Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Yuhup

Family: Naduhupan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: yab
Location: 0.25°, -69.81°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Martins, Valteir. 2005. Reconstrução fonológica do Protomaku Oriental. Ph. D. diss., Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. Amsterdam: LOT. Ospina Bozzi, Ana Maria. 2002. Les structures élémentaires du Yuhup Makú, langue de l’Amazonie Colombienne: Morphologie et syntaxe. PhD Thesis, Université Paris 7—Denis Diderot. Silva, Cácio and Silva, Elisângela. 2012. A língua dos Yuhupdeh. São Gabriel da Cachoeira, AM.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar						See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	ʔɨ̃d	~ʔɨd			no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	ʔãh	~ʔah			For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	dɨ̌̃g	~dɨ̌g				See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	ʔãb	~ʔab	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	hɨ̌d	hɨ̌d				See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	tɨh	tɨh				See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location			missing			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar			missing			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other			missing			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			missing			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body			missing			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body			missing			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	tuh	tuh	semantic shift			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			missing			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	cĩʔæ̌h	~ciʔæ̌h	doubtful loan	Tukanoan		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	tæ̃hæ̃	~tæhæ				See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	b'ɔk	b'ɔk				See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	pǐn	~pǐd	unique			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location			missing			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	pog	pog	inheritance			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	k'ǝc	k'ǝc	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	c'âh	c'âh	inheritance			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	dîw	dîw	inheritance			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	pũhũt	~puhut	inheritance			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	kǝʔ	kǝʔ	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	hɔ̃ʔtǝ̂g	~hɔʔ-tǝ̂g	unique			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	haŋ-cak-	~hag-cak-	inheritance			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	hɔ̃	~hɔ	inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body			missing			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	dóʔ	dóʔ	unique			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion			missing			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	c'ɨ́k kudú	c'ɨ́k kudú	loan	Tukanoan		See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	tǔt	tǔt	unique			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	dæ̃d	~dæd	inheritance			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	cɨw	cɨw	unique			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	hub'	hub'	inheritance			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	d'ihpǒdni	d'ihpǒd-~di	unique			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	ʔɔt	ʔɔt	inheritance			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	hɔ̃k, tǝc	~hɔk, tǝc	inheritance			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	wag	wag	inheritance			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	bó	bó	loan	Tukanoan		See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	hat	hat	inheritance			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	c'ǎw'	c'ǎw'	inheritance			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental			missing			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	ʔǝg	ʔǝg	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	hǝb	hǝb	unique			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality			missing			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	c'ɨ̂k	c'ɨ̂k	inheritance			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	bu'dɔk	bu'dɔk	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	c'ah	c'ah	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	wæd	wæd	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	tîp	tîp	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	tǝʔbǝ́g	tǝʔbǝ́g	unknown			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	jæ̂Ɂ	jæ̂Ɂ	inheritance			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	dɔ̃h	~dɔh	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	w'ěh	w'ěh	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	dã̌g	dã̌g	inheritance			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship		ʔîp	inheritance			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	ʔɔm	~ʔɔb	inheritance			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	hũ pã̌t	~hu ~pǎt	unique			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	pɔ̃hb'ɔk, bɔ̃hb'ɔk	~pɔh-b'ɔk, ~bɔh-b'ɔk				See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	têg	têg	inheritance			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	hɔ̃́p	~hɔ́p	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	hi, cædǝh-hi	hi, cædǝh-hi	inheritance			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	c'ɔ̂h	c'ɔ̂h	inheritance			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion			missing			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	c'ɨ̌k	c'ɨ̌k	inheritance			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	c'îb	c'îb	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	ʔag	ʔag	inheritance			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	dã̌w	~dǎw	inheritance			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality						See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	cap	cap	unique			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	pã̌t	~pǎt	inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	pɔ̃̂h	~pɔ̂h	inheritance			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	dũ̌h	~dǔh	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	pãh	~pah	semantic shift			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body						See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	wik	wik	inheritance			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	jǝ̂d	jǝ̂d	inheritance			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	ʔũb	~ʔub	inheritance			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other			missing			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	k'ɨ	k'ɨ				See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	nɨ̌h	~dɨ̌h	inheritance			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar			missing			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location			missing			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	pĩ̌d	~pǐd	inheritance			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	c’uk	c’uk	inheritance			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	ʔũb	~ʔub	semantic shift			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	pãh	~pah				See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	bɔ̃̌h	~bɔ̌h	