Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

bird

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: pajaro, ave
Meaning Portuguese: passaro

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	General Notes
Achagua	míʃi:du	míʃi:du		doubtful loan, direction unknown			Cubeo míxi-do										See Language page
Aché		kuɨra		inheritance													See Language page
Aguaruna	píshak	piʃak		loan - WW			%piʃku, from Quechua										See Language page
Akawaio	torong	toroŋ		inheritance		Northern Carib?											See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Andoke	fo	ɸo		doubtful loan			Witoto/Ocaina aɸójtsoji										See Language page
Apalai	torono	torono		inheritance													See Language page
Arabana	paya			inheritance
Araona		boni															See Language page
Ashuar	chíngki	tʃiŋki															See Language page
Ayoreo		ču'ŋuperẽ															See Language page																A small bird. A large bird is ču'ŋuperĩ.
Baniwa	áadaro; kɛpirei-ni, wipiaro (H&R92)	áadaro		unique				Also kɛpirei-ni, wipiaro (H&R92)				uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Bankalachi Toloim	wā'-ă-tsoi		bird	loan			Yokuts	Yowlumne wā'-et-sā; (Merriam)			unknown	underived					C. H. Merriam 72-79, 60-461		0		0		0				0	0				no
Barasano	bɨ̃́di	bĩ́dĩ															See Language page
Bardi	garrabal	garrabal		inheritance								underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Bardi	garrabal	karrabal		inheritance
Bará		bĩ'dĩ															See Language page
Barí		daarikbi															See Language page																Colombia: darəkbirə. Chibchan form is du.
Baure	aren	aren		unique													See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	kwinaa		generic for any large bird, eagle (M: A bird	inheritance	*kwi'na	Numic		Stubbs 717b (2008;131) Western, Central Numic			narrower (does not include small birds)	underived					Crapo 1976:127		0		0		0				0	0				no
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	huiccuu “small bird (generic)”			inheritance
Bora	wahpéébe (T98)	kʷaʔpʰéépe		unique													See Language page
Bunuba	jirigi	tyiriki		loan into protolanguage	tyiriki	Bunuban	Jarragan	tyirek>tyurlak - WW	WW	%tyiriki		underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Bunuba	jirigi			doubtful loan
Burarra	burdacha	bawul		unknown								simplex							0		0		0				0	0				no
Burarra	burdacha			unknown
Cahuilla	wíkikmal	ˈwikikmal	bird	inheritance	*wiCtiki	Uto-Aztecan		S205, with consonant assimilation *tVk > kVk. (Stubbs 2009:67)			same	derived	wikik (root) -mal (diminutive; always shows non-possessed -l)	-7aʃ “pet”	takes possessive classifier -7aʃ (Seiler 1977:305		Seiler&Hioki 1979:241	no info	0	see individual birds	0		no info	hunted	All	roasted, stewed, eggs eaten	0	0	feathers and featherwork were trade items	Ubiquitous, since species is not known	all habitats	no
Cahuilla	wikikmal			inheritance													S&H 1979
Canela		kɛ̃															See Language page
Carapana	'bɨ̃́dĩ	'bɨ̃́dĩ, mini (FS)															See Language page
Carijona	torono			inheritance		Northern Carib?											See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Cavineña	ča(ʔ)i; opati	ča(ʔ)i; opati															See Language page
Cayuvava		'titidɔ															See Language page
Central Aymara	jamach´i	xamačˀi															See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	čička-		bird	inheritance		Sierra Miwokan only		Also in Miss				underived	perhaps reduplicated etymologically				Freeland & Broadbent 1960		0		0		0				0	0				no
Central Sierra Miwok	chi/chka-			loan into protolanguage
Cha'palaa		piču; 'pišku															See Language page
Chemehuevi	we-tseets, we-cheets	wicíɂicI (Press)	A bird	inheritance	*wi(t)tiki	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 205 (2008:67)			narrower (does not include large raptors)	other complex	wicíɂi-cI bird-ABS (and note related “FLY” verb				Merriam 59:533		0		0		0				0	0				no
Chemehuevi	wici7ic(i)			loan direction unknown
Chipaya		weṣ̌la															See Language page																Uru-J form is weṣ̌la.
