Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Secoya

Family
Tukanoan
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
sey
Location
-0.46°, -75.55°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Borman, M. B. and others. 1991. Listas comparativas de palabras en diez idiomas autóctonos ecuatorianos. Cuadernos Etnolingüísticos, 13. Quito: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Bruil, Martine. 2014. Clause-typing and evidentiality in Ecuadorian Siona. LOT dissertations series. Huber, Randall and Reed, Robert. 1992. Vocabulario comparativo. Palabras selectas de lenguas de Colombia. ILV, Santafé de Bogotá. Piaguaje, Ramón, Elías Piaguaje, Orville E. Johnson, and Mary Johnson, compilers. 1992. Vocabulario Secoya. Quito: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Vickers & Plowman. 1984. Useful Plants of the Siona and Secoya Indians of Eastern Ecuador. Botany 15.


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location mëiñe mɨ̃ĩ̃ñɛ̃ See Language page
and y e grammar cui'ne kwiʔnɛ See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment huata wã'ta See Language page
at en, a em, a location na na See Language page
back espalda costas body jete hɛ'tɛ See Language page
bad mal mal quality co'aji koʔ'ahi See Language page
belly barriga barriga body utapë ũta'pɨ See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location cajeye kahejɛ See Language page
big grande grande quality jaiquë hai'kɨ See Language page
black negro preto colour neaco neakɔ See Language page
blood sangre sangue body tsie tsi'ɛ See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body tsia pu'ju tsia puʔhu See Language page
bone hueso osso body tarapë tařa'pɨ See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body cotisaihuë, ójeyó (seno) kɔ'tisaiwɨ, 'ohɛ'jo (seno) See Language page
child niño, niña criança human mamaquë, mamaco mã'mãkɨ, mã'mãkɔ See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment si'di si'di See Language page
cold frío frio quality së'sëji sɨʔsɨhi See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality cosoma'ñe kɔsɔmaʔñɛ See Language page
day día dia time mu'se muʔsɛ See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality si'sio siʔsiɔ See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality cuenesico kwæ'næ̃sikɔ See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality porequë pɔ'řɛkɨ See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment ne'ña pæ̃ʔ̃ɨ̃ña See Language page
ear oreja orelha body cajaro kahã'řo See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment yeja jeha See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna tsia tsi'a See Language page
eye ojo olho body ñacua ñãkwa See Language page
far lejos longe quality so'o soʔo See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body hui'yape wiʔ'japɛ See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship ja'quë haʔkɨ See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna naña nã'ña See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment toa to'a See Language page
flower flor flor environment joro hɔ'řɔ See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment pico pi'kɔ See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora quëise'e kɨ̃ĩsɛʔɛ See Language page
good bueno bom quality de'oji deʔ'ohi See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body naña na'ña See Language page
hand mano mão body jëtë hɨ̃'tɨ See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar jaë/jao/jequë hã'ɨ̃/'hãõ/'hɛ'kɨ See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body siopë sĩo'pɨ See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality dëquëco dɨ'kɨkɔ See Language page
how? como como grammar me me See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar yë'ë jɨʔ'ɨ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
if si se grammar See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location re rɛ See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body utame ũta'mɛ̃ See Language page
lake lago lago environment jaira hai'řa See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment ja'o haʔ'o See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body a'ritë'hui aʔritɨʔwɨ See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body quëso kɨ̃'sɔ See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment cue'neñe kwæʔnæñɛ See Language page
liver hígado figado body seme sæmæ̃ See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality soaco soakɔ See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna me, yëi me mɛ, jɨi mɛ order Phtiraptera See Language page
man/male hombre homem human ëmë ɨ̃mɨ̃ See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna hua'I capë waʔi 'kã'pɨ See Language page
moon luna lua environment ñañë ñã'ñĩ See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship ja'co haʔkɔ See Language page
mouth boca boca body yiopo jiɔ'pɔ See Language page
name nombre nome human mami mã'mĩ See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality ja'ye haʔjɛ See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body ñajetëcahuë ñahɛ'tɨkawɨ See Language page
new nuevo novo quality wahɨko wahɨko See Language page
night noche noite time ñami nãmĩ See Language page
no/not no não grammar paji pã'hĩ See Language page
nose nariz nariz body ocuepë õh'kwæ'pɨ See Language page
old viejo velho quality aihuano aiwa'nɔ See Language page
one uno um number te'e tɛʔ'ɛ See Language page
other otro outro grammar yeco jɛkɔ See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human pai (people) pã'ɨ̃ (people) See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment ocoji (vb.) ɔ'kɔhi (vb.) See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour ma ja'ico ma 'jaʔikɔ See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body untsurnumani un'zuřnumañi See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture ma'a mãʔ'ã See Language page