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	nɔhɔ̃	~dɔhɔ	unique			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	k'æ̂t	k'æ̂t	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	cɔ̃hɔ̃ma	~cɔhɔba	inheritance			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body						See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	jæt, k'ãʔ	jæt, ~k'aʔ	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	cǝ́p	cǝ́p	inheritance			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	ni	~di	doubtful loan into protolanguage	Tukanoan		See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	hɔ̂	hɔ̂	inheritance			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	w'ǝt	w'ǝt	inheritance			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	dɛ̃̂b	~dæ̂b	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	pu pûh	pu pûh	inheritance			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	jîʔ	jîʔ				See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	d'ǎp	d'ǎp	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	wædhɔ̌	wædhɔ̌	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	ʔín	~ʔíd	inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment						See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	dɔ̃hk'od	~dɔh-k'od	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	hât	hât	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body			missing			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	mah-ãp	~bah-~ap	unique			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	ʔǽd tɨ̌t	ʔǽd tɨ̌t	unique			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	dǝʔǝ́y	dǝʔǝ́y	unique			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	c'ǝb	c'ǝb	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	ni-nɨh [Neg exist]	~di-~dɨh [Neg exist]	unique			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	tôɟ	tôɟ	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	wah (animate)	wah (animate)	inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	cãh, cãhyãpã	~cah, ~cahjapa	unique			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	poʔ	poʔ	inheritance			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	cãh-ãp	~cah-~ap	inheritance			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body			missing			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	juhup	juhup	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact			missing			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	d'oɉ	d'oɉ	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	hěɟ	hěɟ	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	mihnɨ̌ŋ	~bihdɨ̌g	unique			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	tîw	tîw	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	tîc	tîc	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	d'ɔ̌h	d'ɔ̌h	inheritance			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	wæ̂g	wæ̂g	unique			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	nɔ	~dɔ	inheritance			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	cæ̃w'	~cæw'	semantic shift			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	key	kej	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	c'ɨg	c'ɨg	unique			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	teg-b'uh	teg-b'uh	inheritance			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	w'ǝt-nɨh	w'ǝt-~dɨh	unique			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	các	các	unique			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental			missing			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	pæ̃b	~pæb	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	b'ɔ̌k	b'ɔ̌k	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	poh	poh	inheritance			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	ʔɔ̃h	~ʔɔh	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	hĩ́p	~híp	unique			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	c'ɨ́k	c'ɨ́k	inheritance			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body			missing		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	c’ɔ̂c	c’ɔ̂c	inheritance			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	pob	pob	inheritance			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	wiɟ	wiɟ	unique			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	cɔh	cɔh	inheritance			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	k’ed'	k’ed'	inheritance			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	wedo b'ɛ̃̌h	wedo ~b'æ̌h	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	c'ej	c'ej	inheritance			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	tég	tég	inheritance			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	pâc	pâc	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	ʔũn'	~ʔud'	inheritance			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	wædhɔ̌	wædhɔ̌				See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body			missing			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	puh	puh	inheritance			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	c'ɔm	~c'ɔb	inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body			missing			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	n'í	~d'í	inheritance			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	k'ǝ̌Ɂ	k'ǝ̌Ɂ	inheritance			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	cǝ̂p	cǝ̂p	inheritance			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	japãh	~japah	unique			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	n'ɨ̌h	~d'ɨ̌h	unique			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	mɔdɨg-w’áp	mɔdɨg-w’áp	inheritance			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body			missing			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	b'uh	b'uh	inheritance			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	pæ̃j	~pæj	inheritance			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	tab	tab	inheritance			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	dɔ̃hk'æ̂d	~dɔh-k'æ̂d	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	tǝ̌g	tǝ̌g	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	k'ot-doʔ	k'ot-doʔ	unique		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	b’ǝ́́ʔ	b’ǝ́́ʔ	unique			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	hɔ̃d	~hɔd	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	ham	~hab	inheritance			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	dêh	dêh	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	weʔ (tuk loan)	weʔ (tuk loan)	loan	Tukanoan		See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	n'ɨ̌h	~d'ɨ̌h	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	hɨ̃-tɔh	~hɨ-tɔh	unique			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	hɨ̃t	~hɨt	inheritance			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	tohoh	tohoh	inheritance			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	ʔúj	ʔúj	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship			missing			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	wohôt	wohôt	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	kǽ	kǽ	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	ʔã̂ːj	~ʔâːj	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	bɨʔ	bɨʔ	unique			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	nɔ̃h k'ah	~dɔh k'ah	inheritance			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour			missing			