Chiriguano		wɨra; gʷɨra		inheritance													See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		afʷena (m.)															See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	chwiw		bird	unique								underived					Beeler 1978:174		0		0		0				0	0				no
Chumash Barbareno	ch-wiw'			loan direction unknown													Ono 1996:91
Chumash Cruzeno	wish “any bird”			loan direction unknown													JPH
Chumash Ineseno	weets; wits		a bird	unique								underived					Merriam 55:15		0		0		0				0	0				no
Chumash Ineseno	wic' Applegate 156			loan direction unknown													A 156
Chumash Obispeno	missing			missing								missing							0		0		0				0	0				no
Chumash Ventureno	tswiw		bird	inheritance				In Barbareno				underived					Mamet 2008:14		0		0		0				0	0				no
Chumash Ventureno	si-ch-wiw “a bird”			loan direction unknown													Harrington 1974:6
Chácobo	isa-ka	isa-ka		inheritance													See Language page
Cocopa	ša		bird	inheritance	*č-sa	Proto-Yuman		Mixco 1978:81				underived					Crawford 1989		0		0		0				0	0				no
Cocopa	sha			inheritance
Cofán	choin	tʃoi̡															See Language page																phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Comanche	huutsúu		bird (general)	inheritance	*hutti/huttu	Numic		Stubbs 205c (2008:69)			same	underived					Robinson & Armagost 1990:161		0		0		0				0	0				no
Comanche	huutsu/u			inheritance
Cubeo	míjido (generic term); ãcapoico; ẽtarʉ; jãjabʉtoico; jiorojomu; joromimico; mítacaca; uchivʉmicʉ; vayuveco; yaomaroco; yebaroaco	míxido; ãkapoiko; ẽtaɾɨ; xãxabɨtoiko; xioɾoxomu; xoɾomimiko; mítakaka; uʧivɨmikɨ; vajuveko; jaomaɾoko; jebaɾoako, bĩ́hĩ́-kɨ, bĩ́hĩ́-do (H&R)		doubtful loan, direction unknown			Arawak, Achagua míʃi:du	Arawak Achagua "míʃi:du". Also ãkapoiko; ẽtaɾɨ; xãxabɨtoiko; xioɾoxomu; xoɾomimiko; mítakaka; uʧivɨmikɨ; vajuveko; jaomaɾoko; jebaɾoako, bĩ́hĩ́-kɨ, bĩ́hĩ́-do				uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Cuiva		pe-ja-pupúnae-in (si-to)															See Language page
Cupeño	mukikmal	muˈkikmal	bird (any kind)	unique				rarely wikikmal is heard; mukikmal is probably analogy with -muk “beak”			same	derived	muˈkik-ma-l bird-diminutive-npn	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	no info	Hill & Nolasquez 1973:163	no info	0	depends on species	0	depends on species	no info	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0	depends on species, feather objects traded	Americas	diverse habitats	no
Cupeño	mukikma-l	[muˈkikməl]		unknown
Desano	waibʉgʉ wʉgʉ (big); mirimagʉ (small)	waibɨgɨ wɨgɨ; miɾimagɨ, bĩ́rĩbã-'gɨ̃́ (H&R)		inheritance		East Tukanoan		Also waibʉgʉ wʉgʉ (large bird)			Narrower (small bird)	uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Dhangu	djikay(')	dyikay(')		inheritance								simplex							0		0		0				0	0				no
Dhangu	djikay(')			inheritance
Dhay’yi	ḏakul'ŋaniŋ	dhamin		unique								underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Dhuwal	missing			missing								missing							0		0		0				0	0				no
Dhuwal	dhamin
Dhuwala	djikay(')			inheritance
Diyari	paya			inheritance
DiyariREU	paia			inheritance
Djambarrpuyngu	[missing]			missing
Djapu	[missing]			missing
Djeoromitxi	bitä	bitǝ															See Language page
Djinang	maypal waykiṉingi	maypal waykirniŋi		semantic shift				cf maypal ‘shellfish’, “waykin” Burarra “on high” ?				derived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Djinang	maypal waykiṉingi			semantic shift
Dâw	tâwâát	təwə́t		inheritance				may be 3sg + ?				no info					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Epena		i'pana															See Language page
Ese Ejja		kʷičoxi															See Language page
Esselen	tcap-his		flying birds in Kroeber glossed “birds; all birds that fly”	unique		Esselen						other complex	-pis agentive "flyer"?? In form, Henshaw's hyphen)				turner & Shaul 1981:117		0		0		0				0	0				no
Esselen	tca/p-his “birds”			unknown													Henshaw in Turner 1983:228
Eñepa	tunko (IDS)	tunko (IDS)		inheritance		Northern Carib?											See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Gabrielino	chē'-ū	ˈʧi:ja (?)	bird	inheritance		Takic		S967; cf Sr chi7a “to pick up food from ground the way birds eat”, which may be from a bird word in /chi-/, widespread in California; But note Chumash tswiw, which could easily yield something like Merriam's form. Possibly an arealism.			narrower (does not include water birds ($a:t), raptors, vultures, condors))	underived	if I'm guessing right about transcription, word has no npn	-ʔaʧ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals		http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429	no info	0	see for specific birds	0	all birds eaten (McC 116)	no info	hunted	all	roasted	0	0		N/A	N/A	no
Gabrielino	che--/u- /chi7yu/ ??			inheritance													CHM/MC267
Gajirrabeng	jigeng	tyikeng		inheritance	tyirike	Jarragan		WW als tyurlak	WW	%tyiriki		underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Gajirrabeng	jigeng			inheritance
