page
Taushiro o o See Language page
Páez wes wes See Language page
Tikuna nãpanã nãpanã unique See Language page
Urarina ioḍzi iotʃi unique See Language page
Camsa biá-xa biá-xa See Language page
Andoke kõno (cord) (RW52) unique See Language page
Waorani gægĩka-bẽ unique See Language page
Hodï ulike unique See Language page
Pumé kãĩ, bʊre kʊ 'rope, cord' See Language page
Puinave dɨt-ot dɨt-ot unique See Language page
Máku bakiči 'corda' See Language page
Ashuar náek, yárang naɨk, jaraŋ See Language page
Huambisa naek naɨk See Language page
Aguaruna daék daɨk inheritance See Language page
Nukak tããʔ2 unique See Language page
Kakua tɨt2 [H&R]; tõp [vine] loan Nadahup: Hup tɨt See Language page
Hup tɨ́t (cord, vine) tɨ́t (cord, vine) inheritance See Language page
Yuhup tɨt tɨt See Language page
Dâw tit tit inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect tɨd inheritance See Language page
Matses bucu buku unknown See Language page
Kakataibo nisi mɨṣ̌i 'bowstring'; ic̷i 'rope made of twisted vine'. *Panoan *risβiči. See Language page
Katukina ṣ̌oka rɨsβi See Language page
Pacahuara 'taška See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo risβi See Language page
Yaminahua niši Also means 'vine' 08.670. See Language page
Chácobo niši niši inheritance/loan into protolg Tacanan řisi 'tie' (Girard71) See Language page
Yagua judiju xũdixũ unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua wasca waska See Language page
Ingá waska waska See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua huasca waska See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano waska waska See Language page
Piaroa a'núcoh aɁnúsoh unique See Language page
Sáliva onono onono unique See Language page
Bará -da See Language page
Barasano bĩsĩ-bã́, hũ gɨbo bĩsĩ-bã́, hũ gɨbo See Language page
Cubeo boca, cainime (both generic terms); cõenó vaivéime; cuitóteme; muiñucame; odaime; tẽtume boka, kainime (both generic terms); kõenó vaivéime; kuitóteme; muijukame; oðaime; tẽtume unique; doubtful loan, direction unknown Tariana kamájana See Language page
Carapana 'híjá-rí-ká-wẽ 'híjá-rí-ká-wẽ See Language page
Desano pũ gubu pũ gubu inheritance See Language page
Kotiria ~da'bo nãʔmṍ unique See Language page
Makuna bĩsĩ-bã, hũ gɨbo bĩsĩ-bã, hũ gɨbo inheritance See Language page
Yuruti u'páda u'páda See Language page
Waikhana ju'ta da ju'ta da See Language page
Siriano pṹ-gubu pṹ-gubu See Language page
Tanimuca dyũ'tã kã'rõã ʎũ'tã kã'rõã inheritance See Language page
Tatuyo hi'á-ríka-wẽ hi'á-ríka-wẽ See Language page
Tukano (dɨʔterí) daa, pṹ-dɨ̃bõ da (dɨʔterí) daa, pṹ-dɨ̃bõ da inheritance Branch 2, E Tuk See Language page
Tuyuka pũũ-dɨ'pó pũũ-dɨ'pó See Language page
Waimaja ñṹkʰã̀ ɲṹkʰã̀ See Language page
Maihiki bichibɨ jã, deca ja bitʃibɨ xã, dekã xã inheritance See Language page
Koreguaje pĩsime, chʉi pĩsime, dʒʉi inheritance See Language page
Siona bisi, yëime bisi, jɨime inheritance See Language page
Secoya jui 'me, pĩsi jui 'me, pĩsi See Language page
Karitiana takipa takipa unknown See Language page
Nheengatu upaçama (cf. xama), tupaçama upasama (cf. ʃama), tupasama inheritance See Language page
Kokama puatsa puatsa doubtful loan, direction unknown Ocaina mõãʔša-ʔóɸɛ See Language page
Wayampi kulawa kulawa unique See Language page