root raíz raiz flora sitamo sitamõ See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality pocaji põ'kahi See Language page
sand arena areia environment meja me'ha See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality jëjësico hɨ̃hɨ̃sikɔ See Language page
short corto curto quality nuhuico nũwĩkɔ See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body tata tupë tãta tupɨ See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental See Language page
skin piel pele body ca'ni kãʔ'ni See Language page
sky cielo céu environment matëmo mãtɨmo See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality a'riquë aʔri'kɨ See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment pico pihkɔ See Language page
star estrella estrela environment ma'ñoco mãʔñɔkɔ See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora tarapë ta'řapɨ See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment quëna kɨ̃'na See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body uiuke u'hukɨ̥ See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar jequë hɛ'kɨ See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar jaohua'i hãõ'waʔi See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality duihi duihi See Language page
thin delgado fino quality pẽãkɔ pẽãkɔ See Language page
this este/esta este grammar ico i'kɔ See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar më'ë mɨ̃ʔ'ɨ̃ See Language page
throat garganta garganta body ñajetëca ñahɛtɨka See Language page
three tres tres number toaso toa'sõ See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment mojopi caji mõ'hõpi' kahi See Language page
bite morder morder body coquëjë'ë kõ'kɨhɨ̃ʔɨ̃ See Language page
blow soplar soprar body së'coye sɨʔkɔjɛ See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment ëo ɨɔ See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body See Language page
climb subir subir motion mai, mëi mai, mɨi See Language page
come venir vir motion daiye daijɛ See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact cua'co kwaʔkɔ See Language page
count contar contar mental cuecue kwẽkwɨ See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental oi ɔi See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact cueñe kwæ̃ñɛ See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state ju'iñe huʔĩñɛ See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact quë'iñe kɨ̃ʔĩñɛ See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body ucuye ũ'kujɛ See Language page
eat comer comer body aiñe ãĩñɛ See Language page
fall caer cair motion taiñe tãiñɛ See Language page
fear miedo medo mental kaʔda-je kaʔda-je See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion sa'ico sãʔĩkɔ See Language page
fly volar voar motion ja'juquë saiji haʔhukɨ 'saihi See Language page
grow crecer crescer state ai de'oye ai dɛʔɔjɛ See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental asajë'ë asahɨ̃ʔɨ̃ See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion cati kati See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact huaiye waijɛ See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other jëhuo jɨwɔ See Language page
kill matar matar impact huaiye waijɛ See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental asahuë asawɨ See Language page
laugh reír rir mental See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion uiñe ũĩñɛ̃ See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other pa'pa (abrirse) paʔpa See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact See Language page
say decir dizer mental ka-je, 'kɨa-je ka-je, 'kɨa-je See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact co'rë kɔʔrɨ See Language page
see ver ver mental ñajë'ë ñãhɨ̃ʔɨ See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state ja'ruye haʔ'řujɛ See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body caiñe kãĩñɛ See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body sëñe sɨ̃ñɛ̃ primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact joye hɔjɛ See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact sẽ'ã-jẽ sẽ'ã-jẽ See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact pɨʔ'a-je pɨʔ'a-je See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state dɨ̃'ka-je dɨ̃'ka-je See Language page
steal robar roubar other ima, yahue imañe ĩma, jawɛ ĩmañɛ See Language page
suck chupar chupar body so'suye sõʔ'sujɛ See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body cotoye kɔ'tɔjɛ See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion mamiñe mãmĩñɛ̃ See Language page
think pensar pensar mental cuasaye kwa'sajɛ See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact jeoñe hẽõñɛ̃ See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact queoñe kẽõñɛ̃ See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other quëhui, sëno kɨwi, sɨ̃nɔ may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body si'soye siʔ'sɔjɛ See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion cu'iye kuʔijɛ See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body semeyo sæmæ'jo See Language page
tooth diente dente body co'ji kõʔhĩ See Language page
two dos dois number cayaye kaja'jɛ See Language page
water agua agua environment oco ɔh'k'ɔ See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar mai maiʔ no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar yëquë jɨ'kɨ' See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality yaquëji ja'kɨhi See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar quea'ni keaʔni See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar jesoe hɛsoɛ See Language page
where? donde onde grammar jero hɛrɔ See Language page
white blanco branco colour poja'ico po'haʔikɔ See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar nea'ni neaʔni See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship nëjo nɨhɔ See Language page
wind viento vento environment tutu tu'tu See Language page