Gooniyandi	jirigi	jirigi		loan into protolanguage	tyiriki	Bunuban	Jarragan	WW>tyurlak	WW	%tyiriki		underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Gooniyandi	jirigi			doubtful loan
Guayabero	mia-n	mia-n		doubtful loan			West Tukanoan, e.g. Siona bĩʔã	e.g. Orejon bĩjã				uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Gumatj	djikay(')	dyikay(')		inheritance								underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Gupapuyngu	djikay(')	dyikay(7)		inheritance								simplex							0		0		0				0	0				no
Gupapuyngu	djikay(')			inheritance
Gurindji	jurlak	tyulak		loan					WW	%tyiriki		underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Gurindji	jurlak			loan direction unknown			Jarrakan
Guugu Yimidhirr	jijirr	jijirr		unique								underived	Poss. reduplication						0		0		0				0	0
Hodï	kili (little bird)			unique							Narrower: small bird	uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Huambisa	tuash	tuaʃ															See Language page
Hup	hũtæ̃́h [Martins: wět]	hũtæ̃́h [Martins: wět]		unique				animal-small'				compound	animal-small				See Language page		0		0	many species, esp. by children	0	hunted	men, children	shot with arrows or darts	0	0				no
Ignaciano		'kayure															See Language page																Also ahairiʔi, male b.; e'se'naraʔi, female bird.
Iipay 'Aa	ɂaasha		bird	inheritance	*č-sa	Proto-Yuman		Mixco 1978:81			same	underived					Couro & Hutcheson 1973		0		0		0				0	0				no
Iipay 'Aa	'aashaa	[Ɂaˑˈşaˑ]		inheritance
Ingá	pisku																See Language page
Iquito	siriíja (general term)	siriíha (general term)		unknown													See Language page
Itonama		u-puwe															See Language page
Jabirr-Jabirr	garrambal; birrajun	karrambal; birrajun		inheritance
Jaru	jiriga	badyar		loan			Jarragan		WW	%tyiriki		uncoded							0		0		0				0	0				no
Jaru	jiyiga			loan
Jawi	carabel; karrabel	karrabil		inheritance
Jingulu	tyurlityi	tyurlityi		unknown								underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Kabiyari	ʔupira, ku(' )pira (Ramirez, 2001)	ʔupira, ku(' )pira (Ramirez, 2001)															See Language page
Kaingang	jẽsĩ	sɛ̃sĩ															See Language page
Kakataibo		ʔisa															See Language page																Panoan ʔiʔsaka 'small bird'.
Kakua	febeʔ	febeʔ		unique			compare Puinave wip					underived					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Kalapalo	tolo	tolo		inheritance													See Language page
Kamayurá	wyra	wɨra		inheritance													See Language page
Kanamarí	kiwajoh	kiwajoh	pássaro em geral														Magalhães 2018:358
Karajarri	bandalmada	pantalmata		loan direction unknown			Yawuru		WW	%bandalmarda		compound							0		0		0				0	0				no
Karajarri	bandalmada			loan			Nyulnyulan
Karajá		nawii															See Language page
Kariña	akere'i	akereʔi	bird														Yamada 2010:709															no
Karitiana	ĩnh	ĩnh		unknown													See Language page
Katukina		čai															See Language page
Kawaiisu	wižiki-ži		bird	inheritance	*wi(t)tiki	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 205 (2008:67)			narrower (does not include larger songbirds (toko) or large raptors (kwaana))	other complex	wižiki-ži bird-ABS				Zigmond et al.		0		0		0				0	0				no
Kawaiisu	wizhiki-zhi			loan direction unknown
Kija	jirekel	jirekel		inheritance	jirilke	Jarragan			WW	%tyireke		underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Kija	jireke-l			inheritance
Kiliwa	t+walu		bird (generic)	inheritance	-waR “feather, bird”	Proto-Yuman		Mixco 1978:81 for P-Y			same	other complex	t- not treated clearly, but some kind of derivation from -waRu “wing”				Mixco 1985		0		0		0				0	0				no
Kiliwa	t-walu			unknown
Kitanemuk	wicitat	ˈwiʦitat	bird, any kind of small songbird	inheritance	*wi(t)tiki	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 205a (Stubbs 2009:67); wici forms in Serran and S. Numic, and Tb. has chikit (wi- is a prefix???)			narrower (does not include raptors, water birds)	other complex	ˈwiʦita-t bird-npn	-ʔacit "pet"	possessive classifier for animals		Anderton 1988:569	no info	0		0	no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs	no info	hunted	all	roasted, boiled, eggs eaten	0	0		N/A	N/A	no
Kitanemuk	wicitat			inheritance
Kokama	wɨra	wɨra		inheritance													See Language page
Koko-Bera	celc; miñ-	miñ-celc	bird (small)	inheritance	*culci	Local					general term for any small bird sp	simplex
Koreguaje	pĩ'a	pĩʔa		inheritance													See Language page
Kotiria	~bidiche	mĩnĩʧẽ, bĩ'dĩtʃaka (H&R)		inheritance		East Tukanoan						uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Kuku-Thaypan	ambyul	ambyul		unique								underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Kuku-Yalanji	dikal	jiway		semantic shift	*tikal	Local		To GYim /digal/ 'bird sp whose call signals movement of people in scrub'				underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Kurtjar	eeny	eeny (= animal), eeny ma:rk.alim		inheritance	*miña	pPaman		poss. pPama-Nyungan			Animals, incl birds, insects, but not humans, dogs, etc.	underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Kuuk Thaayorre	marr; minh-	minh-marr		unique				< pPNy *marra; reflexes usually 'wing' or '(wing) feather'				underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Kwazá	outo, outorɛ	outo, outorɛ															See Language page
Lake Miwok	méle, míle		bird	inheritance	*mi(:)Te-	Utian		Proto-Utian *mi(:)Te- (Callaghan Utian 1986:3)				underived					Callaghan 1965		0		0		0				0	0				no
Lake Miwok	me/le, mi/le			inheritance
Lengua		nata															See Language page
Lokono	kodibio	kodibio	bird														Pet 1987:351															no
Luiseño	7ehéngmay	Ɂeʹheŋmay	bird	inheritance	*hini-	Uto-Aztecan		S897 (Stubbs 2009:152), PUA “fly”, cf. Cahuilla hingish “young bird”, but Lu. vowel is wrong			same	derived	Ɂe-ʹheŋ-mal with diminutive; what is source of prothetic vowel???	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla		Elliott 1999:171	no info	0	see for specific birds	0	songbirds eaten	no info	hunted	all	roasted, boiled, used for feathers	0	0	see specific birds	N/A	N/A	no
Luiseño	7ihe/ng-ma-l			inheritance
Maca		xunwat (m.)															See Language page
Macaguan	uʔuto	uʔuto		unique								uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Maidu	k'útt'yt'y\	y\ is grave accent on /y/ in Shipley	bird (general)	unique								other complex	k'ut “creature”, t'yt'y “non-productive plural suffix” (Elmendorf & Shepherd 1991:221 citing a P.C. from Shipley in 1998)				Shipley 1963		0		0		0				0	0				no
Maidu	k'u/tt'yt'y\			inheritance
Maihiki	bĩjã	bĩjã		inheritance		West Tukanoan						uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate		See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Makuna	bĩdĩ	bĩdĩ		inheritance													See Language page
Makushi	toron (SM)	toron (SM)		inheritance		Northern Carib?											See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Malyangapa	Mal: yurli			inheritance?
Mandawaka	sése	sése															See Language page
Mangala	cimpiriyartu	cimpiriyartu		unique								derived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Mangala	cimpirriyartu			semantic shift
Mapoyo	konoro (sëkui)	konoro (sɛkui)															See Language page
Mapudungun		ɣɨɲɨm															See Language page																Ranquel form is ɨɲɨm.
Matses	uicchun	uiktʃun		unique													See Language page
Mbabaram	ab3r(v)	abɨr(ə)		unique				RMWD holds YYoront /pirri/ 'emu' (< *purriwi) to be a loan from this.				underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Minica Witoto	óɸokuiño, jˇámaikuiño	óɸokuiɲo, dʒámaikuiɲo															See Language page
Miriwung	djigeng	deriwun		inheritance	tyirike	Jarragan			WW	%tyiriki		underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Miriwung	jigeng			inheritance
Mithaka	paja			inheritance
Mocoví		ayo; ḳoʔo															See Language page
Mojave	ɂichayer		bird	inheritance		Colorado River Yuman		Maricopa chyer Gordon 197			same	underived					Munro et al.1992		0		0		0				0	0				no
Mojave	7ichayer			unique
Mosetén-Chimané		haiht'ki															See Language page
Movima	hoʔme	xoʔme															See Language page
Mudburra	julaka
Mudburra	jurlaka			loan
Muinane	xóóɨ	xóóɨ															See Language page
Muisca	sue	sue															See Language page
Murui Witoto	θijˇi, oɸukuiño	θidʒi, oɸukuiɲo		inheritance													See Language page
Mutsun	tcirit-min		bird	inheritance	*čirV:t-	Utian		Callagan 1962:102				relative clause	-min "one who is/has"				Callaghan 1962:102		0		0		0				0	0				no
Mutsun	muuSik “bird of any kind, adult bird”			unknown													NW (JPH)
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect		tɤwɤ:d															See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		tawɤ:d		inheritance													See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	pishcu	piʃku															See Language page
Ngamini	paya			inheritance
Ngandi	gajaguru	gadyaguru		unknown															0		0		0				0	0				no
Ngandi	X			missing
Ngarinyin	lowalarr, lowalat	lowalarr, lowalat		unknown		proto-Worrorran						uncoded							0		0		0				0	0				no
Ngarluma		murla		semantic shift															0		0		0				0	0
Ngarluma	murla			unique
Ngumbarl	wallee	warli		semantic shift				‘meat’				underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Ngumbarl	wallee	warli		semantic shift
Nheengatu	uirá	wirá		inheritance		Proto-Tupi-Guarani		Reconstructed PTG Mello 2000				underived					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Nhirrpi	dawa			unique
Nimanburru	garambal	karambal		inheritance								underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Nimanburru	garambal	karambal		inheritance
Ninam	tšaro yõn, yõlwət (EM72)	tʃaɾo jõn, jõlwət		inheritance				also jõlwət				compound	second word unknown; tʃaɾo = "game" (Goodwin-Gomez 90)				See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Nisenan	koo'-sum, koo-soo		bird	unique								underived					Merriam 57:241		0		0		0				0	0				no
Nivaclé		ɔxɔklɔ															See Language page																Arribeños dialect has axakla.
Northern Emberá	ĩmbaná	ĩmbaná															See Language page
Northern Mangarla	cimpirriyartu
Northern Nyangumarta	wirujartiny			inheritance
Northern Paiute	hootseba		A bird	inheritance		Uto-Aztecan		Miller put hootseba together with 205c hutti/hutu (Stubs 2008:67). Probably sound-imitative, may not have a good etymology			narrower (doesn't include raptors)	underived					Yerington Dictionary		0		0		0				0	0				no
Northern Paiute	hudziba			inheritance													Thornes 03:543
Northern Sierra Miwok	tolo:ci-		bird	inheritance		Eastern Miwokan		In Mip				underived	-ci may be diminutive				Callaghan 1987		0		0		0				0	0				no
Northern Sierra Miwok	tolo:ci-			inheritance
Nukak	nɨ1jɨputu4			unique								uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Nyangumarta	kaparrku	kaparrku		unique								underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Nyangumarta	yintajarra			unknown
Nyikina	bandalmada	bandalmada		loan			Karajarri		WW	%bandalmarda		compound							0		0		0				0	0				no
Nyikina	bandalmada	bandalmada		inheritance
Nyulnyul	karrambal	karambel		inheritance								underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Nyulnyul	karrambal	karrambal		inheritance
Nɨpode Witoto	íguijˇïkoï	íguijˇïkoï															See Language page
Ocaina	afóytsoyi	aɸójtsoji		inheritance													See Language page
Paakantyi	kalku
Pacahuara		'isko															See Language page																A kind of bird. d'Orb isaxna; isa-pistia 'oven-keeper bird'. d'Orb asina 'a kind of wild turkey'. d'Orb koṣ̌o 'a kind of wild turkey'. d'Orb kanã, kainã 'kind of macaw'. d'Orb pinã 'humming bird'. d'Orb čuke 'toucan'.
Pakanh	thu(u)chi; minha	minha-thu(u)ci		inheritance	*culci	PPaman					Small birds (pigeon & smaller)	underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Paraguayan Guaraní		ɣʷɨra															See Language page
Paresi	kotehala	kotehala		inheritance													See Language page
Pemon	torong (E1997)	tɔrɔŋ (E1977)		inheritance		Northern Carib?											See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Piapoco	màsibèe; kuìpìra (H&R92)	màsibèe															See Language page
Piaroa	pʰiyuæ	pʰiyuæ		unique													See Language page
Pilagá		'mayoʔ															See Language page
Pirriya	paya			inheritance
Pitta-Pitta	paya			inheritance
Plains Miwok	tolo:ci-		bird (generic)	inheritance		Eastern Miwokan		In Mins				underived	-:ci may be old diminutive				Callaghan 1984		0		0		0				0	0				no
Plains Miwok	cicip:u-, cicicpu-,			loan direction unknown
Playero		boro-ʧí-to															See Language page
Puinave	wip	wip		unique													See Language page
Pumé	pua																See Language page
Páez	víchacue	vitʃacue															See Language page
Qawasqar		ḳayesḳa															See Language page																Bo, Cy record the same for Central QWS. SpS records the same for South QWS.
Quechua Ayacuchano	urpitu, pisqo	uɾpitu, pisqo															See Language page
Rembarrnga	missing			missing								missing							0		0		0				0	0				no
Resígaro	kó!píidú, adovíigí	kóʔpíidú, adovíigí		inheritance		Central North Arawak		Also adovíigí				uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Rirratjingu	warrakan'			inheritance
Ritharrngu	djikay(')	dyikay(7)		inheritance								simplex							0		0		0				0	0				no
Ritharrngu	(warrakan')			inheritance
Salinan A	ca:xwe		bird	unique		Salinan						underived					Mason 1918:122		0		0		0				0	0				no
Salinan A	ca:xwe			unknown													Turner 1980
Salinan M	sa:xe	Turner has initial š	bird	unique		Salinan						underived					Mason 1918:122		0		0		0				0	0				no
Salinan M	sa:xe			unknown			Mason 1918:122
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		nata															See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		anaata															See Language page
Sanumá	tsalo	tsalo		inheritance								uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Secoya		pĩʔ'ã															See Language page
Selknam		čači															See Language page																Also means 'fowl' 03.500.
Seri (Comcaac)	ziic	z is /sh/	bird	unique							same	underived					Comcaac Dictionary 616		0		0		0				0	0				no
Seri (Comcaac)	ziic			unknown
Serrano	wicit		bird	inheritance	*wi(t)tiki	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 205a (2009:67)these wici forms in Serran and S. Numic; Tb. has chikit (is wi- a prefix??? Or is Tb a Miwokan loan?)				other complex	-t NPN				KCHill ms 2001:63		0		0		0				0	0				no
Serrano	wici-t			inheritance
Shipibo-Konibo		isa															See Language page
Sikuani	bara-tsuí-to, alirepe, bopena, dowatjikobü	bara-tsuí-to, alirepe, bopena, dowatjikobü		inheritance								uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Siona	bi'an	biʔan		inheritance													See Language page
Siriano	bĩ'rĩ́	bĩ'rĩ́															See Language page
Sirionó	ŋireĩ̯	ŋireĩ̯		inheritance													See Language page
Southern Paiute	witsitsI		bird	inheritance	*wi(t)tiki	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 205 (2008:67)			narrower (does not include large raptors)	other complex	has -tsi ABS				Sapir 1930:716		0		0		0				0	0				no
Southern Paiute	witsi7-			loan direction unknown
Southern Pastaza Quechua	pischcu	piʃku															See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	cicka		bird	inheritance		Sierra Miwokan only		Also in Mics; Mip chikchik “brownbird” might show an unreduplicated form				underived					Broadbent 1964:		0		0		0				0	0				no
Southern Sierra Miwok	cicka-			inheritance
Southern Ute	wicí-cI		bird	inheritance	*wi(t)tiki	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 205 (2008:67)			narrower (does not include large raptors)	other complex	has -ci ABS				Givon 1979		0		0		0				0	0				no
Southern Ute	wichichI			loan into protolanguage, direction unknown
Suyá	séy	séj															See Language page
Sáliva	ñide	ɲide		unique													See Language page
Tacana		ď̶ia															See Language page
Tanimuca	wĩʔ'dyã 'ka; wĩʔ'dyã 'ka	wĩʔ'ʎã 'ka; wĩʔ'ʎã 'ka		inheritance			but cf. Tupi-Guarani										See Language page
Tariana	képira; puipída (H&R92)	képira		inheritance		Central North Arawak		Also puipída (H&R92)				uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Tatuyo	ʻbĩ́dĩ	ʻbĩ́dĩ															See Language page
Tehuelche		'čˀeʔ															See Language page
Tikuna	weɾi	weɾi		doubtful loan			Tupi-Guarani										See Language page
Tinigua		tsɨtsɨa															See Language page
Tiriyó	tonoro	tonoro		inheritance													See Language page
Tjaapukay	djarruy	carruy	bird (generic; also 'spirit')	inheritance	*carruy	pYTj						underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Toba		ḳoyo															See Language page
Trinitario		koyre															See Language page
Trumai	uraʔi; kodetl	uraʔi; kodetl															See Language page
Tukano	bĩrĩkɨ̃́	bĩrĩkɨ̃́		inheritance		East Tukanoan						uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Tuyuka	minimacʉ́	minimacɨ́, bĩdĩbã'kɨ̃́ (H&R)															See Language page
Tübatulabal	chikkīt	ʧiˈki:t	bird	loan			Southern Sierra Miwok	Callaghan 2001 SSM cicka is Yok-Utian			narrower (does not include big birds like hawk, eagle, owl; may not include water birds like ducks, coots)	other complex	ʧiˈki:-t bird-npn				Hill 2010:16	no info	0		0		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0		N/A	N/A	no
Tübatulabal	chikkiit			loan
Tümpisa Shoshone	kasattsikantün, kasakantün		bird	unique				*kasa is Proto-Numic “wing” (Stubbs 2008:333, unnumbered set)			narrower (does not include large raptor birds)	derived	kasa-ttsi-kantün, wing-DIM-having				Dayley 1989:47		0		0		0				0	0				no
Tümpisa Shoshone	kasattsikantyn			inheritance
Urarina	tahai	tahai		unique													See Language page
Uw-Olkol	ant; inh-	inh-ant	bird (generic term for small birds)	semantic shift				With *manta ('small')			Small birds (pigeon & smaller)	underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Uw-Oykangand	ant; inh-	inh-ant	bird (generic term for small birds)	semantic shift				With /ant/ < *manta ('small')			Small birds (pigeon & smaller)	underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Wai Wai	torowo	torowo		inheritance													See Language page
Waikhana	bĩ'dĩkʰɨ̃ã	bĩ'dĩkʰɨ̃ã															See Language page
Waimaja	mĩ́nĩ́	mĩ́nĩ́															See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	tyryny (any small bird)	tɨrɨnɨ (any small bird)															See Language page
Walmajarri	tyiriki	batyar		loan			Jarragan		WW	%tyiriki		underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Walmajarri	jiriki			loan
Wangkayutyuru	paya			inheritance
Waorani	ayabõ			unique								uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Wapishana	kutɨʔɨʐɨ	kutɨʔɨʐɨ		inheritance													See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Wappo	c'íc'a		bird (CHM confirms 52:577)	unique				Pomo *c'ihtá, but c'i bird words are all over the place in California and elsewhere.				underived	Sawyer believes -a is an old suffix				Sawyer 1965		0		0		0				0	0				no
Wappo	c'i/c'a			loan
Wardaman	reworewo	reworewo		unknown								uncoded							0		0		0				0	0				no
Wari	me	me															See Language page
Warlpiri	jurlpu	jurlpu		loan			Wati		WW	%tyurlak		underived							0		0		0				0	0				no
Warrwa		jalmarra(wudany)/(wurrany)		unique								derived							0		0		0				0	0
Warrwa	jalmarra(wudany)/(wurrany)	jalmarra(wudany)/(wurrany)		semantic shift
Washo	sí:su, sisú:su		bird	unique								underived					Merriam 55:309; WPD		0		0		0				0	0				no
Washo	si/:su			unknown													J59, 290
Waurá	kuhupɨža-tɨ	kuhupɨža-tɨ		inheritance													See Language page
Wayampi	wɨla	wɨla		inheritance													See Language page
Wayana	tolopït	tolopɨt		inheritance													See Language page
Western Mono	tsiipa'		bird	inheritance		Uto-Aztecan		Note Yerington hootseba “bird”; Tarahumara cipi “small bird sp.”; Miller put hootseba together with 205c hutti/hutu (Stubs 2008:67). Probably sound-imitative, may not have a good etymology			narrower ( I'm pretty sure this doesn't include large raptors, vulture, condor)	underived					Bethel et al.:254		0		0	most birds hunted for food, feathers also used	0	hunted	men		0	0	birds kept as pets bought and sold; regarded as somewhat supernatural, guardian spirits, “tuk” (life) of owner			no
Western Mono	tsiipa/7			loan direction unknown
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		ahʷenče															See Language page																Also means 'fowl' 03.500.
Wik Ngathan	thoech	thöc	bird (generic)	inheritance	*culci	pPaman		Cognate w YYoront tholhth. Similar but non-corresponding forms elsewhere in Australia				underived		minh					0		0		0				0	0				no
Wintu	č'ilč'iL	č (Schlichter) and c (Pitkin) are same sound; L is always lamda (my L) in Pitkin, in Schlichter she writes Lambda glottal (my L') for glottalized sound and barred l (my L) for the non-glottalized one.	bird	unique				Looks like a lot of other bird words; may have a sound-symbolism relationship to Shepherd's “bird” cognate				reduplicated					Schlichter 1981		0		0		0				0	0				no
Wintu	c'il (also means “eclipse, bear”)			inheritance
Worrorra	br'rnarra	burnar'riya (FM)		unknown		proto-Worrorran					onomatopeia?	uncoded							0		0		0				0	0				no
Wubuy	ngurudhu			inheritance
Wunambal		lo:ya (V)		unique		proto-Worrorran													0		0		0				0	0				no
Yabarana		'toɾono															See Language page
Yagua	wiče	witʃe		loan - WW			%piʃku, cf. Paéz βiča-kwe										See Language page
Yaminahua		pɨi-ya															See Language page
Yan-nhangu	warrakan’	warrakan’		inheritance				=animal				simplex							0		0		0				0	0				no
Yan-nhangu	warrakan			inheritance
Yandruwandha	palha			inheritance
Yanomam	fek, yaro (EM72	fek, jaɾo		inheritance				also fek				uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Yanomami	-seimɨ	seimɨ (noun class for birds)MM07		unique								underived		this is a classifier (?)			See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Yarluyandi	[missing]			missing
Yavapai	ɂčsá		bird	inheritance	*č-sa	Proto-Yuman		Mixco 1978:81				unknown					Shaterian 1983		0		0		0				0	0				no
Yavapai	?chsa/	? is glottal stop		inheritance
Yavitero	niľ̥i 'bird, animal'	niľ̥i 'bird, animal'															See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	padla			inheritance
Yawuru	barndalmarda	bandalmada		loan			Marrngu		WW	%bandalmarda		compound							0		0		0				0	0				no
Yawuru	barndalmarda	barndalmarda		inheritance
Yidiny	jarruy (TCG)	caruy		inheritance	*carruy	pYTj						underived		minya	All bird spp are minya				0		0		0				0	0				no
Yine		koši-či															See Language page																Piro-Apuriná form is ko-si-ti-pi-ri-ki.
Yir-Yoront	tholhth; minh- & puth-lon; minh	minh-tholhth		inheritance	*culci	pPaman						underived	/puth-lon/ 'wing-having'						0		0		0	small birds: all seasons			0	0				no
Yokuts Palewyami	we-we'-che	Kroeber wiwitsi “bird” 1961:201	bird, junco, horned lark, small bird (see “other notes” for small bird	loan			Kitanemuk	This form only in Yowlumne, Palewyami, Hometwoli,in 3 different branches of Y. , but geographically adjacent and adjacent to Kitanemuk. K. ˈwiʦitat, with a good UA etymology, seems a likely source.			same	underived	Initial syllable reduplicated from Kitanemuk witsitat				Merriam 58:529		0		0		0				0	0				no
Yokuts Palewyami	wiwitsi			loan direction unknown													K1963
Yokuts Yawdanchi	tènip; dètchip (1907:198)		bird (Merriam's Wik has latter form 58:369)	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		In Kroeber, in all Y. branches except Buena Vista and Palewyami			same	underived	initial syllable reduplicated from Kitanemuk witsitat				Kroeber 1961:201		0		0		0				0	0				no
Yokuts Yawdanchi	de\tchip, (de:chip)	x		unknown													K07:242
Yokuts Yowlumne	wèwutsoi, wew'coy	Kroeber's c is [ʃ]	bird	loan			Kitanemuk	This form only in Yowlumne, Palewyami, Hometwoli,in 3 different branches of Y. , but geographically adjacent and adjacent to Kitanemuk. K. ˈwiʦitat, with a good UA etymology, seems a likely source. Unless wits “buzzard” is somehow involved.			narrower (I suspect this is for the smaller birds; see Kroeber's note)	underived	initial syllable reduplicated from Kitanemuk witsitat				Kroeber 1961:201		0		0		0				0	0				no
Yokuts Yowlumne	we\wutsoi, wew'coy (n1)			loan direction unknown													K 1963
Yuhup	wêt	wêt		inheritance								underived					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Yuki	č'i:mit		bird, blackbird	inheritance	*č'imit'	Yukian		Schlichter 1985; here “Yukian” means “Proto-Northern Yukian” (PNY), “Yuki-Wappo” means “Yukian” in the broad sense				other complex	-it "perhaps an absolutive"				Sawyer & Schlichter 1984		0		0		0				0	0				no
Yuki	ch'i:mit (bird, blackbird)			inheritance													S&S1984
Yukpa	peshu (SM)	peshu (SM)															See Language page																Phon only in source
Yukuna	kupira'aphá	kupiraʔapʰá		inheritance		Central North Arawak						uncoded					See Language page		0		0		0				0	0				no
Yuma	et'-se-yēn'		A bird	unique								unknown					Merriam 61:463		0		0		0				0	0				no
Yuruti	'bĩ́dĩ	'bĩ́dĩ															See Language page
Záparo	pishaka	piʃaka															See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Arabana
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bardi
Bardi
Bará
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Bunuba
Burarra
Burarra
Cahuilla
Cahuilla
Canela
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Cruzeno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
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Dhay’yi
Dhuwal
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Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Esselen
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
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Guayabero
Gumatj
Gupapuyngu
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
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Guugu Yimidhirr
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jaru
Jaru
Jawi
Jingulu
Kabiyari
Kaingang
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Karajá
Kariña
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Kija
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Kurtjar
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Lake Miwok
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
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Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
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Makuna
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Malyangapa
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Mangala
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Mapoyo
Mapudungun
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Miriwung
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mojave
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Mutsun
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngandi
Ngandi
Ngarinyin
Ngarluma
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Nimanburru
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Paiute
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Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Pacahuara
Pakanh
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Plains Miwok
Playero
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Rembarrnga
Resígaro
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan A
Salinan M
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Secoya
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Southern Ute
Suyá
Sáliva
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tinigua
Tiriyó
Tjaapukay
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Uw-Olkol
Uw-Oykangand
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wappo
Wardaman
Wari
Warlpiri
Warrwa
Warrwa
Washo
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Western Mono
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wik Ngathan
Wintu
Wintu
Worrorra
Wubuy
Wunambal
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yawuru
Yidiny
Yine
Yir-Yoront
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuhup
Yuki
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuma
Yuruti
Záparo

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