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	hɤ̂w	hɤ̂w		inheritance							underived		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	bɛ̃̂t	bɛ̃̂t		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis				missing							missing		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	m'æh pog ['big water snake']	m'æh pog		unique			big water snake'				phrase		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	bɯ̌g	bɯ̌g		doubtful loan into protolanguage	Hup-Yuhup-Daw	East Tukanoan	e.g. Tukano bɨko				underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	tatu-galinha	jêw (tatu-galinha)		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	k’ig tég ('shoot-arrow stick')	k’ig tég		unique			shoot-arrow stick'				compound		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	jũhũ̌b	jũhũ̌b		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	k'ædʔág	k'ædʔág		unique	Hup-Yuhup		? fruit'				compound		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	wɯhɯ̌t, pãdãh	wɯhɯ̌t, pãdãh		semantic shift			doubtful, from wild heliconia sp.; also loan pãdãh				underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	wɤ̌b	wɤ̌b		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		wêt	wêt		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala	cɯ̂p, cɛ̌h	cɯ̂p, cɛ̌h		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	wawǒh, wîb	wawǒh, wîb		inheritance							underived		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	b'ɔʔ	b'ɔʔ		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']	tɨ̌w	tɨ̌w		unique	Hup-Yuhup						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	ʔɔ̌h	ʔɔ̌h		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	wíw	wíw		inheritance							underived		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	bebep, totóh	bebep, totóh		unique	Hup-Yuhup						reduplicated		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	c'ãh	cˀãh		loan into protolanguage		Unknown	e.g. Candoshi tʃámó; doubtful				underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	jãhã̌b	jãhã̌b		unique	Hup-Yuhup						underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	jǔb	jǔb		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	cohó	cohó		unique							underived		See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	dahdǎp	dahdǎp		inheritance							reduplicated	maybe	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	tɔ̃hbɛ̃t	tɔ̃hbɛ̃t		inheritance			pig-agouti?'				compound		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	cûh	cûh		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	wûk	wûk		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	cũ̌ɟ', ɤdîd'	cũ̌ɟˀ, ɤdîdˀ		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana	péd	péd		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	bɔ̃hɔ̃j	bɔ̃hɔ̃j-c'ǎh (catingueiro), bɔ̃hɔ̃j-hɤ̂w (mateiro)		unique							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		bɔ̃hɔ̃j	~bɔhɔj		inheritance									See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	yaʔambéh	yaʔambéh		semantic shift			jaguar + ?'				compound		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		yaʔambéh	yaʔambéh		inheritance									See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	wɛ̃h	wɛ̃h		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	huhûj	huhûj		inheritance							reduplicated		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		hɔ̃́p	hɔ̃́p		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	d'ûc	dˀûc		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana	deh d'ád	deh d'ád		unique	Hup-Yuhup		water genipap'			Narrower (may be specific type of genipap?)	compound		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	jêc	jêc		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola													See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi				missing							missing		See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	wîh	wîh		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	hĩ̌h	hĩ̌h		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	kɔ̌w	kɔ̌w		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	tûg	tûg		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	cǔg	cǔg		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	bĩ̂d	bĩ̂d		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	jãʔã̌b	jãʔã̌b		inheritance							underived		See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura	wǎk	wǎk		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	wúk	wúk		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	hǔd, wɤk, wɤg	hǔd, wɤk, wɤg		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	hóka	hóka		loan		Tukano	Tukano ohôka				underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	jâk	jâk		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	jak wǽd ('manioc eat')	jak wǽd		unique	Hup-Yuhup		'manioc eat'				compound		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	c'âk	c'âk		inheritance							underived		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	k'i	k'i		missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	pǝb'	pǝb'		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	jɔk	jɔk		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	pɤpɤ̌p	pɤpɤ̌p		doubtful loan into protolanguage		North Arawak?	e.g. Yucuna pupú; likely onomatopoeic; doubtful loan	WW	%pupu		reduplicated		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	mɔy-k'ǽt	mɔy-k'ǽt		unique			'house-leaf'				compound		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	c'ɔj'	cˀɔjˀ		inheritance							underived		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	púp	púp		loan into protolanguage	Hup-Yuhup-Daw	North Arawak	e.g. Baniwa poópa				underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	sɨɨ́w	ɟ'ɨ̌w	pupunha, Bactris gasipaes	inheritance							underived		Silva 2012: 265	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea	yæʔ tutúʔ ('feces into ground')	jæʔ tutúʔ		unique	Hup-Yuhup		feces into ground'				compound		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	jɔ̂j	jɔ̂j		loan into protolanguage, direction unknown		Puinave	Puinave ioi				underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	pûg	pûg		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	jɔʔhǝ̌h	jɔʔhǝ̌h		unique							no info		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	caj	caj		semantic shift			doubtful, from 'centipede'				underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	wǎh	wǎh		inheritance							underived		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna					missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	b'ǎw	b'ǎw		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	jɔ̌ʔ, cũ̌h	jɔ̌ʔ, cũ̌h		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	bɔʔ-wǽd	bɔʔ-wǽd		semantic shift			'eating gourd'				compound		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	káb	káb		doubtful loan		East Tukanoan	Carapana kapɔ 'sweet potato'				underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	tâh	tâh		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	b'uʔ	bˀuʔ		doubtful loan into protolanguage	Hup-Yuhup-Daw	East Tukanoan	e.g. Tukano butu				underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	cêb	cêb		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura				missing							missing		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	hũ̂t	hũ̂t		inheritance							underived		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria				missing							missing		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	cɔhkɤt	cɔhk ɤt		inheritance							compound	old lexicalization?	