wing ala asa body capë ka'pɨ See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human nomio nɔmi'ɔ See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour së'ñoja'ico sɨ̃ñohaʔikɔ See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar mësaru mɨsa'řu See Language page
foot pie pé body quëojahua kɨ̃ɔhawa See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar See Language page
all todo todos other si'ahua'i siʔ'a'waʔi See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body jëo peto ca hɨɔ pɛtɔ ka See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body cua'cuaro kwaʔkwarɔ See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body hua'ëo wãʔɨ̃õ See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body ësë caso ɨ̃sɨ kasɔ See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body See Language page
bark corteza casca environment soquë ca'ni ʔ'sõ'kɨ' kãʔ'ni See Language page
fingernail uña unha body cohuë kɔ'wɨ See Language page
heart corazón coração body ahuë a'wɨ See Language page
sun sol sol time ësë ɨ̃'s'ɨ See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment jai cuti (montaña), cotihuë (loma) hai 'kũti, kõtiwɨ See Language page
green verde verde quality ñajoquë'yo ñãhõkɨʔyo See Language page
hot caliente quente quality uji uhi See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. o'jo See Language page
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna pĩʔ'ã See Language page
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. quë'jepë u'he See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. ñase jã'se See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. hueacarapo (PO79), ñe'ñe (PO79) u'he, tãʔ'mõ See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae tontojëo (PO79), nea'anca (PO79) tontoxɨo, neaʔanka See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae aña pëquë mimi (OP79), cuise (OP79) mĩ'mĩ See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes cucu, eo pu'pu (type of owls) 'ẽõ'pɨ'pɨ See Language page Widespread
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. ʻtoa-'mã See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica cuiye, ere, hueco, hue'e, oco tu'i, quë'yë, tu'i we'ko See Language page Widespread
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae su'te suʔtɛ See Language page
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae huihue wiwɛ See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae ëtacaro pɨ'pɨdi See Language page Widespread South America
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family pete pɛtɛ See Language page
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae cone kɔ̃nɛ See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris jo'ya yai, yai ho'ja'jai See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) mie mĩẽ See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri jamu hãmõ See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. u'u uʔu See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. puë'ë pɨʔ'ɨ See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus hua'i meco, manë meco (negra), yëhui meco waʔi mɛkɔ, manɨ mɛkɔ (negra), yɨwi mɛkɔ See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna 'wa?'i 'wa?'i See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. pacu paku See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae põ'jũ See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura jojo, oma (types of toad) ʻho'ho See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. pu'ehuë puʔɛwɨ See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata cosiri, pu'ehuë, siripë kɔsiri, pu'ɛwɨ, siripɨ See Language page
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. ñanami ñanami See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura ca'mi, pene ca'mi (type of crab) kãʔmi, pẽnɛ kãʔmi See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes ʻmãjõmĩ See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae mañumi (esp.) ʻmãjõmĩ See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna aña ˈã'jã See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox aña ʻmĩkaka See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria cou kou See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis de'ocohua'i (de'o - water, hua'i- fish/meat) dɛ'ɔkɔwaʔi See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) cajo neñe, cone kahɔ nɛñɛ, kɔ̃nɛ See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes ɨ̃ne Bruil 2014: 137
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) oja'jui See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra imi yëi ĩmi yɨ̃ See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens pia pi'a See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus isi ĩsi See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. dõ'ka (plantain) See Language page Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) taya ta'ja See Language page
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays huea we'a See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum mëto mũ'to See Language page plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna soquëñë sõkɨ-jɨ̃ See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana posa põ'sa See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. pene pẽne See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. ëca ɨka See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia cuiya'i kwiyaʔi See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta quëi, a'so, quëi huë (generic yuca) ãʔ'so See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum ai cuti a'so ai kũti ãʔsɔ See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas ai cuti a'so ja'hi See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. yaji yahi See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) hĩso ('gourd', H&R) See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. zapayo (Quechua) sapayɔ See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. eo, to'te eo ɛɔ, tɔʔtɛ ɛɔ See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi ja'he ja'he See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata ñata ñãta See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. aro (edible) arɔ See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis mejaë (make honey), a'ëpë (large), huea o'a, jetu majë, ñaco mia (small), ñamero, o'a (black, small), pai o'a, quëyë o'a (grande de sudor) oʔ'a See Language page
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria pë pɨ See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera mumu mumu See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera pu'ju puʔhu See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora huasi wasi See Language page
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones puni pũni See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera sëquë sɨ̃kɨ See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera sa'yaë, tëte pe'ko See Language page
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae pu'su pũʔsu See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. mute mũ'te See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera yuyu ju'ju See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea co're kɔʔrɛ See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita uti uti See Language page
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda See Language page
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae nasojëjë (type of spider) dãʔsohɨ̃ See Language page
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca airo yai, toya yai, yai 'jai, 'to'ja 'jai See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] emu ẽ'mõ See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella tã'ke See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus wa'ʔo, pãĩ'tã'ke See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis je'huaë kʷahĩjaʔo See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu jaʔ'wɨ See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari sẽ'se See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae so'to sɔʔtɔ See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua cueji kwẽhi See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. wɨ, 'kʷẽ-'hĩ See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris kʷeʔso See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) seme sẽ'mẽ, ko'pe See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus turi adi 'tu'di See Language page
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae sësëco, ma hua'ru sɨ̃sɨkɔ, ma wa'ru See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris huequë 'wẽ'kɨ See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus ñama jã'mã See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material po ja'i naña, do'rohuë (both generic terms) pɔ haʔi naña, dɔʔrɔwɨ See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material tsë do'rohuë (densely woven basket) tsɨ dɔʔrɔwɨ See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material cai saihuë kãi saiwɨ See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material jaërë jãɨrɨ See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material ñu'i saihuë, pehuë, ja'ruco ñuʔI saiwɨ, pẽwɨ, haʔrukɔ See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport yohuë yɔwɨ See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology huatihuë watiwɨ See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology dahuë dawɨ In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material yua sëopo yua sɨɔpɔ See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology ca kã See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other jeca hɛka See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology maija'quë maihaʔkɨ In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology pi'cohuë pĩʔkɔwɨ multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material a'ri hua'ti, hua'ti aʔri waʔti, waʔti See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material hua'ti waʔti See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool tsu'upo (regular axe) tsũʔupɔ especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool waʔ'ho waʔ'ho hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool ui tupë, ui yo, ui ui tupɨ, ui jɔ, ui See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool ca'hua, ca'huanoa kaʔwa, kaʔwanɔa arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport co'me perupë, perupë cɔ̃ʔmɛ pɛrupɨ, pɛrupɨ See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material quëna de'hua kɨ̃na deʔwa See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool cua'coro kwaʔkɔrɔ See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool See Language page
wax cera cera other See Language page
honey miel mel food paya paja only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture jui 'me, pĩsi jui 'me, pĩsi See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation cura kura See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology pãĩ 'ɨ'haɨ pãĩ 'ɨ'haɨ See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool See Language page
salt sal sal food ã'si ã'si See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool jëohuë hɨɔwɨ currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool jaëpa, ja'ëco haɨpã, haʔɨkɔ, esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food mo (generic fishing) mɔ See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool hĩso ('gourd', H&R) See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture a'so cono, huea cono ãʔsɔ kɔ̃nɔ, wɛa kɔ̃nɔ prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food agriculture See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food ao ãɔ usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool tsima tsĩma hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool quëohuë kɨ̃ɔwɨ See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other huë'e wɨʔɛ See Language page