Aché pawa unknown See Language page
Chiriguano sã; tɨmãsa inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní tukuᵐbo; sã See Language page
Sirionó esã esã inheritance See Language page
Kamayurá tupaham tupaham inheritance See Language page
Ocaina ñííʔoɸe, mõãʔšaʔóɸe ɲííʔoɸɛ, mõãʔšaʔóɸɛ unknown; doubtful loan, direction unknown Kokama puatsa See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto íga.ï, ra.o íga.ɯ, ra.o See Language page
Minica Witoto íga.ï, ra.o íga.ɯ, ra.o See Language page
Murui Witoto igaɨ, rao igaɯ, rao (B83) inheritance/Witoto See Language page
Ninam raithata, oramthata (EM72) ɾaitʰata, oɾamtʰata inheritance See Language page
Yanomam ãsitʰa (IDS), natha, thok nak (EM72) ãsitʰa (IDS), natʰa, tʰok nak inheritance See Language page
Yanomami ãsitha ãsitʰa inheritance See Language page
Sanumá thãi thatha, thothotho (EM72) tʰãi tʰatʰa, tʰotʰotʰo inheritance See Language page
Iquito iiyɨ'ɨ, in'++qui iijɨ'ɨ, in'ɨɨki inheritance; unknown See Language page
Záparo iyawka ijawka See Language page
Wari makon (makorišiʔ) makon (makoriʃiʔ) Also means 'vine' 08.670. See Language page
Araona bado; misa The former also means 'string'. The latter is twisted bark. *Tacn form is *bado. See Language page
Ese Ejja xono unknown See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo ato; xono; baa-xono (Girard 1971) ato; xono; baa-xono See Language page
Tacana tawa miða Made of twisted vine. Also noča risi. Also rei-hihi. See Language page
Cavineña jiru (C&L89) hiru unknown See Language page
Central Aymara t´isuna wiska See Language page
Cayuvava ǰikiβa; ɲohe See Language page
Itonama mospiko, mospiku Leather rope is wakapi. See Language page
Kwazá i'tsosisi i'tsosisi See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané tĩ'dʸeʔ See Language page
Movima ɗaβul-čo-ɗi ɗaβul-tʃo-ɗi See Language page
Trumai (ha) sauken (ha) sauken unique See Language page
Kaingang vãfe ṣ̌eya; wãΦe See Language page
Canela pye See Language page
Suyá kató kató See Language page
Karajá reroti; lɔɨsana (?) See Language page
Djeoromitxi hokä hokǝ See Language page
Chipaya ḳoxč Uru-J form is ḳoxč. Also kˀaya, a tightly braided rope. A rope used for measuring is eḳa. Rope made of straw is ḳaru. Rope with four 'caitos' is molukˀu. R. with five 'caitos' is šḳata. R. with eight 'caitos' is tika; tikḳoč. A 'caito' is a braided rope o See Language page
Mocoví l-aɲik See Language page
Pilagá l-aɲik See Language page
Toba l-aɲik See Language page
Lengua tama See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité tama See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet taamaʔ; taama kyeweyˀ; aɬaataʔaok See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay i-nah'yit See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja niyek (f.) See Language page
Maca niyak (m.) See Language page
Nivaclé -niyɔk; -wankˀ-ɔkfa-xat See Language page
Ayoreo 'enuei; ča'ge-n̥ai The latter is 'braided rope'. 'Lasso' is 'enuhe-n̥ai; 'feather rope' is ibota'ye. See Language page
Mapudungun ṭ͡ʀari Ranquel form is ṭ͡ʀay-; pɨro-; ɨkel-. See Language page
Qawasqar c̷epaḳye-na Also asaks. Gui records kapec̷elar for Central QWS. See Language page
Selknam atˀe See Language page
Tehuelche '-oʔx- See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim yu'-wil 191 inheritance
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tymukkun, tuhmun (Cherry Creek) inheritance
Cahuilla 7uwish inheritance Mamet 08
Central Sierra Miwok kush:ily- unknown
Chemehuevi uru/mp(i) unknown
Chumash Barbareno s-kyn'yt' inheritance wash 2001:60
Cahuilla 7uwish inheritance Mamet 08
Central Sierra Miwok kush:ily- unknown
Chemehuevi uru/mp(i) unknown
Chumash Barbareno s-kyn'yt' inheritance wash 2001:60
Chumash Ineseno skynyt' inheritance A 241
Chumash Obispeno yak'ishaqshi7 “our rope” unknown Klar 1980:91
Chumash Ventureno sutine/t “mecate” unknown B67:64
Cocopa yu7a/r inheritance
Comanche wiyaa7 (in pahki wiyaa7 “rawhide rope”) inheritance
Jaru wirriji inheritance
Karajarri mirrilyi doubtful loan
Kija ngerla-m inheritance
Malyangapa Mal: parlka loan
Mangala rupu loan
Miriwung jendoong inheritance
Mithaka [missing] missing
Mudburra mundiri
Mudburra muntiri unique
Ngamini yinka inheritance
Ngandi ma-balku loan
Ngarluma binyjura unique
Ngumbarl moongoo <moongoo> unknown
Nhirrpi wirni inheritance
Nimanburru meredj merej inheritance
Northern Mangarla rupu loan
Northern Nyangumarta kunyjipinti inheritance
Nyangumarta mirrilyi unknown
Nyulnyul meredj merej inheritance
Paakantyi kalpalka unique
Pirriya kobara unique
Pitta-Pitta [missing] missing
Rirratjingu [missing] missing
Ritharrngu balku inheritance
Walmajarri juntu inheritance
Wangkayutyuru wampiri unique
Wubuy maburr inheritance
Yan-nhangu balku inheritance
Yandruwandha wirni inheritance
Yarluyandi [missing] missing
Yawarrawarrka wini inheritance
Yawuru mirrilyi mirrilyi inheritance
Cupeño wichu'e-t [witʃuɁət] inheritance
Gabrielino we/-vor /wivo-r/JHH inheritance CHM/MC245
Iipay 'Aa hellytay [xəɬʸˈtai] unknown
Kawaiisu tu7uru unknown
Kiliwa x7yiil “mecate” 86 inheritance
Kitanemuk wivach “fiber” inheritance
Lake Miwok ciko/ote loan
Luiseño wi:-cha-t, wi:-chu-t inheritance
Maidu k'uk'u/ inheritance
Mojave aduly= (make a) inheritance
Mutsun ru:k “string” unknown O77:136
Nisenan k'uk' inheritance
Northern Paiute tygapu inheritance SAA 1982:42
Northern Sierra Miwok ciko:te- loan
Plains Miwok ciko:te- (Sp.) loan
Salinan A aso/L (A only) “cord, line, string” unknown
Salinan M missing missing
Seri (Comcaac) hapa/nzx (horsehair rope) unknown
Serrano qai-kwt Poss -ku7 “rope” unknown
Southern Paiute tyc:a-S inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok ciko:te loan
Southern Ute savY unknown
Tübatulabal tuumajuut, tyymi7at loan
Tümpisa Shoshone tymuhuh, tymohun unknown
Wappo The/Ti “cord” loan into protolanguage E1993
Washo bec'ílsiʔ unknown Washo Project
Western Mono ty/ga/pO inheritance
Wintu dolumes inheritance?
Yavapai ?u^:li “string”, yu_:l “rope made of cowhide” inheritance
Yokuts Yowlumne tc'ikei “cord, string” (c'ikey W&G) inheritance K 1963
Yuki TiT loan into protolanguage S&S 1984
Arabana mati inheritance
Bardi mirrij mirrij inheritance
Bunuba [missing] missing
Burarra wajipa unknown
Dhangu malka unknown
Dhuwal wuthirri
Dhuwala guwal unknown
Diyari yinka inheritance
DiyariREU mati loan Arabana
Djambarrpuyngu wuthirri unknown
Djapu [missing] missing
Djinang muṉḏaṉ unknown
Gajirrabeng ngelang inheritance
Gooniyandi [missing] missing
Gupapuyngu guwal
Gurindji muntiri unique
Lokono tetei tetei rope Pet 1987:369
Kariña ewa ewa rope Yamada 2010:734