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		têg	têg		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	wâc	wâc		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui	bɯ̃h	bɯ̃h		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	wãʔ	wãʔ		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	jɔ̌ʔ	jɔ̌ʔ		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	bɔ̃̂j	bɔ̃̂j		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	tɔ̃̌h	tɔ̃̌h		inheritance							underived		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology					See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool				hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool				especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool				can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material					See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	mǎj	~bǎɟ			See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material					See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material					See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material					See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material					See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool		bˀǎk		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool			missing		See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation					See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture			missing	if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool		kˀigwah		arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material					See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport		hɔ̂h			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation					See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation					See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology					See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology		jûd			See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool					See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology				malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool				hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology				In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool			missing		See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology					See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology					See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool				esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology					See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other				may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture		ʔǝ́g ['drink.NMZ']		prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology					See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other					See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other		dˀuh			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food					See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food					See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool					See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool					See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	b'âʔ, k'ǒj	b'âʔ, k'ǒj		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	cak pój ['mash toasted']			agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology		pĩ̌h		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food				Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology					See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool		bˀɔʔ			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	hɨ̃p	hɯ̃̌p		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology					See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool		wǎb			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool		b'ɔkʔáh		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation					See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	yǎg	jǎg			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress					See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology				Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics					See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food				only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	mɔ̃̂j, mã̂j	~bɔ̂j, ~bâj	inheritance		See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food					See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material					See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress					See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material		wã̌d			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool					See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport					See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology					See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology					See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation					See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool					See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other					See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material					See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation					See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool		bˀɔk			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology					See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool					See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology					See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	tɨt	tɨt			See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food					See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation					See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology				In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress					See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material					See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation					See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology					See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	cɔh(teg)	cɔh-teg			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool			missing		See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	dũ̂h	dũ̂h			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material					See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation					See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	wɔ́n'			agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology					See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	mɔy-k'ǽt	~bɔy-k'ǽt			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food				word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture			missing	use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool				agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool				hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other					See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool				agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology				a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 97 of 97 entries

Ethnographic Information

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
400	small	HG	low	mobile	Interfluvial	Clan exogamy

Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries